東南亞農業(yè)食品部門的經濟影 響-印度尼西亞

1、 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE AGRI-FOOD SECTOR IN INDONESIA2021JunPhoto/STABLE OF CONTENTS HYPERLINK l _bookmark0 Executive summary 2 HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 Introduction 8 HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 The structure of this report 8 HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 How we frame our analysis 8 HYPERLINK l _bookmark2 Th

2、e agri-food sectors impact in Indonesia 12 HYPERLINK l _bookmark2 The total economic impact of the agri-food sector 12 HYPERLINK l _bookmark3 The economic impact of the agri-food sector in detail 13 HYPERLINK l _bookmark4 Trade in agri-food products 15 HYPERLINK l _bookmark5 Impact of COVID-19 on th

3、e Indonesian agri-food sector 16 HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 Outlook for the agri-food sector 18 HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 Mixed outlook for the agri-food sector in HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 Southeast Asia 18 HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 The Economic Recovery Matrix 18 HYPERLINK l _bookmark7 Fiscal policy risks for

4、the agri-food sector 20 HYPERLINK l _bookmark7 Assessing the fiscal policy risks to the Asian HYPERLINK l _bookmark7 agri-food sector 20 HYPERLINK l _bookmark8 New excise taxes pose a risk to the agri-food HYPERLINK l _bookmark8 sectors recovery 22EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThroughout a tumultuous year for th

5、e Indonesian economy, in which travel, logistics, trade, and business operations have been tested in unprecedented ways, the agri-food value chain has demonstrated its resilience. It has placed food on the table at stable prices, provided an income and employment for a huge proportion of the country

6、s workforce, and created opportunities for businesses at each stage of the value chain.From farm to fork, Indonesias agri-food sector holds an unparalleled position in the economy and plays a pivotal role in its future economic development. Its performance is critical to household wellbeing and it i

7、s an economic powerhouse, responsible for millions of jobs, as well as being a majorcontributor to total economic output and government tax receipts.Looking beyond the coronavirus pandemic, there are many challenges facing the agri-food sector that will haverepercussions for the wider economy. These

8、 include major risks to food supply and demand. They also include fiscal policy risks, that could result from governments adjusting their spending and taxation policies to recover from the economic impact of COVID-19 on public finances.Oxford Economics was commissioned by Food Industry Asia (FIA) to

9、 provide a comprehensive analysis of the economic impact of the agri-food sector in four major Southeast Asian countries: Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. In this first of its kind study, we analysed five years of economic activity across the entire food value chainfrom farm-to-for

10、k. We leveraged the Oxford Economics Global Economic Impact Model to understand where and how the agri-food sector adds value to these economies, as well as our macroeconomicUS$374 bnThe agri-food sectors total contribution to 2019 GDP in Indonesia (in 2020 prices).forecasting tools and expertise to

11、 consider the future trajectory of the agri-food sector, and the challenges it faces going forward. This report focusses specifically on Indonesia.THE AGRI-FOOD SECTORS ECONOMIC IMPACTFor the purposes of this study, we define the agri-food sector to include three critical components of the food valu

12、e chain: agricultural production; food and beverage (F&B)manufacturing; and F&B distribution (including wholesale, retail, and hospitality services).From our analysis, we estimate that the agri-food sector made a contribution to Indonesian GDP worth USD 374 billion in 2019 (valued in 2020 prices). T

13、his is the equivalent of 35% of the domestic economy. The sector employed a total of 63.4 million people, nearly half of all Indonesias jobs, and was responsible for raising USD 42.7 billion in tax revenues (Fig. 1) that year.The agri-food sector has grown consistently over time. Its contribution to

14、 GDP has increased by 23% in real terms between 2015 and 2019, and its employment footprint by 8%.63 millionTotal number of jobs supported by the agri-food sector in Indonesia in 2019.Fig. 1: Total economic contribution of the agri-food sector inIndonesia (2019)US$, billions (2020 prices)42.763.4374

