國際貿(mào)易國貿(mào)課第1章

1、CHAPTER 1比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論THEORY OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEKEY WORDS:Mercantilism重商主義absolute advantage絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)classic theory spelization古典理論專業(yè)化假定amptioncomparative advantage比較優(yōu)勢(shì)price ratios equilibrium價(jià)格比率均衡opportunity cost機(jī)會(huì)成本productionsibilities curve 生產(chǎn)可能性曲線marginal rate of substitution邊際替代率slope斜率to be tangent切

2、線, 正切increasing opportunity cost 機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增demand preference需求偏好indifference curve無差異曲線1.41.5roductionThe Mercantilists Views on TradeTrade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith Trade Bases on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo Ricardos Constant Opportunity Costs AndThe Production-sibilitie

3、s Curve1.6Increasing Opportunity Costs AndThe Production-sibilities Curve一.二.三.四.國際貿(mào)易理論的分析思路重商主義理論.的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論五.六.機(jī)會(huì)成本不變條件下的貿(mào)易利益機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增條件下的貿(mào)易利益一.國際貿(mào)易理論的分析思路國際貿(mào)易理論包括兩個(gè)基本部分：國際貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的原因和結(jié)果?；蛘撸簢H貿(mào)易利益是如何產(chǎn)生的，又是如何分配的。We can easily find of the same products bett the main cause of IT is the price difference

4、n two countries. It is profitable.兩個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)同樣產(chǎn)品存在價(jià)格差異。國際貿(mào)易理論就是價(jià)格差異產(chǎn)生的原因，供求分析是基本方法。From the poof supply, the price difference isresulted from thedifferent opportunity costs.Productive technology Factor endowment Economies of scale costs priFrom the poof demand, the price differencedepends on bothdemand

5、preference ande.二. The Mercantilists Views on Trade重商主義理論（觀點(diǎn)）三.的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam SmithIn his Wealth of Nations (1776), he said:It isof every prudent master of a family, never to attemptto make at home what it will cost him more to maken to buy. Thetailor does notempt to

6、make his own shoes, but buy them from theshoemaker.What is prudencehe conduct of every private family, can scarcebe follyhat of a great kingdom. If a foreign country can supply uswicommodity chern we ourselves can make it, better buy itof them with some part of the product of our own industry, emplo

7、yedin a way in which wee some advantage.“每一個(gè)精明的家長(zhǎng)都會(huì)遵循以下準(zhǔn)則：從不在家里生產(chǎn)那些比還貴的產(chǎn)品。裁縫不會(huì)試圖自己做鞋，而是從鞋匠哪里買鞋在每一個(gè)私人家庭的行為中是精明的事，在一個(gè)大國的行為中不大會(huì)是荒唐的。如果外國能以比自己制造還便宜的商品供應(yīng)，那么，最好就用?！本哂心承﹥?yōu)勢(shì)的行業(yè)中生產(chǎn)出來的部分產(chǎn)品來向他們The law of absolute advantage: absolute advantage comes from theabsolute difference of productivities based on the abso

8、lute difference of technologies. A nation should produce and export the commodities ofabsoluteadvantage,andimportthecommoditiesofabsolutedisadvantage.“絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)”理論（原因和結(jié)論）：各國間存在的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)上的差別，以及由此造成的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和生產(chǎn)成本的絕對(duì)差別，是國際分工和國際貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)。各國應(yīng)集中生產(chǎn)并出口具有“絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)”的產(chǎn)品，進(jìn)口其不具有“絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)”的產(chǎn)品，其結(jié)果比自己什么都生產(chǎn)更有利。下面分析“絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)”是如何產(chǎn)生的：How to deter

9、mine the absolute advantage in productive technology? The direct way is “productivity”.在勞動(dòng)是唯一投入的情況下，生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的優(yōu)劣可以用勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率來衡量。The A.A theory is based on the following amptions:1.There are two nations (Nation 1 and Nation 2), two commodities(commodity X and commodity Y).2.3.4.Lathe only input.Nations use th

