醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯-課件整理

1、醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯第一周What is translation？Translation is the rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or expressed in the original. I. 醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)If you eat a skimpy breakfast or none at all, youre likely to experienc

2、e mid-morning fatigue, the result of a drop in blood sugar, which your body and brain depend on for energy. For peak energy in the morning, be sure to eat a proper breakfast, low in sugar and fairly high in protein, which will provide a steady supply of blood sugar through the morning. 如果你只吃少許的早餐或者根

3、本不吃早餐的話，你在上午的中段時(shí)間里就很可能感到疲勞。其結(jié)果是，你的身體和大腦所依賴的能量血糖就會(huì)降低。為在上午時(shí)間獲取最大能量，你應(yīng)該進(jìn)一些合適的早餐，如含糖量低、蛋白質(zhì)高的食物，這樣的早餐將給你整個(gè)上午以穩(wěn)定的血糖供應(yīng)。 如果你早餐吃得簡單或根本不吃早餐，上午過了一半時(shí)間后你就會(huì)感到疲勞，這是血糖下降的結(jié)果。你的身體和大腦依賴血糖獲取能量。為了能在上午保持充沛的精力，一定要吃合適的早餐，含糖量要低但蛋白質(zhì)要高，這樣才能保證整個(gè)上午有穩(wěn)定的血糖供應(yīng)。 Example 2 Emphysema, which afflicts more than one million Americans, is

4、 defined as a disorder of anatomy the permanent enlargement of any part of the terminal part of the airway and is accompanied by the destruction of the walls of the air sacs, which results in a loss of lung elasticity and a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange. 有一百多萬美國人患肺氣腫，此病被認(rèn)為是

5、解剖形態(tài)發(fā)生變化的疾病呼吸道終末部位任何一處永久性增大而且由于肺的彈性喪失及其可進(jìn)行氣體交換的表面面積減少，肺泡壁遭到破壞。改譯：有一百多萬美國人患肺氣腫，此病被認(rèn)為是解剖形態(tài)發(fā)生變化的一種疾病呼吸道末端任何一處永久性擴(kuò)張并伴隨著肺泡壁損壞，從而導(dǎo)致肺的彈性喪失，以及可進(jìn)行氣體交換的表面面積減少 。 faithful representation of the original in the target language smooth/accurate expression of the original in the target language II對(duì)譯者的要求：1. 熟練掌握兩種語言

6、2. 準(zhǔn)確理解原文意思3. 用譯文語言正確地表達(dá)原文意思4.熟悉一些翻譯理論、掌握一定的翻譯方法和技巧 5.一絲不茍、認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)的態(tài)度、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)墓ぷ髯黠L(fēng) III. 英漢詞法及句法差異比較 a) I have a terrible headache. b) He was badly wounded in the head. c) They admired our efforts to work on the treatment of SARS with traditional Chinese medicine. d) My initial reaction was driven by embarra

7、ssment. 漢語譯文1. 我頭疼得厲害。2. 他的頭傷得很重。 3.他們對(duì)我們?cè)谟弥嗅t(yī)治療SARS方面所做的努力表示敬佩。 4.我一開始的反應(yīng)是尷尬。漢語譯成英語詞性變化例子醫(yī)生：恐怕你需要做個(gè)手術(shù)?；颊撸嚎墒?，醫(yī)生，我害怕住院。醫(yī)生：我知道。但需要住院時(shí)還得住院。做完手術(shù)后你就沒事了。你現(xiàn)在可以登記嗎？ 英語譯文Doctor: Im afraid you need an operation. Patient: But doctor, I am frightened of hospitals. Doctor: I know, but hospitals are useful places

8、to turn to when you need them. Once the operation is over, youll be all right. Shall I put you on the waiting list?1. 詞義的選擇discharge 放電、排出；排泄物、出院2. disorder雜亂、無秩序；病癥、功能紊亂、障礙3. depression 蕭條、不景氣；壓抑、抑郁（癥） 2. 詞的增減Design should incorporate provisions to avoid any accidental collapse of a bed. 譯文:設(shè)計(jì)要有各種預(yù)