15、.0400350300250Jobs, millions8070605020040150301002050100GDP(left axis)Tax (left axis)0Employment(right axis)Source: Oxford EconomicsAgricultural production is the largest component of the Indonesian agri-food industrys contribution to GDP. Its total economic footprint, including its supply chain and

16、 consumer spending benefits, totalled USD 212.8 billion in 2019 (in 2020 prices). Agriculture was responsible for employing 40.2 million people in Indonesia in 201963% of the total agri-food sectors jobs footprint.The next largest component of the agri-food sector was food and non-alcoholic beverage

17、 manufacturing. In 2019, it made a contribution to GDP worth USD 109.6 billion and was responsible for employing 10.0 million people. In addition, the agri-food sectors third component, the distribution of food and non-alcoholic beverages, contributed a further USD 51.7billion to Indonesias GDP that

18、 year. The largest portion of this came through retail activities, worth USD 19.9 billion. Overall, the distribution sector sustained 13.2 million jobs in 2019.The Indonesian agri-food sector demonstrated its durability in 2020, despite highly challenging economic conditions.Indonesia is a major net

19、-exporter of agri-food products. In 2019, its food and beverage exports totalled USD 29.0 billion, compared to only USD 14.6 billion of imports, resulting in a USD 14.4 billion trade surplus (in 2020 prices). Agricultural exports played a major role in that positive trade balance, with exports total

20、ling 22.1 billion in 2019, compared to only 6.8 billion of agricultural imports. Indonesias position as a large net-exporter has been a consistent feature of its agri-food sector for many years.The Indonesian agri-food sector demonstrated its durability in 2020, despite highly challenging economic c

21、onditions.F&B distributioncontaining retail, wholesale, catering, and hospitalitybore the brunt of policy measures to contain the coronavirus outbreak, as well as the effects of reduced tourism. We estimate that its contribution to GDP contracted by USD 4.5 billion in 2020, a 9% decrease. Despite th

22、is, the overall agri-food sector remained strong. We estimate its economic footprint grew by 2% in 2020, compared to the year before. The primary reason for this is the growth of the agriculture sector, which expanded its total contribution to GDP by USD 10.1 billion in real terms.CHALLENGES FOR THE

23、 AGRI-FOOD SECTOROur analysis identified a number of challenges facing Indonesias food sector. Our Economic Recovery Matrix, developed to assess the outlook for the Southeast Asian agri-food sector in a 2020 study with FIA,1 suggests Indonesia presents the greatest risks to recovery of any country i

24、n our Asian sample.And beyond the immediate difficulties created by the pandemic, the agri-food sector in Southeast Asia faces longer-term challenges too. Growing populations and incomes mean consumers are demanding more and better-quality food. New technologies and skills will be required to raise

25、the productivity of land and labour. Achieving this will require a supportive policy environment, as well as large-scale investments.IMPACT OF FISCAL MEASURES ON THE AGRI-FOOD SECTORS RECOVERYDespite the uncertain economic conditions that the region faces, many governments in Southeast Asia are faci

26、ng pressure to tackle fiscal deficits that have worsened during the coronavirus pandemic. Our Fiscal Risk Assessment Framework, designed in a separate study for FIA in 2020,2 assesses the exposure of the agri-food sector to potential post-pandemic fiscal adjustments in a group of Asian economies.If

27、policymakers choose to target agricultural subsidies as a cost saving measure, this will damage output and jobs in the agricultural sector and pass cost pressures along the countrys agri-food supply chain.The fiscal risk facing Indonesias agri-food sector is a product of the countrys large deficit a

28、nd large agricultural subsidies. Indonesias fiscal balance has deteriorated more than any other Southeast Asian country during the pandemic. Meanwhile, itsagricultural subsidies total 3% of GDP, a level significantly higher than other economies in the region. If policymakers choose to target agricul

29、tural subsidies as a cost saving measure, this will damage output and jobs in the agricultural sector and pass cost pressures along the countrys agri-food supply chain.POORLY CRAFTED EXCISE TAXES COULD HARM THE AGRI- FOOD SECTORS RECOVERYExcise taxes on sugar, salt, and plastics have long been discu

