第1講引言研究方法論透視PerspectiveOnResearchMethodology

1、Perspectives on Research Methodology引言：研究方法論透視Darleen Opfer 1Behind the welter of names positivism, naturalism, post-positivism, relativism, feminist standpoint epistemology, foundationalism, postmodernism, each with an array of sub-species lie important questions: Is there a single, absolute truth

2、about educational phenomena, or are there multiple truth? (Or is the concept of truth itself so problematic as to be of no value in understanding the world?)在實(shí)證主義、自然主義、后實(shí)證主義、相對(duì)主義、女權(quán)擴(kuò)張論者立場(chǎng)認(rèn)識(shí)論、基礎(chǔ)主義、后現(xiàn)代主義等名稱(chēng)的滾動(dòng)或演變之后，其每一個(gè)都伴隨著一群亞種展現(xiàn)出某些重要的問(wèn)題：關(guān)于教育現(xiàn)象存在著某個(gè)唯一的絕對(duì)真理，或者多元真理嗎？（或者說(shuō)真理概念本身是如此地令人置疑以至于在可理解的世界中毫無(wú)價(jià)值嗎？）2

3、Can we count on our senses or on reason, to distinguish that which is true about the world from that which is false? Are there methods that can lead us close to understanding, or are there inherent indeterminancies in all methods? Is knowledge of the world discovered, or constructed? Can knowledge o

4、f the world be evaluated independent of the social and historical contexts in which it exists, or is it always contingent upon, or relative to, particular circumstances? (Pallas, 2003, p.6) 依靠我們的感官（或感覺(jué)）或理智，我們可以辨別出這個(gè)世界的真?zhèn)螁?？在所有的方法中是否存在一些引?dǎo)我們趨近理解的方法，或者說(shuō)所有方法都是否存在著一些固有的不確定性？關(guān)于世界的知識(shí)是被發(fā)現(xiàn)的還是被建構(gòu)的？關(guān)于世界的知識(shí)能夠得到

5、獨(dú)立于其存在的社會(huì)歷史語(yǔ)境的評(píng)價(jià)嗎？或者說(shuō)它總是視特定的環(huán)境而定，或相對(duì)于特定的環(huán)境而言的？3What methods do you propose to use?What methodology governs your choice and use of the methods?What theoretical perspective lies behind the methodology in question?What epistemology informs this theoretical perspective?你打算采用什么樣的方法？怎樣的方法論支配著你的選擇以及方法的利用？在

6、問(wèn)題的方法論背后是什么樣的理論視角？怎樣的認(rèn)識(shí)論傳達(dá)著這種理論視角？4Methods the techniques or procedures used to gather and analyze data related to some research question of hypothesis方法用以收集和分析有關(guān)一些假設(shè)研究問(wèn)題資料或數(shù)據(jù)的技巧或程序Methodology the strategy, plan of action, process or design lying behind the choice and use of particular methods and l

7、inking the choice and use of methods to desired outcomes.方法論位于選擇和特定方法利用之后并將其與期望結(jié)果相聯(lián)接的策略、行動(dòng)計(jì)劃、步驟或構(gòu)思5Theoretical perspective: the philosophical stance informing the methodology and thus providing a context for the process and grounding its logic and criteria.理論視角：傳達(dá)方法論的哲學(xué)姿態(tài)，并因此提供一種基于其邏輯和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的過(guò)程語(yǔ)境Epistem

8、ology: the theory of knowledge embedded in the theoretical perspective and thereby in the methodology. (how we know what we know)認(rèn)識(shí)論：將理論視角嵌入并由此把方法論嵌入其中的知識(shí)理論6Why Understand Research Epistemology and Ontology?為何要理解研究認(rèn)識(shí)論和存在論或本體論to understand the interrelationship of the key components of research (incl

9、uding methodology and methods);為了理解研究中心組分之間的相互關(guān)系（包括方法論和方法）to avoid confusion when discussing theoretical debates and approaches to social phenomena; and為了避免在探討理論爭(zhēng)論及關(guān)于社會(huì)現(xiàn)象時(shí)發(fā)生混淆to be able to recognize others, and defend our own, positions.為了承認(rèn)他人的并防衛(wèi)我們自己的立場(chǎng)或位置7Ontology 存在論或本體論claims and assumptions tha

10、t are made about the nature of social reality, claims about what exists, what it looks like, what units make it up and how these units interact with each other. In short, ontological assumptions are concerned with what we believe constitutes social reality.Blaikie, 2000, p. 8 關(guān)于社會(huì)實(shí)在本質(zhì)構(gòu)成的主張和假定，宣稱(chēng)什么存在

