畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文-論文外文參考資料譯文

1、-. z畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文譯文題目：單片機(jī)介紹學(xué)生：嘉靚學(xué)號(hào)：0805110922專業(yè)： 電子信息工程所在學(xué)院：信息技術(shù)學(xué)院指導(dǎo)教師：傳軍職稱： 副教授 2011年12月 18 日單片機(jī)也被稱為微控制器，常用英文字母的縮寫MCU表示單片機(jī)，它最早是被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機(jī)由芯片僅有CPU的專用處理器開展而來。最早的設(shè)計(jì)理念是通過將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個(gè)芯片中，使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進(jìn)復(fù)雜的而對(duì)體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計(jì)出的處理器，從此以后，單片機(jī)和專用處理器的開展便分道揚(yáng)鑣。早期的單片機(jī)都是8位或4位的。其中

2、最成功的是INTEL的8031，因?yàn)楹唵慰煽慷阅懿诲e(cuò)獲得了很大的好評(píng)。此后在8031上開展出了MCS51系列單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)?；谶@一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開場出現(xiàn)了16位單片機(jī)，但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品大開展，單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTEL i960系列特別是后來的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機(jī)迅速取代16位單片機(jī)的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機(jī)主頻已經(jīng)超過300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理

3、器，而普通的型號(hào)出廠價(jià)格跌落至1美元，最高端1的型號(hào)也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機(jī)核心處理的高端單片機(jī)甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linu*操作系統(tǒng)。單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的計(jì)算機(jī)?，F(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會(huì)集成有單片機(jī)。手機(jī)、計(jì)算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有1-2部單片機(jī)。而個(gè)人電腦中也會(huì)有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機(jī)，復(fù)雜的工

4、業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺(tái)單片機(jī)在同時(shí)工作！單片機(jī)的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過PC機(jī)和其他計(jì)算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成*一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)微型的計(jì)算機(jī)，和計(jì)算機(jī)相比，單片機(jī)只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格廉價(jià)、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)是了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與構(gòu)造的最正確選擇。單片機(jī)部也用和電腦功能類似的模塊，比方CPU，存，并行總線，還有和硬盤作用一樣的存儲(chǔ)器件，不同的是它的這些部件性能都相對(duì)我們的家用電腦弱很多，不過價(jià)錢也是低的，一般不超過

5、10元即可.用它來做一些控制電器一類不是很復(fù)雜的工作足矣了。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動(dòng)滾筒洗衣機(jī)、排煙罩、VCD等等的家電里面都可以看到它的身影！.它主要是作為控制局部的核心部件。它是一種在線式實(shí)時(shí)控制計(jì)算機(jī)，在線式就是現(xiàn)場控制，需要的是有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力，較低的本錢，這也是和離線式計(jì)算機(jī)的比方家用PC的主要區(qū)別。單片機(jī)芯片單片機(jī)是靠程序運(yùn)行的，并且可以修改。通過不同的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能，尤其是特殊的獨(dú)特的一些功能，這是別的器件需要費(fèi)很大力氣才能做到的，有些則是花大力氣也很難做到的。一個(gè)不是很復(fù)雜的功能要是用美國50年代開發(fā)的74系列，或者60年代的CD4000系列這些純硬件來搞定的話，電路一定是一塊

6、大PCB板！但是如果要是用美國70年代成功投放市場的系列單片機(jī)，結(jié)果就會(huì)有天壤之別！只因?yàn)閱纹瑱C(jī)的通過你編寫的程序可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！由于單片機(jī)對(duì)本錢是敏感的，所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級(jí)匯編語言，它是除了二進(jìn)制機(jī)器碼以上最低級(jí)的語言了，既然這么低級(jí)為什么還要用呢.很多高級(jí)的語言已經(jīng)到達(dá)了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢.原因很簡單，就是單片機(jī)沒有家用計(jì)算機(jī)那樣的CPU，也沒有像硬盤那樣的海量存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。一個(gè)可視化高級(jí)語言編寫的小程序里面即使只有一個(gè)按鈕，也會(huì)到達(dá)幾十K的尺寸！對(duì)于家用PC的硬盤來講沒什么，可是對(duì)于單片機(jī)來講是不能承受的。單片機(jī)在硬件資源方面的利用率必須很高才

