OG13CR考試復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、8.4 Practice QuestionsEach of thecritical reasoningquestions is based on a short argument, a set of statements, or a plan of action. For each question, select the best answer of the choices given.1. Snowmaking machines work by spraying a mist that freezes immediately on contact with cold air. Becaus

2、e the sudden freezing kills bacteria, QuickFreeze is planning to market a wastewater purification system that works on the same principle. The process works only when temperatures are cold, however, so municipalities using it will still need to maintain a conventional system.Which of the following,

3、if true, provides the strongest grounds for a prediction that municipalities will buy QuickFreezes purification system despite the need to maintain a conventional purification system as well?(A) Bacteria are not the only impurities that must be removed from wastewater.(B) Many municipalities have ol

4、d wastewater purification systems that need to be replaced.(C) Conventional wastewater purification systems have not been fully successful in killing bacteria at cold temperatures.(D) During times of warm weather, when it is not in use, QuickFreezes purification system requires relatively little mai

5、ntenance.(E) Places where the winters are cold rarely have a problem of water shortage.2. Homeowners aged 40 to 50 are more likely to purchase ice cream and are more likely to purchase it in larger amounts than are members of any other demographic group. The popular belief that teenagers eat more ic

6、e cream than adults must, therefore, be false.The argument is flawed primarily because the author(A) fails to distinguish between purchasing and consuming(B) does not supply information about homeowners in age groups other than 40 to 50(C) depends on popular belief rather than on documented research

7、 findings(D) does not specify the precise amount of ice cream purchased by any demographic group(E) discusses ice cream rather than more nutritious and healthful foods3. Suncorp, a new corporation with limited funds, has been clearing large sections of the tropical Amazon forest for cattle ranching.

8、 This practice continues even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which does not destroy the forest, than from cattle ranching, which does destroy the forest.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why Suncorp has been pursuing the less profitable of the two econom

9、ic activities mentioned above?(A) The soil of the Amazon forest is very rich in nutrients that are important in the development of grazing lands.(B) Cattle-ranching operations that are located in tropical climates are more profitable than cattle-ranching operations that are located in cold-weather c

10、limates.(C) In certain districts, profits made from cattle ranching are more heavily taxed than profits made from any other industry.(D) Some of the cattle that are raised on land cleared in the Amazon are killed by wildcats.(E) The amount of money required to begin a rubber-tapping operation is twi

11、ce as high as the amount needed to begin a cattle ranch.4. According to a prediction of the not-so-distant future published in 1940, electricity would revolutionize agriculture. Electrodes would be inserted into the soil, and the current between them would kill bugs and weeds and make crop plants st

12、ronger.Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that the logic of the prediction above is flawed?(A) In order for farmers to avoid electric shock while working in the fields, the current could be turned off at such times without diminishing the intended effects.(B) If the proposed pl

13、an for using electricity were put into practice, farmers would save on chemicals now being added to the soil.(C) It cannot be taken for granted that the use of electricity is always beneficial.(D) Since weeds are plants, electricity would affect weeds in the same way as it would affect crop plants.(

14、E) Because a planting machine would need to avoid coming into contact with the electrodes, new parts for planting machines would need to be designed.5. A company is considering changing its policy concerning daily working hours. Currently, this company requires all employees to arrive at work at 8 a

15、.m. The proposed policy would permit each employee to decide when to arrivefrom as early as 6 a.m. to as late as 11 a.m.The adoption of this policy would be most likely to decrease employees productivity if the employees job functions required them to(A) work without interruption from other employee

16、s(B) consult at least once a day with employees from other companies(C) submit their work for a supervisors eventual approval(D) interact frequently with each other throughout the entire workday(E) undertake projects that take several days to complete6. Parlands alligator population has been declini

17、ng in recent years, primarily because of hunting. Alligators prey heavily on a species of freshwater fish that is highly valued as food by Parlanders, who had hoped that the decline in the alligator population would lead to an increase in the numbers of these fish available for human consumption. Ye

18、t the population of this fish species has also declined, even though the annual number caught for human consumption has not increased.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the decline in the population of the fish species?(A) The decline in the alligator population has meant that fi

19、shers can work in some parts of lakes and rivers that were formerly too dangerous.(B) Over the last few years, Parlands commercial fishing enterprises have increased the number of fishing boats they use.(C) The main predator of these fish is another species of fish on which alligators also prey.(D)

20、Many Parlanders who hunt alligators do so because of the high market price of alligator skins, not because of the threat alligators pose to the fish population.(E) In several neighboring countries through which Parlands rivers also flow, alligators are at risk of extinction as a result of extensive