11、，其看起來(lái)像什么，其由哪些基本單位所構(gòu)成，這些單位之間是如何相互作用或互動(dòng)的。簡(jiǎn)而言之，存在論假定關(guān)注我們認(rèn)為什么構(gòu)成社會(huì)實(shí)在。8Epistemology 認(rèn)識(shí)論the possible ways of gaining knowledge of social reality, whatever it is understood to be. In short, claims about how what is assumed to exist can be known. Blaikie, 2000, p. 8 無(wú)論其被認(rèn)為是什么，認(rèn)識(shí)論即獲得關(guān)于社會(huì)實(shí)在知識(shí)的可能途徑?？傊?，它是關(guān)于被假定存在

12、的東西是如何能夠被認(rèn)識(shí)到的主張。9Fish is Fishby: Leo Lionni10Epistemological Assumptions認(rèn)識(shí)論假定Objectivity believes that knowledge exists whether we are conscious of it or not.客觀(guān)性認(rèn)為，知識(shí)的存在不依我們的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移Constructionist believes that we come to “know” through our interactions.建構(gòu)主義者認(rèn)為，通過(guò)互動(dòng)或相互作用、相互磋商、相互交往，我們達(dá)成共識(shí)、換取研究成果Subject

13、ivity believes that everyone has a different understanding of what we know.主觀(guān)性認(rèn)為，對(duì)于我們所認(rèn)識(shí)的世界，每個(gè)人都有不同的理解。11Activity 1: Language Use in AbstractsRead the abstracts provided and underline words which you think may illustrate the epistemological assumptions of the researcher.12epistemologytheoretical per

14、spectivemethodologymethods13OntologyEpistemologyMethodologyMethodsSourcesWhats out there to know?What and how can we know about it?How can we go about acquiring knowledge?What procedures can we use to acquire it?Which data can we collect?Adapted from Hay, 2002, pg. 6414EpistemologyTheoretical Perspe

15、ctiveMethodologyMethodsObjectivismConstructionismSubjectivism(and their variants)Positivism Post-positivismInterpretivism -Symbolic interactionsim-Phenomenology-HermeneuticsPragmatismParticipatoryCritical inquiryFeminismPostmodernism(etc.)Experimental researchSurvey researchEthnographyPhenomenologic

16、al researchGrounded theoryHeuristic inquiryAction researchDiscourse analysisFeminist standpoint researchCase Study(etc.)SamplingMeasurement and scalingQuestionnaireObservationParticipantNon-participantInterviewFocus groupCase studyLife historyNarrativeVisual ethnographic methodsStatistical analysisD

17、ata reductionTheme identificationComparative analysisCognitive mappingInterpretative methodsDocument analysisContent analysisConversation analysis(etc.)15Epistemological ContinuumPost-PositivismPositivismInterpretivismPragmatismParticipatoryPostmodernObjectivitySubjectivity16Epistemological HistoryP

18、ost-PositivismPositivismInterpretivismPragmatismParticipatoryPostmodern17Assumptions of Post - PositivismAbsolute truth can never be found.Research is a process of making claims and then testing, refining or abandoning some of them for other claims more strongly warranted.Data, evidence and rational

19、 considerations shape knowledge.Research seeks to develop relevant, true statements that can serve to explain the situation that is of concern or that describes the causal relationship of interest.Researchers must examine their methods and conclusions and control or limit bias.18Assumptions of Inter

20、pretivismMeanings are constructed by humans as they engage with the world they are interpreting.Humans make sense of the world based on their historical and social perspective. They seek to understand the context and then make an interpretation of what they find which is shaped by their own experien

21、ces and backgrounds.The basic generation of meaning is always social.19Assumptions of ParticipatoryParticipatory research is recursive and dialectical and is focused on bring about change in practices.Begins with a stance about the problems in society.It is emancipatory.It is inquiry completed with

22、others rather than on or to others.The research process is cyclical.20Assumptions of PragmatismIs not committed to any one system of philosophy or reality.Individual researchers have freedom of choice to select procedures that best meet their needs.Pragmatists do not see the world as an absolute uni

23、ty.Truth is what works at the time.We need to stop asking questions about reality and the laws of nature and start solving problems.21ObjectivistPost - PositivistSurvey ResearchStatistical AnalysisPutnams Social Capital22ConstructionistInterpretiveCase StudyInterviewsColemans Social Capital23Activity 2: Your Own Research DiagramUse the blank Crotty Diagram to identify the chain that seems to underlie your own research interests. We will share these whe