9、防措施，這樣才能避免床架意外崩塌。2. If you reduce the volume which a gas occupies to one third, then the pressure increases three times. 譯文:如果把氣體所占的體積壓縮到1/3，壓力就會(huì)增加三倍。3.語序的調(diào)整 Most of the information we have got came from that channel. Most of the information we have got is through that channel.Young as he is, the li

10、ttle boy can play the piano. Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected: there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly 30 miles above the ground. 我們得到的大部分消息來自于那個(gè)渠道。 我們是通過那個(gè)渠道得到大部分消息的這男孩盡管年紀(jì)還很小，但已會(huì)彈鋼琴。人們?cè)缇蛻岩纱髿鈱又杏幸粭l“高溫帶”，其中心離地面30英里。借助火

11、箭所做的研究證實(shí)了這一奇異的事實(shí)。 Exercises The sound of music may provoke visual hallucinations.In the study of cells and tissues, we gain some insight into the laws of growth. For reasons that still remain obscure, cells develop various forms and those which are of the same kind congregate to form one of the basi

12、c tissues. These tissues become, in turn, the specialized organs. 漢譯英練習(xí)我給你開些止痛的草藥，你也可以做針灸。此外，不要吃過熱或過冷的食物，也不要吃諸如酸的或辛辣的食物。不要做激烈的運(yùn)動(dòng)，多放松，注意休息。Ill give you some herbal medicine to relieve your pain, and you can also have acupuncture if you like. Apart from that, dont eat anything very hot or very cold, a

13、nd keep off stimulating foods, such as sour or spicy food. Dont take too much exercise, just try to relax and enjoy life. 在研究細(xì)胞和組織時(shí)，我們對(duì)生長的規(guī)律有所了解。由于尚不清楚的原因，細(xì)胞發(fā)展成不同的形態(tài)，相同形態(tài)的細(xì)胞則聚集在一起形成一種基本組織，這些組織接著又發(fā)展成特化器官。什么是翻譯？翻譯是將詞句從一種語言轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言。簡單地講，它是用與原作不同的語言將作者的意思準(zhǔn)確地復(fù)述出來的一種藝術(shù)。從以上翻譯的定義來看，我們知道詞句的原意必須盡可能保持準(zhǔn)確，不可有所增刪

14、。翻譯者的任務(wù)只是變換詞匯而不是改變其意思。因此，翻譯有兩種要素：準(zhǔn)確性和表達(dá)性。第二周 Translation of double negativeDouble negative denoting euphemism I havent made any study of medicine for nothing. The doctors have brought back his life, not without risk. We cannot but regret to say that the patient is gone though we have tried every mea

15、ns. Translation of the sentences of double negative denoting euphemism 1. 我并不是無緣無故地學(xué)醫(yī)的。 2. 醫(yī)生們挽救了他的生命，但并不是沒有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。3. 我們不無遺憾地說，盡管我們盡了力，病人還是不行了。Double negative denoting emphasis It never rains but pours. There is no man but errs. There is no smoke without fire. We would not have succeeded but for your in

16、-time help. Translation of the sentences of double negative denoting emphasis 要么不下雨，要下就是傾盆大雨。沒有一個(gè)人是不會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤的。無風(fēng)不起浪。沒有你的及時(shí)援手，我們是不會(huì)取得成功的。Example of Chinese with double negative denoting emphasis 從前線回來的人說到白求恩，沒有一個(gè)不佩服，沒有一個(gè)不為他的精神所感動(dòng)。凡親身受過白求恩醫(yī)生的治療和親眼看過白求恩工作的，無不為之感動(dòng)。 English translation of the Chinese example

17、 No one who returned from the front failed to express admiration for Bethune whenever his name was mentioned, and none remained unmoved by his spirit. In the Shansi-Chahar-Hobei border area, no solider or civilian was unmoved who had been treated by Dr. Bethune or had seen how he worked. Occasion wh

18、en double negative denoting emphasis not being done in the same way 1. Let me know without fail when anything unusual goes with the patient. 如果病人有些什么異常，一定要告訴我2. I never past that city but think of my happy days there . 我每次路過那座城市都想起我在那度過的美好時(shí)光。 Semi-affirmative and semi-negative Exercises We cannot un

