托福預備 第一講語法

1、 TOEFL iBT Grammar主講人：王娓（Bella）共八十頁 Ill See to the Rest It was a spring afternoon of 2009 in Chengdu railway station. A guard was about to signal his train to start when he saw an attractive girl standing on the platform by an open door, talking to another pretty girl inside the carriage. Come on, M

2、iss! he shouted. Shut the door, please! Oh, I just want to kiss my sister goodbye, she called back. You just shut that door, please, called the guard, and Ill see to the rest. Funny Story共八十頁Without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.Without grammar, little can be conveyed; see to 注意， 負責， 照料the res

3、t 剩余(shngy)部分 共八十頁人物(rnw)：A guard ，an attractive girl ，another pretty girl時間： a spring afternoon of 2009地點： Chengdu railway station共八十頁 Ill See to the RestIt was a spring afternoon of 2009 in Chengdu railway station. A guard was about to signal his train to start when he saw an attractive girl stand

4、ing on the platform by an open door, talking to another pretty girl inside the carriage. Come on, miss! he shouted. Shut the door, please! Oh, I just want to kiss my sister goodbye, she called back. You just shut that door, please, called the guard, and Ill see to the rest. Funny Story共八十頁1. 分類(fn l

5、i) (classification):大致了解2. 單復數(shù)(Singular and Plural Nouns)3. 名詞在句子中的作用 （Function)名詞(mng c) noun共八十頁專有名詞(Proper Nouns)：指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱(mngchng)，如Califonia, America, Tom 等。普通名詞(Common Nouns):一類人或東西或是(hu sh)一個抽象概念的名詞個體名詞(Individual Nouns)：aunt; panda; year; fairy tale，book等(表示某類人或東西中的個體)集體名詞(Collective

6、 Nouns)：army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public等(表示若干個個體組成的集合體)物質名詞(Material Nouns)：beer; cloth; cotton; air, fur; ice等(表示無法分為個體的實物)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns)：happiness, contribution, fainth,importance等(動作、狀態(tài)、品質、感情等抽象概念)不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns)：一般無法用數(shù)目計算可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns)：可以用數(shù)目來計

7、算1. 分類共八十頁2. 名詞(mng c)的數(shù)：單復數(shù)形式不可數(shù)名詞一般(ybn)沒有單復數(shù)之分，都是名詞的原形:water-water(不能說 waters, a water) a bottle of water, (two bottles of water)a glass of watera cup of water共八十頁沒有(mi yu)復數(shù)形式：work-work, wealth-wealth, happiness-happiness, knowledge-knowledge(2) 不能直接在前面加不定冠詞： a water, a bread(3) 表示(biosh)其數(shù)量不能直接

8、在前面加數(shù)詞，而要用a piece of之類的結構: a cup of water, a piece of bread 不可數(shù)名詞的特點：共八十頁種類變化舉例一般情況詞尾加spens, books, tables, computers以-s、-x、-ch、-sh結尾詞尾加esbuses, classes, benches, boxes以輔音字母+y結尾變y為i再加esfamilies, cities,Countries以元音字母+y結尾詞尾加sboys, plays, chiefs,以-f或-fe結尾變f或fe為v,再加eswolves, knives,wives, lives直接加sproo

9、fs, roofs, beliefs，chiefs，gulfs海灣以字母-o結尾詞尾加esheroes, potatoes,tomatoes, mosquitoes, zeroes，詞尾加sradios, zoos,kilos, pianos規(guī)則(guz)變化可數(shù)名詞有單、復數(shù)之分, 其形式(xngsh)有以下幾種：共八十頁不規(guī)則變化(binhu)種類舉例單復數(shù)相同deer, sheep, aircraft, means方式,Species物種, series系列, works工廠，crossroads十字路口，headquarters總部，Chinese中國人，Japanese日本人，單數(shù)形