7、行，所以匯編雖然原始卻還是在大量使用。一樣的道理，如果把巨型計(jì)算機(jī)上的操作系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用軟件拿到家用PC上來運(yùn)行，家用PC的也是承受不了的?？梢哉f，二十世紀(jì)跨越了三個(gè)電的時(shí)代，即電氣時(shí)代、電子時(shí)代和現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入的電腦時(shí)代。不過，這種電腦，通常是指個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)，簡稱PC機(jī)。它由主機(jī)、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計(jì)算機(jī)，大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。這種計(jì)算機(jī)就是把智能賦予各種機(jī)械的單片機(jī)亦稱微控制器。顧名思義，這種計(jì)算機(jī)的最小系統(tǒng)只用了一片集成電路，即可進(jìn)展簡單運(yùn)算和控制。因?yàn)樗w積小，通常都藏在被控機(jī)械的肚子里。它在整個(gè)裝置中，起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個(gè)裝置就癱瘓了。現(xiàn)在，這種單片機(jī)的使用領(lǐng)域已十

8、分廣泛，如智能儀表、實(shí)時(shí)工控、通訊設(shè)備、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、家用電器等。各種產(chǎn)品一旦用上了單片機(jī)，就能起到使產(chǎn)品升級(jí)換代的成效，常在產(chǎn)品名稱前冠以形容詞智能型，如智能型洗衣機(jī)等。現(xiàn)在有些工廠的技術(shù)人員或其它業(yè)余電子開發(fā)者搞出來的*些產(chǎn)品，不是電路太復(fù)雜，就是功能太簡單且極易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在產(chǎn)品未使用單片機(jī)或其它可編程邏輯器件上。單片機(jī)歷史單片機(jī)誕生于20世紀(jì)70年代末，經(jīng)歷了SCM、MCU、SoC三大階段。起初模型1.SCM即單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)Single Chip Microputer階段，主要是尋求最正確的單片形態(tài)嵌入式系統(tǒng)的最正確體系構(gòu)造。創(chuàng)新模式獲得成功，奠定了SCM與通用計(jì)算機(jī)完全不同

9、的開展道路。在開創(chuàng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)獨(dú)立開展道路上，Intel公司功不可沒。2.MCU即微控制器Micro Controller Unit階段，主要的技術(shù)開展方向是：不斷擴(kuò)展?jié)M足嵌入式應(yīng)用時(shí)，對(duì)象系統(tǒng)要求的各種外圍電路與接口電路，突顯其對(duì)象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的領(lǐng)域都與對(duì)象系統(tǒng)相關(guān)，因此，開展MCU的重任不可防止地落在電氣、電子技術(shù)廠家。從這一角度來看，Intel逐漸淡出MCU的開展也有其客觀因素。在開展MCU方面，最著名的廠家當(dāng)數(shù)Philips公司。Philips公司以其在嵌入式應(yīng)用方面的巨大優(yōu)勢，將MCS-51從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)迅速開展到微控制器。因此，當(dāng)我們回憶嵌入式系統(tǒng)開展道路時(shí)，不要忘記

10、Intel和Philips的歷史功績。嵌入式系統(tǒng)單片機(jī)是嵌入式系統(tǒng)的獨(dú)立開展之路，向MCU階段開展的重要因素，就是尋求應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)在芯片上的最大化解決；因此，專用單片機(jī)的開展自然形成了SoC化趨勢。隨著微電子技術(shù)、IC設(shè)計(jì)、EDA工具的開展，基于SoC的單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)有較大的開展。因此，對(duì)單片機(jī)的理解可以從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)、單片微控制器延伸到單片應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域目前單片機(jī)滲透到我們生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，幾乎很難找到哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域沒有單片機(jī)的蹤跡。導(dǎo)彈的導(dǎo)航裝置，飛機(jī)上各種儀表的控制，計(jì)算機(jī)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，工業(yè)自動(dòng)化過程的實(shí)時(shí)控制和數(shù)據(jù)處理，廣泛使用的各種智能IC卡，民用豪華轎車的平安保障系

11、統(tǒng)，錄像機(jī)、攝像機(jī)、全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)的控制，以及程控玩具、電子寵物等等，這些都離不開單片機(jī)。更不用說自動(dòng)控制領(lǐng)域的機(jī)器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械了。因此，單片機(jī)的學(xué)習(xí)、開發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與智能化控制的科學(xué)家、工程師。單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設(shè)備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過程控制等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個(gè)疇：1.在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用單片機(jī)具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強(qiáng)、擴(kuò)展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中，結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器，可實(shí)現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測量。采用單片機(jī)控制使得儀器