19、dertake the operation without the patient making adequate preparations physically and psychologically. The senior doctor never makes any diagnosis unless he has examined a patient carefully and thoroughly. Translation for reference 在病人身體上和心理上還沒有做好準(zhǔn)備之前我們不能給他做手術(shù)。 這位老醫(yī)生總是在給病人做過認(rèn)真徹底的檢查后才下診斷。第三周 正說反譯和反說正

20、譯Seemingly affirmative English sentences turned into negative Chinese ones 1.He failed to finish the work in time. 2. It is still beyond our power to cure this disease. 3. We dont think the absence of this medicine can greatly influence the treating of this cancer. 4. Avoid eating too oily foods and

21、 stay away from cigarettes. 5. Many children in developing countries were denied medical care. Translation of the sentences 他沒有按時(shí)完成工作。我們現(xiàn)在仍不能治愈這種疾病。我們覺得，沒有這種藥對(duì)治療這種癌癥不會(huì)有很大的影響。 不要吃太油膩的食物，不要吸煙。發(fā)展中國家的許多孩子沒有醫(yī)療保障。Translation of words with negative prefixes and suffixes It is still insecure to put this med

22、icine into clinical use though some experiments have been done. 這種藥盡管經(jīng)過一些實(shí)驗(yàn)，但在臨床中使用還是不安全的。2. The doctor comforted the patient that his symptoms would soon disappear if he followed his advice. 醫(yī)生告訴病人，如果他遵醫(yī)囑治療，這些癥狀很快就會(huì)消失的。3. The doubt remained unsolved what the cause of the disease was though the pati

23、ent recovered from it. 病人雖然痊愈，但其病因是什么仍然疑團(tuán)重重。4. This group is conducting an unprecedented research. 這個(gè)小組正在進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)史無前例的研究。Negative English sentences turned into affirmative Chinese onesThe doctor told the patient that they could not make an accurate diagnosis before he received all the necessary examinat

24、ions. The investigation and the autopsy left no doubt that the patient died of poisoning.Every patient with this disease, with no exception, must get an injection of 500 ml Bactocill the minute they are accepted. He is such an indecisive sort of person that I dont think he can make a good doctor. Tr

25、anslation of the sentences醫(yī)生告訴病人，只有做完所有必要的檢查后才能作出準(zhǔn)確的診斷。調(diào)查和尸體解剖清清楚楚地表明，病人是死于中毒。這種病的患者一接收進(jìn)院，統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都要注射500毫升的Bactocill。 他是個(gè)優(yōu)柔寡斷的人，我不認(rèn)為他會(huì)成為一個(gè)好醫(yī)生。Negative English sentences turned into affirmative Chinese ones5. Dont lose time in sending the injured to the hospital, or they will die by bleeding. 6. He manife

26、sted a strong dislike for this kind of medicine. 7. FlorenceNightingale was the undisputed pioneer in modern nursing. 5. 趕快將傷者送去醫(yī)院，否則他們會(huì)因失血過多而死的。6. 他對(duì)這種藥很是厭惡。7. 南丁格爾公認(rèn)是現(xiàn)代護(hù)理學(xué)的先驅(qū)。Affirmative Chinese sentences turned into negative English ones 這樣的作弊遲早會(huì)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 這個(gè)年輕的醫(yī)生隨便給病人開個(gè)處方就急忙去會(huì)女朋友了。對(duì)他而言，語言仍是一道難以逾越的障礙。

27、經(jīng)過許多試驗(yàn)后醫(yī)生們才找到了治療這種疾病的有效方法。Translation of the Chinese sentences Such cheating wont escape notice. The young doctor careless prescribed to a patient and then hurried to see his girl friend. For him, languages are still barriers impossible to go across.It is not after many tests that the doctors found

28、a way to cure this disease. Exercises Patients hates to see doctors with stony faces. I have done what I can as a doctor, but I think I am still far away from a good one. The patient finally found out that he was mortally ill. The patient watched with anxiety when the doctor was writing his prescrip

29、tion. Some countries in the world deny cancer screening to their citizens.The doctors lost no time in treating the man severely injured in a car accident when he was sent to the hospital, but they still failed to bring back his life. Reference to the translation of the sentences in the exercises 病人不