10、式表示復數(shù)內容people, police, youth, cattle, crew復數(shù)形式表示單數(shù)內容news, physics, politics合成詞變復數(shù)Passers-by, sons-in-law, lookers-on, grown-ups詞形變化policeman （policemen）, man（men）, woman（women）, child（children）,tooth（teeth）, foot（feet），goose（geese）phenomenon（phenomena）共八十頁復合詞（以名詞為中心詞的改變中心名詞，沒有名詞為中心詞的，改變最后一個詞）lookers

11、-on旁觀者 editors-in-chief主編passers-by過路人 brothers-in-law姐夫，妹夫，大小舅子 grown-ups成年人 go-betweens媒人forget-me-nots勿忘我表示成雙成對出現(xiàn)的名詞只有復數(shù)形式，不能被具體的數(shù)字直接修飾，也可以用a pair of等量次修飾trousers褲子， clothes 衣服， shorts 短褲，goods商品，glasses眼鏡，scissors剪刀Fish表示魚的種類的時候，復數(shù)形式為fishes；表示條數(shù)的時候，單復數(shù)同行；表示魚肉的時候，是不可數(shù)名詞。I caught two fish.I keep f

12、ive fishes in the fishbowl.I like eating fish.共八十頁Chinese students love English.The little girl loves English. Think:Whats the difference?共八十頁Chinese students love English. 主語(zhy)，名詞復數(shù)The little girl loves English. 謂語(wiy)，動詞單三（第三人稱單數(shù)）共八十頁名詞(mng c)單復數(shù)與動詞單三的區(qū)別：詞性概念例詞句子成分名詞表示人或事物的名稱school、bed主語，賓語，表語

13、動詞表示動作或狀態(tài)read、study、sleep謂語共八十頁變化規(guī)律名詞變化規(guī)則例詞動詞變化規(guī)則例詞1.一般情況加 s(復數(shù))mouth-mouths boy-boys1.大多數(shù)動詞在詞尾加“s”（單三）stop-stops make-makes2.以 s 、 sh 、 ch 、 x結尾的加 es class-classesbox-boxes2.以“s, x, ch, sh”結尾的，在詞尾加“es”teach-teaches watch-watches3.以輔音字母 + y結尾的，變 y為 i加escity-cities party-parties3.以輔音字母 + y結尾的，變 y為 i加

14、esfly-flies study-studies4.以 o 結尾的詞：有生命的加+es，無生命的加shero-heroesphoto-photos4. 以“o”結尾的動詞，加“es”go-goesdo-does5.以f， fe 結尾的 變f或fe為v +esleaf-leavesknife-knives 6.不規(guī)則sheep-sheepman-men5. 不規(guī)則have-hasbe-is共八十頁Some beef delicious, but some is not.The English book important for me. The little girl English.Her

15、books interesting. Chinese students English.主謂一致(yzh)isisareloveslove共八十頁Oh,我明白了，謂語動詞是隨名詞數(shù)的變化而變化，名詞的數(shù)與謂語保持一致，即主謂一致。名詞單數(shù)(dnsh)，謂動用單三，名詞復數(shù)，謂動用原形共八十頁3、名詞(mng c)在句子中的作用 （Function) 功 能 例 子 A guard signals his train to start. It was afternoon. He saw an attractive girl. It was a spring afternoon.主語(zhy)賓語

16、表語定語共八十頁3、名詞(mng c)在句中的作用（Functions) 名詞在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、補語、定語、狀語(zhungy)、同位語和呼語等。共八十頁名詞在句子(j zi)中的作用 （Function)同位語Mr. Smith, the guard, was about to signal his train to start. 補語We made Smith the guard of our train. 狀語The couple walked shoulder to shoulder. 呼語Boys and girls, look at the blackboard.共八十

17、頁名詞需要(xyo)明白的知識點1. 專有名詞與普通名詞區(qū)別：專有 ，大寫(dxi)；普通，句首大寫(dxi);2. 有可數(shù)與不可數(shù)之分：不可數(shù)無單復數(shù)形式之分，可數(shù)復數(shù)一般加-s;3. 可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)與動詞第三人稱單數(shù)的區(qū)分4. 在句中，名詞可以作主語，表語，賓語共八十頁It was a spring afternoon of 2009 in Chengdu railway station. A guard was about to signal his train to start when he saw an attractive girl standing on the platform