10、e different technology in production.Both commodities are produced under constant returns to scale in both nations.Tastes are equal in both nations.There is perfect competition in both commodities in both nations.5.6.7.There is perfect mobility within each nation but nofactor mobility.ernational8.Th

11、ere are no transporion costs, tariffs, or other obstructions tothe free flow ofernational trade.9.All resourare fully employed in both nations.10.ernational trade betn the two nations is balanced.Table1-1Case of Absolute Advantagehe U.S.In China11小麥布2 hours4 hours2.5 hours 1 hours在封濟(jì)中，價(jià)格是兩種商品的比價(jià)。Tab

12、le 1-2he U.S.In ChinaWithout Trade Price of wheat Price of cloth0.5 布/1 麥2.0 麥/1 布2.5 布/1 麥0.4 麥/1 布商人在國內(nèi)以 0.5 的布換得的小麥到中國換的了一個(gè)的同成類產(chǎn)品，2.5 布，然后把布運(yùn)回本為零）。，可以換 5 個(gè)小麥。（假定So, countries would spelizeheir production.So, both countries can gain from spelizing and trading.注意：此處的貿(mào)易利益是指的靜態(tài)利益，是指貿(mào)易國在既定的要素供給下或在資源不變

13、的條件下所能獲得的產(chǎn)出和福利的增長(zhǎng)情況。包括兩方面：1. 來自于專業(yè)化的利益，指各國通過參與國際分工，專門從事其效率相對(duì)最高的生產(chǎn)來獲得額外的利益，提高的利用效率。2.來自于交換的利益。指通過貿(mào)易可買到本國不能生產(chǎn)或生產(chǎn)成本太高的產(chǎn)品，使消費(fèi)的選擇性增加，福利改善。四.的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論Trade Bases on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論解決了這個(gè)問題。他認(rèn)為，如同一個(gè)人，一個(gè)國家通過在生產(chǎn)率方面具有最大比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的商品或服務(wù)的出口以及進(jìn)口其比較優(yōu)勢(shì)較小的商品而從貿(mào)易中獲利。下面分析比較優(yōu)勢(shì)如何產(chǎn)生的：Comparativeadvant

14、agecomesfromtherelativedifferenceoftechnology, and it is measured by relative productivity.產(chǎn)品的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)來自于生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的相對(duì)差別，可以用產(chǎn)品的相對(duì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率來衡量。相對(duì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率是不同產(chǎn)品的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的比率。產(chǎn)品 A 的相對(duì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率=產(chǎn)品 A 的人均產(chǎn)量其他產(chǎn)品的人均產(chǎn)量產(chǎn)品 A 的相對(duì)生產(chǎn)成本=產(chǎn)品 A 的成本其他產(chǎn)品的成本So,evenif onenation were themost productiveat producing everything and another were the l

15、east, they would both gain by tradingwith each other as long as theye comparative advantage.The law of comparative advantage: comparative advantage comes from the relative difference of productivities based on the relative difference of technologies. A nation should produce and export the commoditie

16、s of comparative advantage, and import the commodities of comparative disadvantage.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：如果各國之間存在著勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的相對(duì)差別，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)成本的相對(duì)差別，從而使各國在不同的產(chǎn)品上具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。各國應(yīng)該集中生產(chǎn)并出口其具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品，進(jìn)口其具有比較劣勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品。（原因和結(jié)論）。Table 1-3 Labor costhe U.S.In China1 wheat1 cloth2 hours1.5 hours4 hours1hour在封濟(jì)中，價(jià)格是兩種商品的比價(jià)。Table 1-4he U.S.InChi

17、naWith no trade Price of wheat Price of cloth0.5 布/1 麥2.0 麥/1 布1.5 布/1 麥0.67 麥/1 布貿(mào)易的結(jié)果，益。獲得 1 個(gè)布的凈收益，中國獲得 1.33 的小麥的凈收Both counties gain from trade and from spelization. (貿(mào)易的靜態(tài)利益)。（please see the example, lawyer and secretaryextbook）.五. 機(jī)會(huì)成本不變條件下的貿(mào)易利益Ricardos Constant Opportunity CostsAnd The Produc