12、儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強(qiáng)大。例如精細(xì)的測量設(shè)備功率計(jì)，示波器，各種分析儀。 2.在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用用單片機(jī)可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管3.在家用電器中的應(yīng)用可以這樣說，現(xiàn)在的家用電器根本上都采用了單片機(jī)控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機(jī)、電冰箱、空調(diào)機(jī)、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備，五花八門，無所不在。4.在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)展數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備根本上都實(shí)現(xiàn)了單片機(jī)智能控制，從手機(jī)，機(jī)、小型程控交換

13、機(jī)、樓宇自動(dòng)通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動(dòng)，集群移動(dòng)通信，無線電對(duì)講機(jī)等。5.單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。6.在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用*些專用單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)用于實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能，從而在各種電路中進(jìn)展模塊化應(yīng)用，而不要求使用人員了解其部構(gòu)造。如音樂集成單片機(jī)，看似簡單的功能，微縮在純電子芯片中有別于磁帶機(jī)的原理，就需要復(fù)雜的類似于計(jì)算機(jī)的原理。如：音樂信號(hào)以數(shù)字的形式存于存儲(chǔ)器中類似于ROM，由微控制器讀出，轉(zhuǎn)化為模擬音樂電信號(hào)類似于聲卡。在大型電路中，這種模塊化應(yīng)用極縮

14、小了體積，簡化了電路，降低了損壞、錯(cuò)誤率，也方便于更換。 7.單片機(jī)在汽車設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用單片機(jī)在汽車電子中的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，例如汽車中的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制器，基于CAN總線的汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)智能電子控制器，GPS導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，abs防抱死系統(tǒng)，制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等等。此外，單片機(jī)在工商，金融，科研、教育，國防航空航天等領(lǐng)域都有著十分廣泛的用途。SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), monly used letters of the acronym MCU MCU that it was first used in industrial

15、control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the puter system, smaller, more easily integrated into a ple* and demanding on the volume control device which. INTELs Z80 is the first designed

16、 in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 80

17、31 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great developmen

18、t of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance

19、 have been the rapid increase capacity increase pared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end 1 model only 10 dollar

20、s.Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld puters and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicat

21、ed Windows and Linu* operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the worlds largest puter. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integra

22、ted single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld puters and puter accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal puter will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, ple* industrial control syst

23、ems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far e*ceeds the number of PC and other puting the sum, or even more than the number of human beingsSingle chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not plete a certain logic chips, but to a puter system integrated

24、into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-puter, and puter than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip bees a puter. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to unders

25、tand the principle and structure of the puter the best choice.SCM and the puter functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these ponents were relatively weak many of our home

26、 puter, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it . some control for a class is not very plicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! . It is primarily as a control s

27、ection of the core ponentsIt is an online real-time control puter, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line puter (such as home PC), the main difference.Single chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different p

28、rocedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very ple* functions if the 50s with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60s CD4000 series of these pure h

29、ardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70s with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As t

30、he microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not

31、it The reason is simply that there is no home puter as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PCs hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU i

32、s not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the pilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant puter operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.Can be said that t

33、he twentieth century across the three power era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the puter age. However, this puter, usually refers to the personal puter, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other ponents. Another type of puter,

34、most people do not know how. This puter is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this puter system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged

35、 mechanical stomach in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, munications equipment, navigation systems, and household applianc

36、es. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in o

37、ut of certain products, not the circuit is too plicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.SCM historySCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, e*perienced SCM, MCU, SoC three

38、 stages.First model1.SCM the single chip microputer (Single Chip Microputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. Innovation model success, laying the SCM and general puter pletely different path of development. In the open road of independent deve

39、lopment of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: e*panding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, h

40、ighlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCUs responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the dev

41、elopment of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips pany in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-puter from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded

42、systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History. Embedded SystemsEmbedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to ma*imize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chi

43、p SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SoC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microputer can be, e*tended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.MCU a

44、pplicationsSCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, puter network munications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data p

45、rocessing, e*tensive use of various smart IC card, civilian lu*ury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intell

46、igent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of puter applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers. SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, special

47、ized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:1. In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, e*pansion fle*ibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of

48、use, widely used instrument, bining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and f

49、unctionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).2. In the industrial control applicationWith the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory

50、assembly line of intelligent control3. In Household Appliances Can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnip

51、resent. 4. In the field of puter networks and munications applications MCU general with modern munication interface, can be easy with the puter data munication, networking and munications in puter applications between devices had e*cellent material conditions, are basically all munication equipment to achieve a c