21、hunting.7. The amount of time it takes for most of a workers occupational knowledge and skills to become obsolete has been declining because of the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). Given the rate at which AMT is currently being introduced in manufacturing, the average workers

22、 old skills become obsolete and new skills are required within as little as five years.Which of the following plans, if feasible, would allow a company to prepare most effectively for the rapid obsolescence of skills described above?(A) The company will develop a program to offer selected employees

23、the opportunity to receive training six years after they were originally hired.(B) The company will increase its investment in AMT every year for a period of at least five years.(C) The company will periodically survey its employees to determine how the introduction of AMT has affected them.(D) Befo

24、re the introduction of AMT, the company will institute an educational program to inform its employees of the probable consequences of the introduction of AMT.(E) The company will ensure that it can offer its employees any training necessary for meeting their job requirements.8. In virtually any indu

25、stry, technological improvements increase labor productivity, which is the output of goods and services per person-hour worked. In Parlands industries, labor productivity is significantly higher than it is in Vergias industries. Clearly, therefore, Parlands industries must, on the whole, be further

26、advanced technologically than Vergias are.The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?(A) It offers a conclusion that is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of information provided in its support.(B) It presents as evidence in support of a claim information that i

27、s inconsistent with other evidence presented in support of the same claim.(C) It takes one possible cause of a condition to be the actual cause of that condition without considering any other possible causes.(D) It takes a condition to be the effect of something that happened only after the conditio

28、n already existed.(E) It makes a distinction that presupposes the truth of the conclusion that is to be established.9. While many people think of genetic manipulation of food crops as being aimed at developing larger and larger plant varieties, some plant breeders have in fact concentrated on discov

29、ering or producing dwarf varieties, which are roughly half as tall as normal varieties.Which of the following would, if true, most help to explain the strategy of the plant breeders referred to above?(A) Plant varieties used as food by some are used as ornamentals by others.(B) The wholesale prices

30、of a given crop decrease as the supply of it increases.(C) Crops once produced exclusively for human consumption are often now used for animal feed.(D) Short plants are less vulnerable to strong wind and heavy rains.(E) Nations with large industrial sectors tend to consume more processed grains.10.

31、Travertons city council wants to minimize the citys average yearly expenditures on its traffic signal lights and so is considering replacing the incandescent bulbs currently in use with arrays of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the incandescent bulbs burn out. Compared to incandescent bulbs, LED arr

32、ays consume significantly less energy and cost no more to purchase. Moreover, the costs associated with the conversion of existing fixtures so as to accept LED arrays would be minimal.Which of the following would it be most useful to know in determining whether switching to LED arrays would be likel

33、y to help minimize Travertons yearly maintenance costs?(A) Whether the expected service life of LED arrays is at least as long as that of the currently used incandescent bulbs(B) Whether any cities have switched from incandescent lights in their traffic signals to lighting elements other than LED ar

34、rays(C) Whether the company from which Traverton currently buys incandescent bulbs for traffic signals also sells LED arrays(D) Whether Travertons city council plans to increase the number of traffic signal lights in Traverton(E) Whether the crews that currently replace incandescent bulbs in Travert

35、ons traffic signals know how to convert the existing fixtures so as to accept LED arrays11. The Maxilux car companys design for its new luxury model, the Max 100, included a special design for the tires that was intended to complement the models image. The winning bid for supplying these tires was s

36、ubmitted by Rubco. Analysts concluded that the bid would only just cover Rubcos costs on the tires, but Rubco executives claim that winning the bid will actually make a profit for the company.Which of the following, if true, most strongly justifies the claim made by Rubcos executives?(A) In any Maxi

37、lux model, the spare tire is exactly the same make and model as the tires that are mounted on the wheels.(B) Rubco holds exclusive contracts to supply Maxilux with the tires for a number of other models made by Maxilux.(C) The production facilities for the Max 100 and those for the tires to be suppl

38、ied by Rubco are located very near each other.(D) When people who have purchased a carefully designed luxury automobile need to replace a worn part of it, they almost invariably replace it with a part of exactly the same make and type.(E) When Maxilux awarded the tire contract to Rubco, the only cri

39、terion on which Rubcos bid was clearly ahead of its competitors bids was price.12. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?Most bicycle helmets provide good protection for the top and back of the head, but little or no protection for the temple regions on the sides of the head. A

