遺傳學(xué)外文習(xí)題

1、第一章 遺傳的細(xì)胞學(xué)基礎(chǔ)一、 遺傳學(xué)名詞解釋染色體 chromosome 姊妹染色單體 sister chromatid 同源染色體 homologous chromosome 染色體組 genome 二價體 bivalent 聯(lián)會 synapsis 受精 fertilization 雙受精 double fertilization胚乳直感 xenia 果實(shí)直感metaxenia 無融合生殖apomixis 細(xì)胞周期 cell cycle 無性生殖 asexual reproduction 染色體組型karyotype 減數(shù)分裂 meiosis 有絲分裂 mitosis3. If an org

2、anism has a diploid number of 16, how many chromatids are visible at the end of mitotic prophase? 32How many chromosomes are moving to each pole during anaphase of mitosis?16Contrast the end results of meiosis with those of mitosis.Define and discuss these terms: (a) synapsis, (b) bivalents, (c) chi

3、asmata, (d) crossing over, (e) chromomeres, (f) sister chromatids, (g) tetrads, (h) dyads, (i) monads.An organism has a diploid number of 16 in a primary oocyte.How many tetrads are present in the first meiotic prophase?8How many dyads are present in the second meiotic prophase?8How many monads migr

4、ate to each pole during the second meiotic anaphase?8Explain why meiosis leads to significant genetic variation while mitosis does not.Describe the role of meiosis in the life cycle of a vascular plant.How are giant polytene chromosomes formed?第二章 遺傳物質(zhì)的分子基礎(chǔ)遺傳學(xué)名詞解釋遺傳密碼 genetic code 簡并 degeneracy 中心法則

5、 centraldogma 轉(zhuǎn)錄 transcription 翻譯 translation簡答題5. List three main differences between DNA and RNA.9. During translation, what molecule bears the codon? The anticodon?Contras t the positive and negative control systems.Contrast the role of repressor in an inducible system and in a repressible system

6、.第三章 孟德爾遺傳一、 遺傳學(xué)名詞解釋性狀 character 單位性狀 unit character 顯性性狀 dominant character 隱性性狀 recessive character 基 因座 locus 等位基因 allele 純合體 homozygote 雜合體 heterozygote 測交 test cross 完全顯性 completedominance 不完全顯性 imcomplete dominance 共顯性 co-dominance 鑲嵌顯性 mosaic dominance 基因型genotype 表現(xiàn)型 phenotype 互補(bǔ)作用 complemen

7、tary effect返祖現(xiàn)象 atavism 積力口作用 additive effect 重疊作用 duplicate effect 上位彳用 epistatic effect 顯性上位 epistatic dominance隱性上位 epistaticrecessiveness 抑制作用 inhibiting effect 多因效 multigenic effect因多效 pleiotropism二、簡答題1、試述分離規(guī)律.獨(dú)立分配規(guī)律和連鎖交換規(guī)律的實(shí)質(zhì)？2、試分析孟德爾成功的原因，對你有何啟迪？5. Why was the garden pea a good choice as an

8、experimental organism in Mendels work?50. With regard to the ABO blood types in humans, determine the genotypes of the male parent and female parent: Male parent : Blood type B whose mother was type O Female parent: Blood type A whose father was type BPredict the blood types of the offspring that th

9、is couple may have and the expected proportion of each.1/4 、 1/4、 1/4、1/4A husband and wife have normal vision, although both of their fathers are red-green color-blind, which is inherited as an X-linked recessive condition. What is the probability that their first child will be (a) a normal son?1/4

10、 (b) a normal daughter? 1/2(c) a color-blind son? 1/4(d) a color-blind daughter?0In cats, yellow coat color is determined by the b allele, and black coat color is determined by the B allele. The heterozygous condition results in a coat pattern known as tortoise shell. These genes are X-linked. What

11、kinds of offspring would be expected from a cross of a black male and a tortoise-shell female? What are the chances of getting a tortoise-shell male?0In cattle, coats may be solid white, solid black, or black and white spotted. When tree-breeding solid whites are mated with true-breeding solid black