30、ssed in policy circles in Southeast Asia as potential tools to address health and environmental problems. Policymakers might argue that the motivations behind these policy initiatives are timely, in the context of the post-COVID recovery. However, our analysis points to many examples of excise dutie

31、s creating counterproductive results, including a disproportionate impact on small businesses, unforeseen damage to local industry,an unfair burden on low-income households, and a failure to generate fiscal revenues. If excise duties are to be deployed, they should be well designed, evidence-based,

32、efficiently regulated and well communicated with industry to raise the chances of success and minimise the potential costs to the valuable agri-food sector.2 “Fiscal risks for the food sector in Asia after COVID-19”, Oxford Economics, Food Industry Asia, August 2020 5THE AGRI-FOOD SECTOR IN INDONESI

33、AThe Indonesian agri-food sector is huge, employing nearly half of the nationalworkforce.13.2 mn10.0 mn40.2 mncontributing 57% of its$212.8bn$109.6bn$51.7bntotal GDP footprint.A total employment footprint of 63.4 millionF&B distributionThe agriculture industry is the largest part of this,A total con

34、tribution to GDP worth $ 374.0 billionTOTAL ECONOMIC IMPACTAgricultural productionF&B manufacturingAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONFOOD & BEVERAGEFOOD & BEVERAGE2.2MANUFACTURINGDISTRIBUTION2.020.90.931.266.53.621.05.27.2166.735.819.95.0$212.8 billion40.2 million$109.6 billion10.0 million$5

35、1.7 billion13.2 millionFROM FARM TO FORKDirectIndirectInducedDirectIndirectInducedWholesaleRetailCateringAccommodation0.9Agricultural productsProcessed F&B productsTotal14.415.3Net exports in 2019 (US$, billion)Indonesia sustains a large agri-food trade surplus,driven by exports of agricultural prod

36、ucts.TRADE SURPLUSCOVID-19 IMPACTThe agri-food sectors contribution to GDP grew in 2020.However, the COVID-19 pandemic meantChange in GDP contribution (US$, billion)that F&B distribution contracted.Agricultural productionF&B manufacturing F&B distribution Total10.13.1-4.58.8Totals may not sum due to

37、 rounding. $ = US dollar.MARCELODINTRODUCTIONTHE STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORTThe report is structured in four parts. This chapter explains our overarching approachto measuring the economic impact of the agri-food sector and presents high-level results. This is followed by a more detailed assessment of t

38、hesectors economic impact and the implications of the coronavirus pandemic for its performance in 2020. In the following chapter, we provideour assessment of the outlook for the agri-food sector, beyond the initial impact ofthe coronavirus. And finally, we assess the fiscal risks facing the sector i

39、n 2021 and beyond, including the potential risks posed by excise duties for the businesses, employees, and consumers that depend on the agri-food sector.HOW WE FRAME OUR ANALYSISA countrys food value chain constitutes a complex network of stakeholders involved in growing, processing, selling, and di

40、stributing the food and beverages that households rely on. This value chain also makes a major contribution to the economy. In this chapter, we describe the framework we have used to assess the size of the agri-food industrys total economic impact, from farm to fork.We define the agri-food sector to

41、 encompass three components: agricultural production, Food and Beverage (F&B) manufacturing, and F&B distribution, which areexplored in more detail below.The bedrock of our analysis is an assessment of the direct economic impact the agri-food sector has on the economy. Our framework also captures th

42、e economic activity associated with the agri-food sectors supply chain spending, which we refer to as its indirect economic impact. In addition,we estimate the economic activity that results from the consumer spending undertaken by those earning wages in the sector or in its supply chain.This is ref

43、erred to as its induced economic impact. More detail on these three channels of impact and how they are estimated is provided in Box 1.In our analysis, we assess the structure of the agri-food sector based on 2019 data, which is the latest year for which official statistics are complete. This gives

44、us an important reference point prior to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. In addition, we assess the evolution of the sectors economic footprint between 2015 and 2019, and also estimate the value ofthe agri-food sector in 2020.Our 2020 projection utilises the most recent official data from lo

45、cal national statistics agencies, combined with Oxford Economics forecasts.Component 1: Agricultural productionAgricultural production, whichencompasses agriculture and fishing industries, accounts for a substantial proportion of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)3 in Southeast Asia.Agricultural produ

46、ction is dominated by rice, which accounts for a greater share of gross production value than any other single commodity.Other commodities such as maize, coffee, cocoa, fruits, and vegetables are also highly important to the regions agricultural output, as are livestock and poultry farming. In addit

47、ion, many Southeast Asian countries have large fishing industries, especially those with large coastal or island-based populations.As a major employer across Southeast Asia, agricultural production creates a large induced spending impact. Although average wages in the sector are low, the proportion

48、of household earnings thatare spent on local goods and services is high and the sheer number of workers creates a very large spending footprint.3 GDP is the standard indicator of an economys size and represents the total monetary value of all final goods and services8produced within an economy, in a

49、 specific time period. Component 2: Food and beverage manufacturing In this study, we focus ouranalysis on non-alcoholic food and beverage manufacturing taking place within our four countries of analysis. Asthese workers and all those employed in the sectors supply chain go on to spend their earning

50、s, the economicactivity this stimulates is captured in our estimate of the induced economic impact.Component 3: Food and beverage distributionTo capture the full spectrum of the food value chain, from farm to fork, we also extend our analysis to downstream industries that distribute foodand non-alco

51、holic beverage products to consumers. In our analysis, we include the wholesale and retail of food and non-alcoholic beverage products, as well as their sale within the hospitality sector, specifically accommodation and catering.BOX 1: OUR APPROACH TO ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENTIn this report, we use

52、 a bespoke economic impact modelling framework to analyse the economic contribution the agri-food sector makes to the economy. Our assessment encompasses three channels of impact.Firstly, we assess the direct economic impact of the businesses and workers directly involved in the agri-food sector its

53、elfthat includes agricultural production, F&B manufacturing, and F&B distribution,For the agricultural production and F&B manufacturing components, we also capture two further channels of impact, as summarised in Fig. 2.The indirect economic impact refers to the economic activity stimulated along th

54、eagri-food sectors non-food supply chain, from procurement spending.The induced economic impact refers to the economic activity that flows from thepayment of wages in the agri-food sector and the businesses in its non-food supply chain. Those wages are spent in the local economy, for example in reta

55、il and leisure outlets, generating profits and wages for other businesses, who in turn stimulate further spending in their own supply chains and amongst their own employees.The total economic impact of the agri-food sector encompasses all of these impacts and we present the impact in three ways:Gros

56、s value added (GVA) contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This isthe value of the output produced by a firm minus its expenditure on inputs (goods and services) that are used up in production.Aggregated across all economic operators in the economy, this forms GDP (plus production taxes and s

57、ubsidies), which is the most widely recognised measure of total economic output.Employment. This is measured on a headcount basis to facilitate comparisonswith national statistical agencies employment data. It therefore includes anyone who is paid wages regardless of the length of their working week

58、 orwhether they work all year round. Those who are paid as part of a contract for the provision of services will be considered as part of the supply chain, for the purposes of this study.Tax receipts. This is an estimate of all income and corporation tax revenuesgenerated by firms and employees that

59、 form part of the economic footprint.9Employees consuming out of earningsInternational trade in agri-food productsMovement of agri-food products domesticallyInduced Economic ImpactIndirect Economic ImpactF&B DistributionIncludes wholesale, retail, accommodation andcatering services to take food and

60、beverage to market.F&B ManufacturingIncludes all activities involved in the processing of food and beverage products.DirectAgricultural production EconomicIncluded the production Impactof agriculture and fisheriesproducts, excludingtobacco and rubber.Our results are presented on a gross basis.A full