40、 study of head injuries resulting from bicycle accidents showed that a large proportion were caused by blows to the temple area. Therefore, if bicycle helmets protected this area, the risk of serious head injury in bicycle accidents would be greatly reduced, especially since.(A) among the bicyclists

41、 included in the studys sample of head injuries, only a very small proportion had been wearing a helmet at the time of their accident(B) even those bicyclists who regularly wear helmets have a poor understanding of the degree and kind of protection that helmets afford(C) a helmet that included prote

42、ction for the temples would have to be somewhat larger and heavier than current helmets(D) the bone in the temple area is relatively thin and impacts in that area are thus very likely to cause brain injury(E) bicyclists generally land on their arm or shoulder when they fall to the side, which reduce

43、s the likelihood of severe impacts on the side of the head13. In order to reduce the number of items damaged while in transit to customers, packaging consultants recommended that the TrueSave mail-order company increase the amount of packing material so as to fill any empty spaces in its cartons. Ac

44、cordingly, TrueSave officials instructed the companys packers to use more packing material than before, and the packers zealously acted on these instructions and used as much as they could. Nevertheless, customer reports of damaged items rose somewhat.Which of the following, if true, most helps to e

45、xplain why acting on the consultants recommendation failed to achieve its goal?(A) The change in packing policy led to an increase in expenditure on packing material and labor.(B) When packing material is compressed too densely, it loses some of its capacity to absorb shock.(C) The amount of packing

46、 material used in a carton does not significantly influence the ease with which a customer can unpack the package.(D) Most of the goods that TrueSave ships are electronic products that are highly vulnerable to being damaged in transit.(E) TrueSave has lost some of its regular customers as a result o

47、f the high number of damaged items they received.14. Wood smoke contains dangerous toxins that cause changes in human cells. Because wood smoke presents such a high health risk, legislation is needed to regulate the use of open-air fires and wood-burning stoves.Which of the following, if true, provi

48、des the most support for the argument above?(A) The amount of dangerous toxins contained in wood smoke is much less than the amount contained in an equal volume of automobile exhaust.(B) Within the jurisdiction covered by the proposed legislation, most heating and cooking is done with oil or natural

49、 gas.(C) Smoke produced by coal-burning stoves is significantly more toxic than smoke from wood-burning stoves.(D) No significant beneficial effect on air quality would result if open-air fires were banned within the jurisdiction covered by the proposed legislation.(E) In valleys where wood is used

50、as the primary heating fuel, the concentration of smoke results in poor air quality.15. A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the ma

51、nufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.In assessing the plans chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know which of

52、the following?(A) Whether the automakers competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products(B) Whether the advertisements will be created by the manufacturers current advertising agency(C) Whether some of the automakers models will be more deeply discounted than other

53、s(D) Whether the automaker will be able to cut costs sufficiently to maintain profit margins even when the discounts are in effect(E) Whether an alternative strategy might enable the automaker to enhance its profitability while holding a constant or diminishing share of the market16. In Washington C

54、ounty, attendance at the movies is just large enough for the cinema operators to make modest profits. The size of the countys population is stable and is not expected to increase much. Yet there are investors ready to double the number of movie screens in the county within five years, and they are p

55、redicting solid profits both for themselves and for the established cinema operators.Which of the following, if true about Washington County, most helps to provide a justification for the investors prediction?(A) Over the next ten years, people in their teenage years, the prime moviegoing age, will

56、be a rapidly growing proportion of the countys population.(B) As distinct from the existing cinemas, most of the cinemas being planned would be located in downtown areas, in hopes of stimulating an economic revitalization of those areas.(C) Spending on video purchases, as well as spending on video r

57、entals, has been increasing modestly each year for the past ten years.(D) The average number of screens per cinema is lower among existing cinemas than it is among cinemas still in the planning stages.(E) The sale of snacks and drinks in cinemas accounts for a steadily growing share of most cinema o

58、perators profits.17. Hollywood restaurant is replacing some of its standard tables with tall tables and stools. The restaurant already fills every available seat during its operating hours, and the change in seating arrangements will not result in an increase in the restaurants seating capacity. Non

59、etheless, the restaurants management expects revenue to increase as a result of the seating change without any concurrent change in menu, prices, or operating hours.Which of the following, if true, provides the best reason for the expectation?(A) One of the taller tables takes up less floor space th

60、an one of the standard tables.(B) Diners seated on stools typically do not linger over dinner as long as diners seated at standard tables.(C) Since the restaurant will replace only some of its standard tables, it can continue to accommodate customers who do not care for the taller tables.(D) Few din