改革北極敘事

1、Reforming the Arctic NarrativeIndigenous Storytelling, Journalism, and the Potential ofCo-Production in the NorthAllison AgstenP APER JUNE 20 21 The Arctic InitiativeBelfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School79 JFK StreetCambridge, MA 02138 HYPERLINK /TAPP /ArcticStat

2、ements and views expressed in this report are solely those of the author(s) and do not imply endorsement by Harvard University, Harvard Kennedy School, or the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.Design and layout by Andrew Facini Cover photo by Pat KaneCopyright 2021, President and F

3、ellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of AmericaP APER JUNE 20 21 THE ARCTIC INITIATIVE Reforming the Arctic NarrativeIndigenous Storytelling, Journalism, and the Potential ofCo-Production in the NorthAllison AgstenContributorsMany people generously shared their time, knowledge, and

4、 resources for this paper. Special thanks goes to the Indigenous leaders, starred below, whose insights profoundly shaped this research and whose contributions the work intends to honor and uplift.Joel ClementArctic Initiative Senior Fellow, Harvard Kennedy SchoolTripp J. Crouse*News Director, KNBA

5、90.3FMHeather Exner-PirotResearch Advisor, Indigenous Resource NetworkRosa-Mren Magga*Advisor, Indigenous Peoples SecretariatThomas NilsenEditor, The Independent Barents ObserverMaiju Saijets*Freelance journalist Planner, Smi ParliamentElsennguaq Silassen*Masters Degree candidate, Governance and Sus

6、tainable Management (West Nordic Studies), University of GreenlandMark Trahant*Editor, Indian Country TodayiiAbout the AuthorAllison Agsten is a curator, writer, and organizer who uses storytelling to center the work of artists in communities. She has held various leadership roles in Los Angeles mus

7、eums including at the Hammer and LACMA.In 2019 she authored a paper on housing affordability for artists in L.A. which led her to the Harvard Kennedy School, where she earned a Master of Public Administration degree in 2021. Prior to her work in the arts, she covered entertainment and financial news

8、 as a producer at CNN.AcknowledgementsThank you to Halla Logadttir and Cristine Russell for their enduring support for this project. Additional thanks to Emma Heffern, Brittany Janis, Cate Lagueux, Sarah Mackie, Alice Rogoff, and Keely Wilczek.Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | Ha

9、rvard Kennedy SchooliiiTable of Contents HYPERLINK l _bookmark0 Introduction 1 HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 Elevating Indigenous Knowledge 3 HYPERLINK l _bookmark2 Narrative Reforms Big and Small 4 HYPERLINK l _bookmark3 Conclusion 9 HYPERLINK l _bookmark4 Appendix I: Arctic Climate Change Coverage in Jan

10、uary 2021 10Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | Harvard Kennedy School vANSAuSAsrTavSteEAeyRllEaitSnaecdrvtihetiIntroductionThis paper aims to articulate the absence of Indigenous people in Arctic climate change news coverage and to enumerate approaches for generat- ing resonant, r

11、epresentative, and ethical stories in the white hot center of climate change.As temperatures have increased in the Arctic, so too has media inter- est in the region. A keyword analysis conducted using the Factiva database revealed that the number of news stories mentioning “Arctic” and “climate chan

12、ge” doubled in The Guardian in the past decade.During that same period, coverage increased by 2.5 times in the NewYork Times.Yet, a population that is severely impacted by thawing permafrost and melting sea icethe Indigenous people who live in the Arcticare scarcely represented in the media.1 A sepa

13、rate analysis of news sto- ries broadcast or published in a recent five year period including the keywords “climate change” and “Arctic” demonstrated that coverage focused primarily on science rather than on human subjects.2 When people were included in environmental reporting, they were typically n

14、on-resident experts like scientists, policy makers, or activists.Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, “Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples,” n.d., 3.Elizabeth Arnold, “Doom and Gloom: The Role of the Media in Public Disengagement on Climate Change,” Shorenstein Center (blog), May 29, 2018, /media-diseng

15、age- ment-climate-change/.Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | Harvard Kennedy School 1Figure 1This type of coverage, often brimming with data and favoring outsider expertise, does not necessarily resonate with the public. In a survey of more than 10,000 people inside and outside of

