劉炳善《英國文學(xué)簡史》筆記

1、英國文學(xué)簡史完全版AConciseHistoryofBritishLiteratureChapter1EnglishLiteratureofAnglo-SaxonPeriod【.IntroductionThehistoricalbackgroundBeforetheGermanicinvasionDuringtheGermanicinvasionimmigration;Christianity;heptarchy.socialclassesstructure:hide-hundred;eoldermen(lord)thane-middleclass(freemen)-lowerclass(sl

2、aveorbondmen:theow);socialorganization:itaryOrganization;Churchfunction:spirit,civilservice,education;economy:coins,trade,slavery;feastsandfestival:Halloween,Easter;j.legalsystem.TheOverviewofthecultureThemixtureofpaganandChristianspirit.Literature:a.poetry:twotypes;se:twofigures.Beo

3、wulf.Ageneralintroduction.Thecontent.Theliteraryfeatures.theuseofalliterationtheuseofmetaphorsandunderstatementsthemixtureofpaganandChristianelementsTheOldEnglishProseWhatisprose?figuresTheVenerableBedeAlfredtheGreatChapter2EnglishLiteratureoftheLateMedievalAgesI.IntroductionTheHistoricalBackground.

4、Theyear1066:NormanConquest.Thesocialsituationssoonaftertheconquest.Normannoblesandserfs;restorationofthechurch.The11thcentury.thecrusadeandknights.dominanceofFrenchandLatin;The12thcentury.A.thecentralizedgovernment;B.kingsandthechurch(HenryIIandThomas);The13thcentury.ThelegendofRobinHood;MagnaCarta(

5、1215);thebeginningoftheParliamentEnglishandLatin:officiallanguages(theend)The14thcentury.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonsconflictbetweentheParliamentandKings;theriseoftowns.thechangeofChurch.theroleofwomen.theHundredYearsWarstarting.thedevelopmentofthetrade:London.theBlackDeath.thePeasantsRevolt1

6、381.ThetranslationofBiblebyWycliff.The15thcentury.ThePeasantsRevolt(1453)TheWarofRosesbetweenLancastersandYorks.theprinting-pressWilliamCaxton.thestartingofTudorMonarchy(1485)TheOverviewofLiterature.thestoriesfromtheCelticlandsofWalesandBrittanygreatmythsoftheMiddleAges.GeoffryeofMonmouthHistoriaReg

7、umBritanniaeKingAuthur.WaceLeRomandeBrut.Theromance.thesecondhalfofthe14thcentury:Langland,Gawinpoet,Chaucer.SirGawinandGreenKnight.ageneralintroduction.theplot.WilliamLangland.LifePiersthePlowmanChaucerLifeLiteraryCareer:threeperiodsFrenchperiodItalianperiodmasterperiodTheCanterburyTalesTheFramewor

8、k;TheGeneralPrologue;TheTaleProper.HisContribution.HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes.HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.ThespokenEnglishofthetimeconsistedofseveraldialects,andChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.PopularB

9、allads.ThomasMaloryandEnglishProseThebeginningofEnglishDrama.MiraclePlays.MiracleplayormysteryplayisaformofmedievaldramathatcamefromdramatizationoftheliturgyoftheRomanCatholicChurch.Itdevelopedfromthe10thtothe16thcentury,reachingitsheightinthe15thcentury.Thesimplelyriccharacteroftheearlytextswasenla

10、rgedbytheadditionofdialogueanddramaticaction.Eventuallytheperformancewasmovedtothechurchyardandthemarketplace.MoralityPlays.Amoralityplayisaplayenforcingamoraltruthorlessonbymeansofthespeechandactionofcharacterswhicharepersonifiedabstractionsfiguresrepresentingvicesandvirtues,qualitiesofthehumanmind

11、,orabstractconceptionsingeneral.Interlude.Theinterlude,whichgrewoutofthemorality,wasintended,asitsnameimplies,tobeusedmoreasafillerthanasthemainpartofanentertainment.Asitsbestitwasshort,witty,simpleinplot,suitedforthediversionofguestsatabanquet,orfortherelaxationoftheaudiencebetweenthedivisionsofase

12、riousplay.Itwasessentiallyanindoorsperformance,andgenerallyofanaristocraticnature.Chapter3EnglishLiteratureintheRenaissanceI.AHistoricalBackgroundII.TheOverviewoftheLiterature(1485-1660)Printingpressreadershipgrowthofmiddleclasstrade-educationforlaypeople-centralizationofpower-intellectuallife-explo