18、tion-sibilities Curve定義：機(jī)會(huì)成本是生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品而必須放棄的能夠生產(chǎn)除此以外最大可獲收益的產(chǎn)品的代價(jià)。盡管機(jī)會(huì)成本不變是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的，從理論分析的邏輯來說，要求先分析機(jī)會(huì)成本不變條件下如何通過國際貿(mào)易獲利；然后分析機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增時(shí)如何從貿(mào)易中獲利。Table 1-5Units of beef 100Units of wine 50U. S.France50150Figure 1.1U.S. PP curveFigure 1.2 France PP curve:beef452527.5wine751 個(gè)酒的機(jī)會(huì)成本是 2 個(gè)牛肉；法國是 1/3 個(gè)牛肉。由圖可知，在生產(chǎn)可能性曲線

19、的斜率是 -2，法國是 1/3。由于機(jī)會(huì)成本不變，Now, we get a key word: Marginal rate of substitution in production (MRSp). 生產(chǎn)的邊際替代率。在完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)下，交換的邊際替代率（MRSt）等于生產(chǎn)的邊際替代率(MRSp)。由于兩國 MRSp 不同，存在價(jià)格差異，這就是貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)。Figure 1.3U.S. GainsFigure 1.4 France Gains604040110結(jié)果，兩國專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，然后交換，其消費(fèi)都超出封閉生產(chǎn)時(shí)的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線。dcIn, both countries gain from trad

20、e; because of spelization,their total output of beef and wine is highern before, and the extraoutput of production is shared by consumers in both countries.六.機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增條件下的貿(mào)易利益Increasing Opportunity Costs AndThe Production-sibilities Curve機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增的兩個(gè)原因：不同的產(chǎn)品需要不同的要素密度；而且各種要素只能部分地互相替代?，F(xiàn)在假定機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增。We can see

21、it clearly. From N to M, the curve slope will and flatter.斜率的絕對(duì)值越來越小，價(jià)格曲線越來越平緩。e flatter開始時(shí)，酒的機(jī)會(huì)成本大，牛肉的機(jī)會(huì)成本??；隨著生產(chǎn)點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)，牛肉的機(jī)會(huì)成本越來越大，價(jià)格越來越高，而酒的機(jī)會(huì)成本卻越來越小。在機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增條件下，是什么費(fèi)者的需求偏好。決定了酒和肉的價(jià)格比率？是消假定愿意消費(fèi)酒和較少肉，選擇 C 點(diǎn)。均衡的條件：生產(chǎn)可能性曲線、價(jià)格交換線和無差異曲線相切。因?yàn)闊o差異曲線的任何一點(diǎn)都是消費(fèi)的邊際替代率(MRSc)，所以，三條線相切，就是：MRSp = MRSc = MRSt .Figure

22、 1.5Increasing Opportunity CostsMbeef0wN假定消費(fèi)者改變了偏好，愿意消費(fèi)較多的肉和較少的酒，一條新的無差異曲線將在 D 點(diǎn)與 PP 曲線相切。與 C 點(diǎn)相比，消費(fèi)了較多的肉和較少的酒?，F(xiàn)在分析在機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增條件下，和法國如何通過貿(mào)易獲利。貿(mào)易之前，肉價(jià)低，酒價(jià)高。開展貿(mào)易之后，法國的情況則相反。出口肉，進(jìn)口酒。為了多出口牛肉，必須多生產(chǎn)牛肉，生產(chǎn)從 C 點(diǎn)貿(mào)易開始以后，移到 A 點(diǎn)。出口 DC牛肉，進(jìn)口 AD 酒。消費(fèi)點(diǎn)在 C，高于貿(mào)易之前的無差異曲線。DTCwineFigure 1.6U.S. Gains from Trade: Increasing Opportunity CostsbeefADCCwineFigure 1.7France Gains from Trade: Increasing Opportunity CostsKJKH法國的情況剛好相反，同學(xué)自己分析。最后滿足均衡