16、 the Arctic, low and even decreasing interest in climate change was expressed.3 A range of theories have been posited to explain the global gap in concern and action relative to the severity of the effects of climate change. Behavioral scientists sug- gest that people freeze in the face of an issue

17、so big that no individual can make a difference.4 And, “doom and gloom” reporting on environmental degradation only reinforces paralysis by presenting problem-oriented narratives without offering solutions.5 Yet, there is a bright spot in climate change communications: human-centered storytelling. T

18、his approach, proven to win hearts and minds, has potential to boost the impact of Arctic climate change reporting, and crucially, to increase the representation of Indigenous people in that coverage. 6 An emergent framework for con- ducting community-engaged research in the sciences may prove to be

19、 useful for developing expanded journalism practices.Paulina Pakszys et al., “Changing Arctic. Firm Scientific Evidence versus Public Interest in the Issue.: Where Is the Gap?,” Oceanologia 62, no. 4, Part B (October 1, 2020): 593602, /10.1016/j.ocea- no.2020.03.004.“Why We Keep Ignoring Even the Mo

20、st Dire Climate Change Warnings,” Time, accessed November 7, 2020, /5418690/why-ignore-climate-change-warnings-un-report/.Elizabeth Arnold, “Doom and Gloom.”Abel Gustafson et al., “Personal Stories Can Shift Climate Change Beliefs and Risk Perceptions: The Mediat- ing Role of Emotion,” Communication

21、 Reports 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 12135, /10.108 0/08934215.2020.1799049.2Elevating Indigenous KnowledgeThe Arctic is home to a heterogeneous population comprised of more than forty different ethnic groups.7 Ten percent of the regions four million resi- dents identify as Indigenous. 8 Yet, fro

22、m colonial explorers to modern-day scientists, research in the Arctic has historically been conducted with little acknowledgement of, or regard for, the people living there.9 Only in recent decades have scientists begun to earnestly embrace Indigenous ways of knowing in their research. Indigenous kn

23、owledge, as defined by the Inuit Circumpolar Council, is:A systematic way of thinking applied to phenomena across biological, physical, cultural and spiritual systems. It includes insights based on evidence acquired through direct and long-term experiences and extensive and multigenerational observa

24、tions, lessons and skills. It has developed over mil- lennia and is still developing in a living process, including knowledge acquired today and in the future, and it is passed on from generation to generation.By valuing ways of knowing equally, Indigenous knowledge holders and scientists can work t

25、ogether to generate mutually beneficial research. For example, on the semi-arid land of Australias Ltyentye Apurte commu- nity, co-produced research has led to improved erosion control.10 And in Mazvihwa, Zimbabwe, collaboration between scientists and residents has armed Indigenous people with the i

26、nformation necessary to make land use decisions that balance farming needs and forestry protection.11 Co-produced initiatives in the Arctic have achieved success as well. For“Arctic Indigenous Peoples - Arctic Centre, University of Lapland,” Uni of Lapland, accessed January 16, 2021, https:/ HYPERLI

27、NK /EN/arcticregion/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples /EN/arcticregion/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples.“Arctic Peoples,” Arctic Council, accessed January 16, 2021, /en/explore/topics/ arctic-peoples/.“An Inuit Critique of Canadian Arctic Research,” Arctic Focus, accessed January 10, 2021, /www.arcticfo- /stories/

28、inuit-critique-canadian-arctic-research/.Rosemary Hill et al., “Knowledge Co-Production for Indigenous Adaptation Pathways: Transform Post-Co- lonial Articulation Complexes to Empower Local Decision-Making,” Global Environmental Change 65 (November 1, 2020): 102161, /10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102161.