13、ration-newimpetusanddirectionofliterature.Humanism-studyoftheliteratureofclassicalantiquityandreformededucation.Literarystyle-modeledontheancients.Theeffectofhumanism-thedisseminationofthecultivated,clear,andsensibleattitudeofitsclassicallyeducatedadherents.poetryThefirsttendencybySidneyandSpenser:o

14、rnate,florid,highlyfiguredstyle.ThesecondtendencybyDonne:metaphysicalstylecomplexityandingenuity.ThethirdtendencybyJohnson:reactionClassicallypureandrestrainedstyle.ThefourthtendencybyMilton:centralChristianandBiblicaltradition.Dramathenativetraditionandclassicalexamples.thedramastandshighestinpopul

15、arestimation:MarloweShakespeareJonson.ProsetranslationofBible;More;Bacon.II.Englishpoetry.SirThomasWyattandHenryHoward(courtlymakers)Wyatt:introducingsonnets.Howard:introducingsonnetsandwritingthefirstblankverse.SirPhilipSidneypoet,critic,prosewriterLife:Englishgentleman;brilliantandfascinatingperso

16、nality;courtier.worksArcadia:pastoralromance;AstrophelandStella(108):sonnetsequencetoPenelopeDvereuxplatonicdevotion.Petrarchanconceitsandoriginalfeelings-movingtocreativenessbuildingofanarrativestory;theme-loveoriginality-actofwriting.DefenseofPoesy:anapologyforimaginativeliteraturebeginningofliter

17、arycriticism.EdmundSpenser(1)life:Cambridge-Sidneysfriend-AreopagusIreland-WestminsterAbbey.(2)worksTheShepherdsCalendar:thebuddingofEnglishpoetryinRenaissance.AmorettiandEpithalamion:sonnetsequenceFaerieQueene:lThegeneralendAromanticandallegoricalepicstepstovirtue.l12booksand12virtues:Holiness,temp

18、erance,justiceandcourtesy.lTwo-levelfunction:partofthestoryandpartofallegory(symbolicmeaning)lManyallusionstoclassicalwriters.lThemes:puritanism,nationalism,humanismandRenaissanceNeoclassicismaChristianhumanist.SpenserianStanza.【.EnglishProseThomasMoreLife:Renaissanceman,scholar,statesman,theorist,p

19、rosewriter,diplomat,patronofartslearnedGreekatCanterburyCollege,Oxford;studieslawatLincolnInn;LordChancellor;beheaded.Utopia:thefirstEnglishsciencefiction.WritteninLatin,twoparts,thesecondplaceofnowhere.Aphilosophicalmariner(RaphaelHythloday)tellshisvoyagesinwhichhediscoversaland-Utopia.Thepartoneis

20、organizedasdialoguewithmarinerdepictinghisphilosophy.Theparttwoisadescriptionoftheislandkingdomwheregoldandsilverarewornbycriminal,religiousfreedomistotalandnooneownsanything.thenatureofthebook:attackingthechiefpoliticalandsocialevilsofhistime.thebookandtheRepublic:anattempttodescribetheRepublicinan

21、ewway,butitpossessesanmoderncharacterandtheresemblanceisinexternals.itplayedakeyroleintheHumanistawakeningofthe16thcenturywhichmovedawayfromtheMedievalotherworldlinesstowardsRenaissancesecularism.theUtopiathesignificance.itwasthefirstchampionofnationalideasandnationallanguages;itcreatedanationalpros

22、e,equallyadaptedtohandlingscientificandartisticmaterial.aelegantLatinscholarandthefatherofEnglishprose:hecomposedworksinEnglish,translatedfromLatinintoEnglishbiography,wroteHistoryofRichardIII.FrancisBacon:writer,philosopherandstatesmanlife:Cambridge-humanisminParisknighted-LordChancellorbribery-foc

23、usingonphilosophyandliterature.philosophicalideas:advancementofsciencepeople:servantsandinterpretersofnaturemethod:achildbeforenaturefactsandobservations:experimental.Essays:.hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.hismethodistoweighandbalancematers,indicatingtheidealcourseofactionandthepracticalone,p

24、ointingouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeach,butleavingthereadertomakethefinaldecisions.(arguments)EnglishDramaAgeneralsurvey.Everymanmarksthebeginningofmoderndrama.twoinfluences.theclassics:classicalinformandEnglishincontent;nativeorpopulardrama.theUniversityWits.ChristopherMarlowe:greatestplaywri