18、 by an open door, talking to another pretty girl inside the carriage. 共八十頁冠詞（ article）冠詞概述(i sh)冠詞的種類(zhngli)冠詞的基本用法不定冠詞定冠詞零冠詞共八十頁1.冠詞概述(i sh)： 冠詞：虛詞，名詞前，在句中不可獨立(dl)存在，依附于名詞，幫助說明名詞的含義。共八十頁2.冠詞的種類(zhngli)不定(bdng)冠詞aan用于以輔音音素開頭的詞前用于以元音音素開頭的詞前a womana gift a housea useful tool an eyean answeran ugly sm

19、ile定冠詞the the eye the giftthe useful tool零冠詞共八十頁3.冠詞的泛指和特指(t zh)用法:單數(shù)(dnsh)可數(shù)名詞一定要用冠詞a/ an泛指the泛指單一,每一,任一事物第一次提到某人或某物特指被限制性修飾語所限度的人或事物 ：This is the house where Luxun once lived. 上文提到過的人或事物： I have a car. The car is red說話雙方默認的人或事物：Open the door, please. 共八十頁復數(shù)(fsh)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞the特指(t zh)上文提到的人或事物 被限制性修

20、飾語所限定的人或事物說話雙方默認的人或事物零冠詞泛指的人或事物： Students should study hard.專有名詞、物質名詞、抽象名詞前一般不加冠詞： China 中國 Europe 歐洲 Money 金錢 共八十頁冠詞需要(xyo)區(qū)分的：1、冠詞含義(hny)：“the”相當于“this/that/these/those”，翻譯成“這”“a和an”相當于“one”，翻譯成“一個、一只”2、冠詞特點：(1)它們本身都不能單獨使用 ，必須和名詞一起使用。(2) a/an + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 the + 可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞，單復數(shù)均可，表示特指。共八十頁用在某些習慣用語in the

21、 morning 在上午in the field 在田野里in the country 在鄉(xiāng)間in the sun 在陽光下on the right 在右邊by the way 順便(shbin)說一下in the sky 在空中in the dark 在暗處in the rain 在雨中in the shade 在陰涼處all the time 始終in the middle of 在中間in the front of 在前部(qin b)in the daytime 白天at (/in) the beginning 開始at the moment當時，此刻all the year roun

22、d 一年到頭go to the theatre 去看戲at the weekend 周末 on the way home 回家途中all the same 依然on the whole 總之at the same time 同時in the year 2008 在2008年the other day 前幾天at the bottom of在底部in the end 終于 共八十頁The Old Cat old woman had cat. cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because s

23、he was so old. One day the old cat saw mouse; she jumped and caught mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it. Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat sa

24、id, Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I had caught lot of mice, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work old did when they were young. 文章(wnzhng)中第一次出現(xiàn)woman，用了“an”文章(wnzhng)第一次出現(xiàn)cat，用了“a”文章第一次出現(xiàn)mouse，用了“a”the的特殊用法：the+形容詞，表示“一類人”

25、“a” 的固定短語：a lot of 表示“許多的”意思文章第二次出現(xiàn)cat，用了“the”文章第二次出現(xiàn)mouse，用了“the”共八十頁An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old.共八十頁 代詞(dic) Pronoun定義，分類與句法功能代替名詞(mng c)，起名詞(mng c)作用。共八十頁1. 人稱代詞有人(yu rn)稱, 數(shù)和格的變化我我們你/你們他她它他們/她們/它們主格Iweyou

26、hesheitthey賓格meusyouhimheritthem He often helps me with my English.共八十頁 a. His brother is a driver; mine is a worker. b. These books are mine. c. You can use my bike and I may use hers.物主代詞：形容詞性物主代詞 和名詞(mng c)性物主代詞共八十頁我的我們的你的/你們的他的她的它的他們的/她們的/它們的形容詞性物主代詞myouryourhisheritstheir名詞性物主代詞mineoursyourshis