30、喜歡看到醫(yī)生掛著一副毫無表情的臉。作為一名醫(yī)生，我盡了自己的努力，但我還不能說自己是個(gè)好醫(yī)生。 這個(gè)病人終于知道他得的是不治之癥。病人不安地看著醫(yī)生給他開處方。世界上還有些國家不給其國民提供癌癥篩查。 這個(gè)交通事故的傷者送到醫(yī)院時(shí)醫(yī)生們一點(diǎn)沒耽擱就開始救治他，但還是回天無力。第四周 Adding and deleting of words in translationAll the recent news on AIDS is bad. The death of a star player last year raised public concern about the epidemic a

31、lmost to the panic. But the reaction subsided for a time as people were reassured about the reliability of new tests of donated blood and the improbability of contracting the disease casually. 最近有關(guān)艾滋病的消息都很糟糕。去年一個(gè)明星球員的死亡使公眾對(duì)這一傳染病的擔(dān)憂幾乎到了恐慌的地步。但這種恐慌在一段時(shí)間里又有所減退，因?yàn)槿藗儗?duì)新的獻(xiàn)血檢驗(yàn)手段的可靠性恢復(fù)了信心，并確信這種疾病不會(huì)通過偶然的途徑傳播。

32、 2. Ninety percent of the AIDS victims were young people. It is becoming increasingly difficult for these people in the high-risk groups to get health and life assurance, and in the absence of private coverage, public funds must be used. 90% 的艾滋病患者為年輕人。如今高危人群中的這類人越來越難獲得健康和人壽保險(xiǎn)。在個(gè)人無錢購買這些保險(xiǎn)的情況下，必須動(dòng)用公共

33、基金。3. More important, there is bad news on the medical front. In spite of a stepped-up research program there is no sign of an imminent breakthrough to a cure. 更重要的是，來自醫(yī)療一線的消息也很糟糕。盡管目前增加了對(duì)艾滋病研究的投入，但仍未有跡象表明在治療艾滋病方面很快便會(huì)有突破。4. If developments in research maintains their current pace, it seems likely th

34、at a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will virtually eliminate most major classes of diseases. 如果醫(yī)學(xué)研究按目前的勢(shì)頭發(fā)展，人們更多地關(guān)注飲食和環(huán)境，加上基因治療和以蛋白質(zhì)為目標(biāo)的藥物研制所取得的進(jìn)展，似乎就有可能消滅大多數(shù)主要類別的疾病。5. Intelligence is a quantita

35、tive trait, which does have a genetic component, but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. There are several limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ greatly in their genotypes. 智力是一種量化的特性，也確實(shí)包含有遺傳的成分，但

36、我們不能認(rèn)為有一種單一的尺度對(duì)其進(jìn)行表達(dá)。由于每個(gè)人的基因類型不同，僅用從愚鈍到聰明的線性尺度來衡量智力有很多的局限性。在過去的幾十年里，飲食對(duì)健康起著關(guān)鍵作用已成了人們的共識(shí)。而且，人們都知道，有些食物，尤其是脂肪、糖和鹽，食用過多時(shí)是有害的。In the last few decades, it has become accepted wisdom that diet plays a key role in health. Furthermore, it is generally understood that some, in particular fats, sugars, and s

37、alts, are bad if eaten in excess. 外科醫(yī)生很快就可以進(jìn)入眼睛實(shí)施手術(shù)了至少在虛擬的意義上時(shí)如此。由虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)一種計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，在這種系統(tǒng)中，手術(shù)將在計(jì)算機(jī)生成的虛擬世界中進(jìn)行發(fā)展而來的技術(shù)，可以讓外科醫(yī)生感到，他在手術(shù)中似乎可以看到眼睛的內(nèi)部，這會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種他們置身其中的幻覺。Surgeons will soon be able to enter the eye to carry out operations at least in a virtual sense. Techniques derived from virtual reality the comput

38、er system that immerses operations in an artificial computer-generated world will allow surgeons to feel as if he could see the inside of the eye during an operation, creating the illusion that they are actually there.第五周 Translation of passive voicePassive voice in English the constitution of passi

39、ve voice in English a)（S+ be+ V-ed) b) need V-ing the use of passive voice in English the frequency of the use of passive voice in English Passive voice in Chinesethe constitution of passive voice in Chinese (被、讓、給、由、受/遭到）the use of passive voice in Chinese the frequency of the use of passive voice

40、in ChineseTranslation of passive voice from EnglishObstetrics and gynecology are combined in the specialty that deals with pregnancy and birth and diseases of the female reproductive system. 譯文：產(chǎn)科和婦科合并成處理妊娠、生育和女性生殖系統(tǒng)疾病的?？啤?. According to our plan, a large illness prevention and control network will

41、be built in a couple of years. 譯文：按照我們的規(guī)劃，一個(gè)大型的疾病預(yù)防控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)將在二三年內(nèi)建成。3. This kind of cancer cannot be cured with any of the medicine available. 譯文1：這種癌癥用現(xiàn)有的藥無法治愈。 譯文2：用現(xiàn)有的藥無法治愈這種癌癥。4. Patient: I was knocked down to the ground, and when I got up, my left arm and elbow were grazed, and now I have a pain in

42、 my ribs. Doctor: Dont worry. Let me have a look Take my advice, and when you have done what I tell you, all the pain wont be felt. 譯文：患者：我被撞倒在地上，爬起來（看）時(shí)，左手臂和和肘部都擦傷了?，F(xiàn)在又覺得肋骨疼。醫(yī)生：不用擔(dān)心，讓我看看聽我的，就照我說的做，疼痛就會(huì)消失了。 5. This observation has not been confirmed by other trials employing long tem tamoxifen treat

43、ment. 譯文：這一觀察結(jié)果還未被其他采用長效他莫西芬進(jìn)行治療的試驗(yàn)所證實(shí)。6. Based on the observation, oophorectomy should not be considered as adjuvant treatment outside the context of a clinical trial. 譯文：根據(jù)這一觀察結(jié)果，卵巢切除術(shù)不應(yīng)（被）視為與臨床試驗(yàn)無關(guān)的輔助治療手段。7. He was knocked down by a passing car when he was crossing the street. 譯文：他過街時(shí)給一輛疾駛而過的轎車撞倒

44、了。 8. 肌肉占人體重量的40%50%，可分成三種類型：隨意肌、不隨意肌和心肌。譯文：Muscles, which constitute 40% to 50% of the body weight, can be divided into three types: voluntary, involuntary and cardiac. Treatment that does not offer any meaningful benefit, for example, cardiopulmonary resuscitation for a person with metastatic mali

45、gnancy, may not be offered. 譯文：一種治療方法如果沒有任何效果，比如說，心肺復(fù)蘇療法不能使轉(zhuǎn)移性惡性病患者的病情好轉(zhuǎn)，就不必提出來。 Aspirin has been recognized as inhibiting normal platelet function and the mechanism has been clearly delineated. 譯文：人們發(fā)現(xiàn)阿司匹林有抑制正常血小板的功能，且這種機(jī)制曾有人清楚地描述過。It was decided to transfer him to Bellevue Hospital in New York Cit

46、y, where he could get the best care. 譯文：醫(yī)生們決定將他轉(zhuǎn)到紐約市的 Bellevue醫(yī)院，在那里他可以得到最好的護(hù)理。Something about the connecting devices in Chinese and English Connecting devices in languages Syntactic devices Hypotexis Papataxis Something about the connecting devices in Chinese and EnglishIf winter comes, can spring

47、be far behind? She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere. 跑得了和尚跑不了廟。不入虎穴，焉得虎子。If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天到了，春天還遠(yuǎn)嗎？2. She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere. 她在銀行里的存款足夠讓她到處受歡迎。3. 跑得了和尚跑不了廟。 The monks may run away

48、, but the temple cannot run away with them. 4.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。If you fail to enter the tigers den, how can you get the tigers cub? How can one get tigers cubs without entering the tigers den? 6.我今天買了幾本書，共花了三十元，回到家才發(fā)現(xiàn)不是我想要的。 I bought some books today. They cost me 30 yuan, but I found they were not the one

49、s I wanted when I got home.4. His failure to observe the operation regulations resulted in the accident to the emergency treatment. 他因?yàn)闆]遵守操作規(guī)程，致使搶救時(shí)出了意外。 Exercises I am afraid that something severe may have happen to your ribs. Youd better have them checked at the X-ray department. The rash may not

50、respond to the treatment soon, because some traces of the cosmetics are still left on your skin. After these have been removed the rash will disappear rapidly. Exercises3. I had a dance with the pretty girl who is from Hangzhou and who has a lovely voice. 4. The happy wife smiled, took her husbands

51、hand, and placed it on her belly; and he felt movement and life. Exercises5. 儀器漂浮在水面上 ，遇到干擾就發(fā)光。6. 他服了中藥，癥狀得以緩解。第六周 Translation of noun structures in EnglishNoun structures in English Failure of the kidney to eliminate potassium leads to hyperkalemia along with other electrolyte imbalance and acidosi

52、s. 2. Although the production of such transgenic strains of animals carrying foreign genes is now a relatively routine technique in many laboratories, it is unlikely that such methods will be expended to human embryos, both for moral and technical reasons. 3. The effects of supplemental vitamins on

53、the progression of retinitis pigmentosa require further study before treatment recommendations are made. 4. Management of severe cases is difficult and multidisciplinary. (It is difficult and requires cooperation of many disciplines to manage severe cases.) Translation of noun structures from Englis

54、h into Chinese1. Failure of the kidney to eliminate potassium leads to hyperkalemia along with other electrolyte imbalance and acidosis.譯文：如果腎臟不能減少鉀，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致血鉀過多癥，并出現(xiàn)電解質(zhì)失衡及酸中毒。 2. Although the production of such transgenic strains of animals carrying foreign genes is now a relatively routine technique i

55、n many laboratories, it is unlikely that such methods will be expended to human embryos, both for moral and technical reasons.譯文：目前，盡管在許多實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，培養(yǎng)攜帶異體基因的轉(zhuǎn)基因動(dòng)物已成為一項(xiàng)常規(guī)技術(shù)，但由于倫理和技術(shù)方面的原因，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)還不可能擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用到人體胚胎上。 3. The effects of supplemental vitamins on the progression of retinitis pigmentosa require further s

56、tudy before treatment recommendations are made. 譯文：在對(duì)色素性視網(wǎng)膜炎的治療提出建議之前，增補(bǔ)維生素對(duì)色素性視網(wǎng)膜炎的發(fā)展有什么影響還需要做進(jìn)一步的研究。4. Management of severe cases is difficult and multidisciplinary. 譯文：對(duì)嚴(yán)重個(gè)案的管理較難，且牽涉到多個(gè)學(xué)科。 5. The existence of further therapeutic options for the underlying illness must be addressed. 必須申明，存在著對(duì)潛在疾病做

57、進(jìn)一步治療的選擇6. A thrombus may cause sudden closure of vessel with complete obstruction of the blood flow. 譯文：血栓可能會(huì)造成血管突然阻塞，引起血流完全中斷。第八周 Translation of Chinese sentences without subjectsChinese sentences without subjects or with the subjects being omitted 醫(yī)生：有什么不舒服嗎？患者：近來總感激非常疲倦，渾身無力。醫(yī)生：什么時(shí)候開始的？患者：沒注意，但最

58、近好像加重了。醫(yī)生：你的肝臟腫大，有壓痛，像是慢性肝炎。你需要完全休息，避免重體力勞動(dòng)，應(yīng)完全戒酒，并服用給你開的藥。對(duì)這種病沒有特殊的治療方法，需要長時(shí)間恢復(fù)，因此必須要有耐心。 Translation of Chinese sentences without subjects or with the subjects being omittedDoctor: What seems to be the trouble? Patient: I feel very tired and worn out all the time these days. Doctor: When did it be

59、gin? Patient: I dont know, but I feel really bad recently. Doctor: You have an enlarged liver and it is tender to touch. You seem to have chronic hepatitis. Youll need absolute rest and avoid strenuous exertion. You cant drink any alcohol, and you should take the medicine I give you. There is no spe

60、cial treatment, and it will take you a long time to recover. You need to be patient. 為防止低血糖癥，既需胰島素水平降低，有需四種拮抗激素水平升高，但以降低胰島素水平為主，因?yàn)槿绻葝u素水平不能降低，縱然有最大的拮抗反應(yīng)，仍會(huì)發(fā)生低血糖癥。 譯文：To defend against hypoglycemia, it requires both a fall in insulin levels and a rise in the four counterregulatory hormones. The fall