25、ghtbeforeShakespeareandmostgiftedoftheWits.Life:firstinterestedinclassicalpoetrythenindrama.MajorworksTamburlaine;TheJewofMalta;TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus.Thesignificanceofhisplays.WilliamShakespeareLife1564,Stratford-on-Avon;GrammarSchool;QueenvisittoCastle;marriagetoAnneHathaway;London,theG

26、lobeTheatre:smallpartandproprietor;the1stFolio,Quarto;Retired,sonHamnet;H.1616.DramaticcareerMajorplays-men-centered.RomeoandJuliettragicloveandfateTheMerchantofVenice.Goodoverevil.Anti-Semitism.HenryIV.Nationalunity.Falstaff.JuliusCaesarRepublicanismvs.dictatorship.HamletRevengeGood/evil.OthelloDia

27、boliccharacterjealousygapbetweenappearanceandreality.KingLearFilialingratitudeMacbethAmbitionvs.fate.AntonyandCleopatra.Passionvs.reasonTheTempestReconciliation;realityandillusion.Non-dramaticpoetryVenusandAdonis;TheRapeofLucrece.Sonnets:theme:fair,true,kind.twomajorparts:ahandsomeyoungmanofnoblebir

28、th;aladyindarkcomplexion.theform:threequatrainsandacouplet.therhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,gg.BenJonsonlife:poet,dramatist,aLatinandreekscholar,theliteraryking(SonsofBen)contribution:theideaofhumour.anadvocateofclassicaldramaandaforerunnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.MajorplaysEveryoneinHisHumourhu

29、mour;threeunities.VolponetheFoxChapter4EnglishLiteratureofthe17thCenturyI.AHistoricalBackgroundTheOverviewoftheLiterature（1640-1688）Therevolutionperiod（1）Themetaphysicalpoets;（2）TheCavalierpoets.（3）Milton:theliteraryandphilosophicalheritageoftheRenaissancemergedwithProtestantpoliticalandmoralconvict

30、ionTherestorationperiod.（1）TherestorationofCharlesIIusheredinaliteraturecharacterizedbyreason,moderation,goodtaste,deftmanagement,andsimplicity.（schoolofBenJonson）（2）TheidealsofimpartialinvestigationandscientificexperimentationpromotedbythenewlyfoundedRoyalSocietyofLondonforImprovingNaturalKnowledge

31、（1662）wereinfluentialinthedevelopmentofclearandsimpleproseasaninstrumentofrationalcommunication.（3）Thegreatphilosophicalandpoliticaltreatisesofthetimeemphasizerationalism.（4）Therestorationdrama.（5）TheAgeofDryden.JohnMiltonLife:educatedatCambridgevisitingthecontinentinvolvedintotherevolutionpersecute

32、dwritingepics.Literarycareer.（1）The1stperiodwasupto1641,duringwhichtimeheistobeseenchieflyasasonofthehumanistsandElizabethans,althoughhisPuritanismisnotabsent.LAllegreandILPenseroso（1632）arehisearlymasterpieces,inwhichwefindMiltonatrueoffspringoftheRenaissance,ascholarofexquisitetasteandrareculture.

33、NextcameComus,amasque.ThegreatestofearlycreationswasLycidas,apastoralelegyonthedeathofacollegemate,EdwardKing.（2）Thesecondperiodisfrom1641to1654,whenthePuritanwasinsuchcompleteascendancythathewrotealmostnopoetry.In1641,hebeganalongperiodofpamphleteeringforthepuritancause.Forsome15years,thePuritaninh

34、imaloneruledhiswriting.HesacrificedhispoeticambitiontothecallofthelibertyforwhichPuritanswerefighting.（3）Thethirdperiodisfrom1655to1671,whenhumanistandPuritanhavebeenfusedintoanexaltedentity.Thisperiodisthegreatestinhisliterarylife,epicsandsomefamoussonnets.Thethreelongpoemsarethefruitofthelongconte

35、stwithinMiltonofRenaissancetraditionandhisPuritanfaith.TheyformthegreatestaccomplishmentsofanyEnglishpoetexceptShakespeare.InMiltonalone,itwouldseem,Puritanismcouldnotextinguishtheloverofbeauty.IntheseworkswefindhumanismandPuritanismmergedinmagnificence.MajorWorks（1）ParadiseLosttheplot.characters.th

36、eme:justifythewaysofGodtoman.（2）ParadiseRegained.（3）SamsonAgonistes.FeaturesofMiltonsworks.（1）MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriterswhoisalsoaprominentfigureinpolitics,andwhoisbothagreatpoetandanimportantprosewriter.ThetwomostessentialthingstoberememberedabouthimarehisPuritanismandhisrepubl