12、s, the F1 generation consists of all solid white individuals. Following many F1 x F1 matings, the following ratio was observed in the F2 generation: 12/16 solid white 3/16 black and white spotted 1/16 solid blackExplain the mode of inheritance governing coat color and pattern by determining how many

13、 gene pairs are involved and which genotypes yield which phenotypes. Is it possible to isolate a true-breeding strain of black and white spotted cattle? If so, what genotype would they have? If not, explain why not.Three autosomal recessive mutations in Drosophila, all with tan eye color(r 1, r 2, r

14、 3) are independently isolated and subjected to complementation analysis. The results are shown here. r 1 x2-F1: all wild-type eyes, r 1 x3-F 1: all tan eyes. Then r1and r3are alleles, the F 1 phenotype of r 2M3 iswild-type eyesConsider three independently assorting gene pairs, A/a, B/b, and C/c, wh

15、ere each demonstrates typical dominance (A-, B-, C-), and recessiveness (aa, bb, cc). What is the probability of obtaining an offspring that is AABbCc from parents that are AaBbCC and AABbCc ?1/8第四章連鎖遺傳一、 遺傳學(xué)名詞解釋連鎖 linkage 干擾 interference 符合系數(shù) coefficient of coincidence連鎖群 linkage group 性染色體sex-chro

16、mosome 常染色體 autosome 性連鎖 sex linkage sex-linked inheritance交叉遺傳 criss-crossinheritance 限性遺傳 sex-limited inheritance 從性遺傳 sex-influenced inheritance二、簡答題Why does more crossing over occur between two distantly linked genes than between two genes located very close together on the same chromosome?Using

17、 two pairs of genes P/ p and Z/z), a test-cross parent ( ppzz) is crossed to an organism of unknown genotype.Analysis of the data indicates that the gametes are produced in the following proportions:PZ, 42,4% Pz, 6.9% pZ, 7.1% pz, 43.6%Draw all possible conclusions about the location of these genes.

18、In Drosophila , females expressing the three X-linked recessive traits, scute (sc) bristles, sable body (s), and vermilion eyes ( v) are crossed with wild-type males. In the F1 generation, all females are wild type, while allmales express all three mutant traits. The cross is carried to the F2 gener

19、ation, and 1000 off spring are counted, with the results shown here. No determination of sex has been made in the F2 data.PhenotypeOffspringscsv314+280+sv150sc+156+s+30sc+v46scs+10+v14Determine the genotypes of the P1 and Fi parents, using proper nomenclature.Determine the sequence of the three gene

20、s and the map distance between them.Are there more or fewer double crossovers than expected? Calculate the coefficient of coincidence. Does this represent positive or negative interference?In a theoretical diploid organism, a female of genotype a b c + + +produces 100 meiotic tetrads. Of these, 68 s

21、how no crossover events. Of the remaining 32, 20 show a crossoverb andbetween a and b, 10 show a crossover between b and c, and 2 show a double crossover between a and between b and c. Of the 400 meiotic products, how many of each of the 8 different genotypes will be produced?(42% 5% 2.5% 0.5 ) ( 16

22、8 20 10 2)Assuming the order a-b-c and the allele arrangement shown above, what is the map distance between these loci?11 6 . Determine the genotypes and proportion of gametes from double crossover, the single crossovers between a and b, single crossovers between b and c, and noncrossover.43. Three

23、genes are in the order d-b-c. The heterozygote db+/+c forms 8 categories of gametes. Identify the noncrossover-gametes , the single crossover gametes, and the double crossover gametes. Which category is likely to have the fewest? Which will have the most?In a cross inNeurospora, involving two allele

24、s B and b, the following tetrad patterns are observed. Calculate thedistance between the locus and the centromere.10Tetrad Patternnumber TOC o 1-5 h z BBbb36bbBB44BbBb4bBbB6BbbB3bBBb7An organism of genotype AaBbCc is test-crossed. The genotypes of the progeny are as follows:20Aa Bb Cc20Aa Bb cc20aa