27、hers-theirs共八十頁物主代詞的用法(yn f): 1. our work, her students, their house 作定語 2. His brother is a driver; mine is a worker. These books are mine. You can use my bike and I may use hers. 作主, 表, 賓 共八十頁1. He taught himself English. 賓語反身代詞(fn shn di c)myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself

28、, itself, themselves2. I myself did the work.同位語, 加強名語氣eg:You had better ask Tom himself.共八十頁人稱單復數(shù)主 格賓 格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞反身代詞第一人稱單 數(shù)Imemyminemyself復 數(shù)weusouroursourselves第二人稱單 數(shù)youyouyouryoursyourself復 數(shù)youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人稱單 數(shù)hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfititits無itself復 數(shù)theythemthei

29、rtheirsthemselves這三種代詞的形式(xngsh)變化表如下 共八十頁1. This is my book.2. I want that. 3. My books are these. 4. I like these books. 指示代詞(dic)：this, that, these 和those。它們在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。 (主語(zhy)(賓語)(表語)(定語)共八十頁 1.不定代詞(dic)：不指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞(dic)。2. 種類：some（something，somebody，someone，somewhere），any（anythin

30、g，anybody，anyone，anywhere）， no（nothing，nobody，no one）， every（everything，everybody，everyone，everywhere），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either， neither等。共八十頁不定代詞含義數(shù)量關系作定語時名詞的數(shù)作主語時動詞的數(shù)both兩者都=2復數(shù)復數(shù)either兩者中的任何一個=2單數(shù)單數(shù)neither兩者都不=2單數(shù)單數(shù)all三者或三者以上都3單數(shù)或復數(shù)單數(shù)或復數(shù)none三者或三者以上

31、都不3單數(shù)或復數(shù)each每一個2單數(shù)單數(shù)every每一個3單數(shù)單數(shù)共八十頁Both of them are teachers.作主語I know nothing. 作賓語There is nothing in this room. 作表語(bioy)There is a little water in the glass.作定語I cant find my book anywhere作狀語共八十頁總結：分類：代詞根據(jù)其意思和用法(yn f)可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、關系代詞、不定代詞九類。共八十頁It was a spring afternoo

32、n of 2009 in Chengdu railway station. A guard was about to signal his train to start when he saw an attractive girl standing on the platform by an open door, talking to another pretty girl inside the carriage. 共八十頁 介詞(jic) (Preposition)分類(fn li)與句法功能共八十頁共八十頁1The building at the end of the street is

33、a hotel.作定語(dngy) 2The conference will be held on May 4th, in Beijing.（表時間,地點）作狀語They started the machine by pressing the button.（表方法）句法(jf)功能共八十頁3. The question is under disscussion. 作表語(bioy)4I found him in the office.作賓語補足語共八十頁介詞重點：介詞后必須與名詞(mng c)、代詞、或動名詞(mng c)構成介詞短語在句中充當一個成份共八十頁練習(linx)1. The b

34、ook on the table is mine.2. We have breakfast at seven.3. They started the machine by pressing the button.4. My dictionary is in the bag.5. I found him in the office.共八十頁The book on the table is mine. （作定語）2. We have breakfast at seven. （作狀語，表時間）3. They started the machine by pressing the button. （作

35、狀語，表方法）4. My dictionary is in the bag. （作表語(bioy)）5. I found him in the office. （賓語補足語)共八十頁A guard was about to signal his train to start when he saw an attractive girl standing on the platform by an open door, talking happily to another pretty girl inside the carriage. 共八十頁形容詞（Adjectives）副詞(fc)（Adv

36、erbs）共八十頁形容詞：1.作用2.構成(guchng)與變化3.級共八十頁 a wonderful day a long ruler an empty room共八十頁其在句子(j zi)中的作用？1. He is a good student.2. He is strong.3. We think the film interesting.作定語(dngy)作表語作補語共八十頁 形容詞的構成(guchng): 1. n. + y: rainy, stormy, windy, snowy, frosty, cloudy, lucky, healthy, sleepy, noisy, gui

37、lty 名詞(mng c)+ ly變?yōu)樾稳菰~2. n. + ly: lovely, friendly, lonely, lively weekly, yearly, 名詞+ y變?yōu)樾稳菰~共八十頁 n.+ ful: careful, beautiful, delightfuln.+ less: careless, useless, powerlessn.+ ous: dangerous,joyous, humorous3.名詞(mng c)+ 其它后綴變?yōu)樾稳菰~：共八十頁副詞(fc)：1.作用2.構成與變化(binhu)3.分類共八十頁副詞(fc)的作用用來(yn li)修飾動詞形容詞全句副詞R

38、un quicklyVery beautifulQuite wellLuckily, he won the game共八十頁Mary is a very bright girl.作狀語Time is up.作表語(bioy)The desk there is not high enough.作定語共八十頁副詞(fc)的構成e.g. different bad close free clear bright dangerous slow careful correct neat nice differentlycloselyclearlydangerouslycarefullyneatly ba

39、dlyfreelybrightlyslowlycorrectlynicely1. 形容詞+ly構成(guchng)副詞共八十頁e.g. angry happy heavy noisy easy lucky busyangrily happilyheavilynoisilyeasilyluckilybusily -y i + -ly2. 以-y結尾(jiwi),變副詞時要將y變?yōu)閕,再加上-ly共八十頁gentleterriblesimpleprobablepossiblegentlyterriblysimplyprobablypossibly3. 以le結尾的形容詞, 變副詞(fc)時要 將e

40、去掉,再加-y-le -e (去掉(q dio)e) + y共八十頁形容詞的比較級和最高級I am tall. She is short. He is short, too. 我比她高。 ？我最高。共八十頁詞 尾 變 化原級比較級最高級單音節(jié)詞在詞尾加-er(比較級)或-est(最高級)以字母e接尾的詞加-r或-sttall hard large wide以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾的詞末尾只有一個輔音字母應雙寫輔音字母再加er或estbig hot thin fat wet 以輔音字母+y結尾的詞變?yōu)閕再加-er,或-esthappy dry early narrow clever 多音節(jié)詞和多數(shù)雙音節(jié)

41、詞在其前面加more 和most difficult popular slowlytaller harder larger wider tallest hardest largest widestbigger hotter fatter wetterbiggest hottest fattest wettest happier drier earlierhappiest driest earliestnarrower cleverernarrowest cleverestmore difficult more popularmore slowly most difficult most pop

42、ularmost slowly少數(shù)(shosh)以-er,-ow結尾的雙音節(jié)詞可加-er或-est規(guī)則(guz)變化共八十頁詞 尾 變 化原級比較級最高級單音節(jié)詞在詞尾加-er(比較級)或-est(最高級),以字母e接尾的詞加-r或-sttall hardlargewidetaller harderlargerwidertallest, hardest, largest, widest以重讀閉音節(jié)結尾的詞末尾只有一個輔音字母應雙寫輔音字母再加er或estbig hot thin wet biggerhotterthinnerwetterbiggesthottestthinnestwettest

43、以輔音字母+y結尾的詞變?yōu)閕再加-er,或-esthappy dry earlyhappierdrierearlierhappiestdriestearliest narrow clever narrawercleverernarrawestcleverest多音節(jié)詞和多數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在其前面加more 和most difficult popular slowlymore difficult,more popularmost difficult, most popular少數(shù)(shosh)以-er,-ow結尾的雙音節(jié)詞可加-er或-est共八十頁我比她漂亮(pio ling)。 I am more

44、 beautiful than her.我是全班最漂亮的。 I am the most beautiful among my classmates.練習(linx)共八十頁他比以前更加努力工作了。He works even harder than before.農村的空氣比城市(chngsh)的干凈。 Air in the country is cleaner than that in the city. 她比你更受歡迎。She is more popular than you.練習(linx)共八十頁原級goodwellbadillmanymuchlittlefarold比較級最高級better bestworseworstless more mostfarther/furtherolder/elderleast farthest/furthestoldest/eldest不規(guī)則變化(binhu)巧記：特殊形式(xngsh)比較級共有三對二合一壞病兩多并兩好little意思不是小