37、icanism.（2）Miltonwrotemanydifferenttypesofpoetry.Heisespeciallyagreatmasterofblankverse.HelearnedmuchfromShakespeareandfirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.（3）Miltonisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstylenotedforitsdignityandpolish,whichistheresultofhislife-longclassicalandbiblicalstudy.（4）Milt

38、onhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.JohnBunyanlife:（1）puritanage;（2）poorfamily;（3）parliamentaryarmy;（4）Baptistsociety,preacher;（5）prison,writingthebook.ThePilgrimProgress（1）Theallegoryindreamform.（2）theplot.（3）thetheme.MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets.1.Metaphysical

39、PoetsTheterm“metaphysicalpoetry”iscommonlyusedtodesignatetheworksofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Pressuredbytheharsh,uncomfortableandcuriousage,themetaphysicalpoetssoughttoshattermythsandreplacethemwithnewphilosophies,newsciences,newwordsandnewpoetry.Theytriedtobreakawayf

40、romtheconventionalfashionofElizabethanlovepoetry,andfavouredinpoetryforamorecolloquiallanguageandtone,atightnessofexpressionandthesingle-mindedworkingoutofathemeorargument.CavalierPoetsTheothergroupprevailinginthisperiodwasthatofCavalierpoets.Theywereoftencourtierswhostoodonthesideoftheking,andcalle

41、dthemselves“sons”ofBenJonson.TheCavalierpoetswrotelightpoetry,polishedandelegant,amorousandgay,butoftensuperficial.Mostoftheirverseswereshortsongs,prettymadrigals,lovefanciescharacterizedbylightnessofheartandofmorals.CavalierpoemshavethelimpidityoftheElizabethanlyricwithoutitsimaginativeflights.They

42、arelighterandneaterbutlessfreshthantheElizabethans.JohnDryden.Life:（1）therepresentativeofclassicismintheRestoration.（2）poet,dramatist,critic,prosewriter,satirist.（3）changeableinattitude.（4）Literarycareerfourdecades.（5）PoetLaureate2.Hisinfluences.（1）Heestablishedtheheroiccoupletasthefashionforsatiric

43、,didactic,anddescriptivepoetry.（2）Hedevelopedadirectandconciseprosestyle.（3）Hedevelopedtheartofliterarycriticisminhisessaysandinthenumerousprefacestohispoems.Chapter5EnglishLiteratureofthe18thCenturyI.IntroductionTheHistoricalBackground.2.Theliteraryoverview.（1）TheEnlightenment.（2）TheriseofEnglishno

44、vels.Whentheliteraryhistorianseekstoassigntoeachageitsfavouriteformofliterature,hefindsnodifficultyindealingwithourowntime.AstheMiddleAgesdelightedinlongromanticnarrativepoems,theElizabethansindrama,theEnglishmanofthereignsofAnneandtheearlyGeorgesindidacticandsatiricalverse,sothepublicofourdayisenam

45、oredofthenovel.Almostalltypesofliteraryproductioncontinuetoappear,butwhetherwejudgefromthelistsofpublishers,thestatisticsofpubliclibraries,orgeneralconversation,wefindabundantevidenceoftheenormouspreponderanceofthiskindofliteraryentertainmentinpopularfavour.（3）Neo-classicism:arevivalintheseventeenth

46、andeighteenthcenturiesofclassicalstandardsoforder,balance,andharmonyinliterature.JohnDrydenandAlexanderPopeweremajorexponentsoftheneo-classicalschool.（4）Satiricliterature.（5）SentimentalismNeo-classicism.（ageneraldescription）AlexanderPope（1）Life:Catholicfamily;illhealth;taughthimselfbyreadingandtrans

47、lating;friendofAddison,SteeleandSwift.（2）threegroupsofpoems:AnEssayonCriticism（manifestoofneo-classicism）;TheRapeofLock;Translationoftwoepics.（3）Hiscontribution:theheroiccoupletfinish,elegance,wit,pointedness;satire.（4）weakness:lackofimagination.AddisonandSteele（1）RichardSteele:poet,playwright,essay

48、ist,publisherofnewspaper.（2）JosephAddison:studiesatOxford,secretaryofstate,createdaliteraryperiodical“Spectator”（withSteele,1711）（3）SpectatorClub.（4）Thesignificanceoftheiressays.Theirwritingsin“TheTatler”,and“TheSpectator”provideanewcodeofsocialmoralityfortherisingbourgeoisie.Theygiveatruepictureoft