25、bb Cc20aa bb cc5Aa bb Cc5Aa bb cc5aa Bb Cc5aa Bb ccIf these three genes are all assorting independently of each other, how many genotypic classes would you expectin the progeny of the testcross?8If these three genes are so tightly linked that crossover never occurs, how many genotypic classes would

26、you expect in the progeny of the test cross?2What can you conclude from the actual data?ab linkage 20%A, B, and D are linked, and the sequence is A-B-D, assuming ra-b =16%, r b-d=8%, I=0.5, what are thegenotypes and ratio of the gametes of the heterozygote AbD/aBd？第五章 染色體變異一、 遺傳學(xué)名詞解釋缺失 deletion 或 de

27、ficiency 重復(fù) duplication 位置效應(yīng) position effect 劑量效應(yīng) dosage effect 倒位 inversion 易位 translocation 假顯性 pseudo-dominant 染色體組 genome 整倍體 Euploid 一倍體 monoploid 單倍體 haploid 二倍體 diploid 同源多倍體autopolyploid 異源多倍體 雙二倍體 Allopolyploid 非整倍體 aneuploid超倍體 hyperploid 亞倍體 hypoploid 缺體 nullisomic 單體 monosomic “ Turner 氏

28、綜合癥” 三體 trisomic 先 天愚型 Down 氏綜合征 Down syndrome1. For a species with a diploid number of 18, indicate how many chromosomes will be present in the somatic nuclei of individuals that are haploid, triploid, tetraploid, trisomic, and monosomic.Define the following pairs of terms, and distinguish between

29、them:aneuploidy/euploidymonosomy/trisomy13 Patau syndrome/Edwards syndrome 18autopolyploidy/allopolyploidyautotetraploid/amphidiploid內(nèi) paracentric inversion/pericentric inversion 間Contrast the relative survival times of individuals with Down, Patau, and Edwards syndromes. Speculate as to why such di

30、fferences exist.What evidence suggests that Down syndrome is more often the result of nondisjunction during oogenesis rather than during spermatogenesis?Contrast the fertility of an allotetraploid with an autotriploid and an autotetraploid.A human female with Turner syndrome also expresses the X-lin

31、ked trait hemophilia, as did her father. Which ofher parents underwent nondisjunction during meiosis, giving rise to the gamete responsible for the syndrome?mother produce non-X ootidThe primrose, Primula kewensis, has 36 chromosomes that are similar in appearance to the chromosomes in tworelated sp

32、ecies, Primula fioribunda (2n = 18) and Primula verticillata (2n = 18). How could P kewensis arisefrom these species? How would you describe P kewensis in genetic terms?allotetraploid or amphidiploidIndicate the expected number of Barr bodied in interphase cells of the following individuals:klinefel

33、ter syndrome; turner syndrome; karyotypes 47, XYY; 47, XXX; and 48, XXXX.第六章 細(xì)菌和病毒的遺傳遺傳學(xué)名詞解釋影印培養(yǎng)法原噬菌體 prophage 溶原性細(xì)菌 lysogenic bacteria 轉(zhuǎn)化 transformation 感受態(tài) competence 接合 conjugation 性導(dǎo) sexduction F 因子 fertility factor F 因子 F prime factor 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo) transduction 普遍性轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo) generalized transduction 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)體 transduci

34、ng particle 共轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo) cotransduction 流產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)局限轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)restricted transduction F 菌株 F 菌株 Hfr 菌株 F 菌株 質(zhì)粒 plasmid 附加體 episome簡答題Distinguish between the three modes of recombination in bacteria.Describe the observations that led Zinder and Lederberg to conclude that the prototrophs recovered in their transduction expe

35、riments were not the result of F-mediated conjugation.Define plaque, lysogeny, and prophage. 噬菌斑 溶源性 原噬菌體List the major differences between (a) the F + x F- and the Hfrx F- bacterial crosses, and (b) F +, F-, Hfr, and Fbacteria.4. If a single bacteriophage infects one E. colt cell present on a lawn of bacteria and upon lysis yields 200 viable viruses, how many phages will exist in a single plaque if only three more lyric cycles occur? (200) 4 第七章基因突變一、 遺