29、M. V. Eitzel et al., “Indigenous Climate Adaptation Sovereignty in a Zimbabwean Agro-Pastoral System: Exploring Definitions of Sustainability Success Using a Participatory Agent-Based Model,” Ecology and Society 25, no. 4 (2020): art13, /10.5751/ES-11946-250413.Belfer Center for Science and Internat

30、ional Affairs | Harvard Kennedy School 3example, biologists and Yupik hunters teamed up in Alaska to gather infor- mation about the threatened Pacific Walrus population. As a result of this research, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was able to determine that the walrus population was in fact stro

31、ng. Vera Metcalf, director of the Eskimo Walrus Commission, noted that the collaboration represents an instance in which, “Our Indigenous voice is being heard.”12Co-production is not, however, a panacea. It is at odds with long-stand- ing colonial methods of knowledge production and complications ca

32、n be plentiful. Research institutions continue to struggle to create equitable agreements concerning data ownership.13 In spite of increased codification of best practices, Indigenous people often remain minimally involved in projects intended to be collaborative.14 And when engaged as full partici-

33、 pants, too often Indigenous people are not fully recognized for their roles, particularly in public presentation and media narratives.15Narrative Reforms Big and SmallJust as the “the framework, expectations, and design of the research in the sciences must itself be decolonized,” so too must media

34、narratives and practices related to the Arctic.16 Journalists have long stated that media affect what people think about, not what they think, but in the last thirty years, data have demonstrated that the media do in fact influence what people think through the very process of telling them what to t

35、hinkRichard Stone Sep. 9, 2020, and 11:55 Am, “As the Arctic Thaws, Indigenous Alaskans Demand a Voice in Climate Change Research,” Science | AAAS, September 9, 2020, https:/ HYPERLINK / / news/2020/09/arctic-thaws-indigenous-alaskans-demand-voice-climate-change-research.Laura Zanotti et al., “Polit

36、ical Ecology and Decolonial Research: Co-Production with the Iupiat in Utqia- vik,” Journal of Political Ecology 27, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 4366, /10.2458/v27i1.23335.“Principles for Successful Knowledge Co-Production for Sustainability Research | Future Earth,” accessed January 17, 2021, /2020/0

37、1/21/principles-for-successful-knowledge-co-produc- tion-for-sustainability-research/.Cassandra Willyard, Megan Scudellari, and Linda Nordling, “How Three Research Groups Are Tearing down the Ivory Tower,” Nature 562, no. 7725 (October 3, 2018): 2428, /10.1038/d41586-018- 06858-4.Ulunnguaq Markussen

38、, “Towards an Arctic Awakening: Neocolonalism, Sustainable Development, Eman- cipatory Research, Collective Action, and Arctic Regional Policymaking,” in The Interconnected Arctic UArctic Congress 2016, ed. Kirsi Latola and Hannele Savela, Springer Polar Sciences (Cham: Springer International Publis

39、hing, 2017), 30511, /10.1007/978-3-319-57532-2_31.4about.17 Or, in the case of Indigenous people, what not to think about. News coverage in the United States and elsewhere renders Indigenous people virtually invisible. 18 When Indigenous people are occasionally included in reporting, they are often

40、reduced to simple caricatures or negative stereotypes.19 As a result, MEDIA INDIGENAs founding Editor- in-Chief, Rick Harp, began podcasting. He writes on his organizations website:Regrettably, when it comes to mainstream coverage of events and issues involving Indigenous peoples, we all too often e

41、xpe- rience media at their worst. Thats because, when push comes to shove, Canadian media will always revert to their default perspective: that of the needs, interests and aspirations of the larger non-Indigenous society.For Indigenous people, the consequences of this mainstream bias vary. Where our

42、 stories are overlooked, we remain out of sight, out of mind. Where distortions of who we are and what we want are rendered grounds for incitement, we become threats or targets. In such cases, media plays at objectivity swiftly evaporate in favour of sensationalist peddling of fear, anxiety and rese

43、ntment.So while I make media out of an admittedly nerdy love for every minute aspect of the craft, Im also driven by a core belief that stories can be truly life or death. And out of such consequences comes a causeto share stories which keep Indigenous peoples alive, in every sense of the term.20Rob

44、ert M. Entman, “How the Media Affect What People Think: An Information Processing Approach,” The Journal of Politics 51, no. 2 (1989): 34770, /10.2307/2131346.18July 18, 2018 | Rebecca Nagle | Media, and Race/Ethnicity, “Research Reveals Media Role in Stereotypes about Native Americans - Womens Medi

45、a Center,” accessed January 18, 2021, https:/womensmediacenter. com/news-features/research-reveals-media-role-in-stereotypes-about-native-americans.Raymond Nairn, Tim Mccreanor, and Angela Barnes, Mass Media Representations of Indigenous Peoples MURF Report, 2017.“What Were About MediaINDIGENA,” acc

46、essed March 31, 2021, /what-we-are- about/.Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | Harvard Kennedy School 5Sources like MEDIA INDIGENA, as well as other podcasts, blogs, and alternative news outlets, greatly contribute to the media landscape but they do not correct the omissions in the

47、 mainstream medias coverage. Byenacting narrative reform in large and small ways, news organizations have the opportunity to rebuke essentialist depictions of Indigenous people and to create more salient stories about climate change. 21When applied to journalism, the co-production framework develope

48、d in the sciences could shift Arctic narratives by availing the resources, reach, and expertise of mainstream newsgathering organizations to Indigenous knowledge holders. In this model, Indigenous participants are recog- nized and remunerated as co-authors. The act of storytelling is treated respect

49、fully and acknowledged for its power to bind communities, shape the human experience, and convey essential lessons about all aspects of existence, including climate adaptation.22 And, in drawing on this nar- rative tradition, Indigenous media representation stands to increase as, “Indigenous stories

50、 place Indigenous people at the center of our/their research and its consequences.” 23Whereas western journalism practices can be extractive in nature, col- laborative storytelling initiatives aim to be additive. Co-production in the news context has the potential not only to improve the vividness a

51、nd efficacy coverage of the Arctic, but to serve as a capacity building tool for participants and their communities. Working alongside established jour-nalists, Indigenous people can grow their networks and skill sets, opening up job pathways in journalism, where Indigenous writers are grossly under

52、represented. (The United States-based Native American Journalists Association, a professional organization that encourages accurate, contex- tual coverage of Indigenous people, recently found that in 2018 and 2019, only 7% of stories written about Native Americans were authored by Native Americans.2

53、4)The phrase “narrative reform” has been used in another context by the scholar Mariela Olivares to describe “societal perception and concomitant legislative processes.”Gregory A Cajete, “Children, Myth and Storytelling: An Indigenous Perspective,” Global Studies of Child- hood 7, no. 2 (June 1, 201

54、7): 11330, /10.1177/2043610617703832.Aman Sium and Eric Ritskes, “Speaking Truth to Power: Indigenous Storytelling as an Act of Living Resis- tance,” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 2, no. 1 (May 9, 2013), https:/jps.library.utoronto. ca/index.php/des/article/view/19626.“2020 NAJA M

55、edia Spotlight Report,” Native American Journalists Association, February 5, 2020, https:/ /2020-naja-media-spotlight-report/.6Collaborative storytelling projects cannot be realized unless a variety of conditions are met. Journalists must be prepared to grapple with ingrained beliefs regarding exper

56、tise, authority, and decision-making, not to men- tion Western concepts of proof and fact. Co-produced news also requires the participation of Indigenous knowledge holders who may be rightfully skeptical due to generations of abuse and oppression at the hands of col- onizers. And finally, daring out

57、lets must possess the resources to fund multi-author projects during an era of epic budget cuts in newsrooms that have made even standard reporting difficult to execute. Funders like the Pulitzer Center and the MacArthur Foundation can offset costs by offering travel grants promoting exchange betwee

58、n Indigenous contributors and journalists as well as money to experiment with a form of storytelling that can only be developed through practice. Partnerships between journalism schools across regions may also be useful in making connections between students separated by geography and in providing a

59、ccess to infrastructure and funding.While developing co-produced stories stands to be a resource-intensive endeavor, many simple strategies are available for journalists to advance Arctic narrative reform immediately.Amplify Indigenous voices: Elevate Indigenous creators by sharing and crediting the

60、 work of Indigenous storytellers, scholars, and artists on social media channels and elsewhere.Choose a new story: The Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the world and, as an aside, Indigenous people will be impacted first. Some version of this article has been written countless times.25 To i