49、hesociallifeofEnglandinthe18thcentury.Intheirhands,theEnglishessaycompletelyestablisheditselfasaliterarygenre.Usingitasaformofcharactersketchingandstorytelling,theyusheredinthedawnofthemodernnovel.SamuelJohnsonpoet,critic,essayist,lexicographer,editor.（1）Life:studiesatOxford;madealivingbywritingandt

50、ranslating;thegreatchamofliterature.（2）works:poem（TheVanityofHumanWishes,London）;criticism（TheLivesofgreatPoets）;preface.（3）Thechampionofneoclassicalideas.LiteratureofSatire:JonathanSwift.Life:（1）borninIreland;（2）studiesatTrinityCollege;（3）workedasasecretary;（4）thechiefeditorofTheExaminer;（5）theDean

51、ofSt.PatricksinDublin.Works:TheBattleofBooks,ATaleofaTub,AModestProposal,GulliversTravels.GulliversTravels.PartI.SatiretheWhigandtheTories,AnglicanChurchandCatholicChurch.PartII.Satirethelegalsystem;condemnationofwar.PartIII.Satireridiculousscientificexperiment.PartIV.Satiremankind.EnglishNovelsofRe

52、alistictradition.TheRiseofnovels.Earlyforms:folktalefablesmythsepicpoetryromancesfabliauxnovelle-imaginativenatureoftheirmaterial.(imaginativenarrative)(2)TheriseofthenovelpicaresquenovelinSpainandEngland(16thcentury):OforrelatingtoagenreofprosefictionthatoriginatedinSpainanddepictsinrealisticdetail

53、theadventuresofaroguishhero,oftenwithsatiricorhumorouseffects.Sidney:Arcadia.AddisonandSteele:TheSpectator.(plotandcharacterizationandrealism)(3)novelanddrama(17thecentury)DanielDefoenovelist,poet,pamphleteer,publisher,merchant,journalist.)(1)Life:businesscareer;writingcareer;interestedinpolitics.（2

54、）RobinsonCusoe.thestory.thesignificanceofthecharacter.thefeaturesofhisnovels.thestyleoflanguage.HenryFieldingnovelist.（1）Life:unsuccessfuldramaticcareer;legalcareer;writingcareer.（2）works.（3）TomJones.theplot;characters:Tom,Blifil,Sophia;significance.（4）thetheoryofrealism.（5）thestyleoflanguage.Writer

55、sofSentimentalism.undulyIntroduction2.SamuelRichardsonnovelist,moralist（Onewhoisconcernedwiththemoralsofothers.）1）Life:printerbookseller;letterwriter.Pamela,VirtueRewarded.thestorythesignificancePamelawasanewthingintheseways:Itdiscardedthe“improbableandmarvelous”accomplishmentsoftheformerheroicroman

56、ces,andpicturedthelifeandloveofordinarypeople.Itsintensionwastoaffordnotmerelyentertainmentbutalsomoralinstruction.Itdescribednotonlythesayingsanddoingsofcharactersbuttheiralsotheirsecretthoughtsandfeelings.Itwas,infact,thefirstEnglishpsycho-analyticalnovel.OliverGoldsmithpoetandnovelist.Life:bornin

57、Ireland;asingerandtale-teller,alifeofvagabondage;bookseller;theLiteraryClub;amiserablelife;themostlovablecharacterinEnglishliterature.TheVicarofWakefield.story;thesignicance.EnglishDramaofthe18thcentury1.ThedeclineofthedramaRichardBrinsleySheridenA.life.B.works:Rivals,TheSchoolforScandals.significan

58、ceofhisplays.TheRivalsandTheSchoolforScandalaregenerallyregardedasimportantlinksbetweenthemasterpiecesofShakespeareandthoseofBernardShaw,andastrueclassicsinEnglishcomedy.Inhisplays,moralityistheconstanttheme.Heismuchconcernedwiththecurrentmoralissuesandlashesharshlyatthesocialvicesoftheday.Sheridans

59、greatnessalsoliesinhistheatricalart.Heseemstohaveinheritedfromhisparentsanaturalabilityandinbornknowledgeaboutthetheatre.Hisplaysaretheproductofadramaticgeniusaswellasofawell-versedtheatricalman.Hisplotsarewell-organized,hischaracters,eithermajororminor,areallsharplydrawn,andhismanipulationofsuchdev

60、icesasdisguise,mistakenidentityanddramaticironyismasterly.Wittydialoguesandneatanddecentlanguagealsomakeacharacteristicofhisplays.Chapter6EnglishLiteratureoftheRomanticAgeI.Introduction1.HistoricalBackgroundLiteraryOverview:RomanticismCharacteristicsofRomanticism:（1）Thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulf