四級輔導(dǎo)資料

1、北京農(nóng)學(xué)院大學(xué)英語四級輔導(dǎo)班英譯漢輔導(dǎo)材料一英譯漢概述英譯漢是大學(xué)英語四級考試近年來新推出的題型之一。從1996年1月的全國大學(xué)英語四級考試開始，陸續(xù)采用各種新題型。在1996年1月的四級考試中，首次選用了“英譯漢”這種新題型。它著重考查學(xué)生理解英語書面材料并將其翻譯成漢語的能力。英譯漢考試時間為15分鐘，試題均摘自閱讀理解部分的四篇文章，一般由四到五道題組成，每題22.5分，滿分為10分。考試時，考生可以參閱閱讀理解部分的有關(guān)文章，以便了解上下文。二. 評分原則及標準1 對譯文的要求是“正確”和“表達清楚”，對漢語不作過高要求；2 每題劃分為34個給分段，按意群給分，分段的分值為0.51分，

2、凡分值為0.5分者不再細化；3 添加不必要的詞語時，如不影響語義不扣分；如影響語義，扣0.51分；4 如果譯文與原文的句義相反，即使局部譯對，全句也不給分；5 一題二譯時，只按照第一個譯文評分。實例分析： But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory (CET-4 2000.6)分析：此句的主干為：The fact is a hu

3、ge victory。That從句是修飾fact的，而從句中包含一個比較結(jié)構(gòu)as well as (和一樣好)。此外句中的it指的是government, in itself 指的是這件事本身。因此全句譯為：但在許多人看來，窮人能不靠政府救濟養(yǎng)活自己，而且?guī)缀鹾瓦^去依靠政府救濟時生活的一樣好，這件事本身就是一個巨大的勝利。評分標準：2.5分但在許多人看來，窮人能不靠政府救濟養(yǎng)活自己，而且?guī)缀鹾瓦^去依靠政府救 0.5 0.5 1 濟時生活的一樣好，這件事本身就是一個巨大的勝利。0. 5（其中第一部分如譯成：“但對大多數(shù)人”、“但對于很多窮人”、“要不是很多人”、“但在許多方面”均不得分）2分但對

4、大多數(shù)人來說，窮人們沒有了政府補助后仍然能夠維持他們自己的生活，像他們以前依賴政府補助時一樣好，這個事實在它本身來說就是一個很大的勝利。1.5分但在很多事實中，窮人們能夠靠自己的力量使自己生活得和由政府資助的一樣好。這對他們來說是一個巨大的勝利。1分但對許多人來說，窮人在沒有政府的資助下和以前一樣能夠自力更生的事實是一個有力的證據(jù)。0.5分但對許多窮人來說，事實上他們幾乎可以提供自己的生活而不依靠政府的支援，這對他們來說是一種勝利。0分要不是許多人，事實上那些窮人通過自己的工作而沒有政府援助能夠養(yǎng)活他們自己是很少的。三試題分析1 句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜：所選的句子一般為并列句或主從復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，主

5、要是定于從句，名詞性從句及狀語從句的翻譯。2 對某些特殊句型或結(jié)構(gòu)的測試。如倒裝句。3 對某些短語的考察。4 詞類轉(zhuǎn)化的測試：如形容詞短語譯成動詞短語。四翻譯標準及步驟正確理解原文正確理解原文是做好翻譯的第一步。由于英譯漢的句子都選自于閱讀理解，因此首先我們應(yīng)該根據(jù)句尾的標注在閱讀理解中找到相應(yīng)的句段，把句子放到具體的語境中理解。切忌不顧上下文，斷章取義，是譯文與作者所要表達的意思相差甚遠。然后理清要求翻譯的句子與文章所在段落中其他句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，弄清句中代詞所指之物，進行語法結(jié)構(gòu)分析。一般來說，英譯漢的句子都較長，以復(fù)雜句居多。因此語法結(jié)構(gòu)上應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面：1 確定全句的主，謂，賓，

6、從整體上把握句義。2 找出句中所有的修飾和限定成分，如：定語，狀語，從句等，并逐一分析其修飾和限定的內(nèi)容，注意插入語。3 明確句中詞匯，習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配的具體含義，注意詞的引申義和一詞多義，一詞多性現(xiàn)象，選擇正確的詞義。根據(jù)以上原則就比較容易理解句義了。如：Long after the 1998 Word Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decision that denied victory to their team.（四級2000年6月）首先確定句子的主干是：f

7、ans were still cursing the refereeing decision主 謂 賓句中有兩個從句，一個時間狀語從句：long after the 1998 World Cup was won;另一個是定于從句：that denied victory to their team, 用來修飾賓語的。此外，disappointed 修飾fans; disputed 修飾refereeing decisions,這樣句子的結(jié)構(gòu)就明了了。在這句話中還有兩個詞可能理解上會有困難。一是refereeing decisions, 根據(jù)上下文和已知的refereeing的意思可以判定此句中它

8、應(yīng)為“裁定”；另一個是deny, deny有“否定，拒絕”的意思，但在這句話中，結(jié)合全句，應(yīng)為“剝奪了球隊獲勝的機會”。這句話只有一個代詞，即：their，結(jié)合上下文不難看出此處their team指的是球迷們所支持的球隊。整句話的意思便一目了然。表述成相應(yīng)的漢語1 直譯和異議將自己對英語原文理解的內(nèi)容用漢語重新表達出來是英譯漢的第二階段。理解的正確并不一定意味著表達的正確。許多考生在翻譯中一味強調(diào)直譯還是意譯，其實他們并沒有真正理解所謂的直譯和意譯。直譯就是在譯文語言條件許可時，在譯文中既保持原文的內(nèi)容又保持原文的形式。而意譯是當原文的內(nèi)容和譯文的表達形式有矛盾并且用直譯法無法確切表達出原文

9、內(nèi)容的時候，應(yīng)采用的譯法。直譯和意譯只是翻譯中的兩種手段，沒有實質(zhì)的區(qū)別。直譯不是死譯，硬譯；意譯也不是胡譯，亂譯。兩者的目的都是為了忠實表達原文的內(nèi)容和風格，殊途同歸，胡不排斥。因此，翻譯中我們應(yīng)該量體裁衣，靈活處理，善于把兩者結(jié)合起來，用兩條腿走路。但不可否認的是英語中大多數(shù)句子在漢語中都可以找到其相應(yīng)的表達，因而英譯漢中，我們主張能直譯就直譯，切忌隨意的亂譯。2 選擇適當?shù)恼Z序英語和漢語在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上存在著諸多差異，這不僅是四，六級測試中的難點，考點，也是我們翻譯中應(yīng)特別注意的。如英語多復(fù)雜句，無主句，句子邏輯性強；而漢語多短句，句子一般以人為主語，句子間邏輯關(guān)系也不明顯。四級中英譯漢對漢

10、語要求不高，但通順流暢的語言不免給閱卷老師好的印象。以下就對中英文翻譯中語序的問題作一簡要概述。英語多后置定語，而漢語多前置定語。一般我們應(yīng)該把較短的英語后置定語提前。如：Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. （四級2000年6月）此句中就包括兩個后置定語people和based on their interpersonal ties,在翻譯中如果前置處理就比較好?？勺g為：社會支持就是以人際關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ)的人們之間的資源交換。狀語的語序

11、：英語為：方式狀語+地點狀語+時間狀語；而漢語為：時間狀語+地點狀語+方式狀語 英語句子中心一般位于句首，而漢語句子的中心多位于句末。如：What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform. (四級2000年6月)此句開頭就點名句子主要討論的內(nèi)容：what easier way is there, 其后跟有很長的限定成分。但漢語卻不能這樣翻譯，只能把中心議題放在后面，譯成：對于護士

12、，警察，理發(fā)師或是服務(wù)員來說，還有什么比脫下制服更容易的方法使人么看不出他們的職業(yè)身份呢？當然英漢語序的不同僅是一方面，此外英語的特殊句型如：倒裝句，被動句，存在句等在翻譯中都應(yīng)引起注意?？傊?，要想做好翻譯，要有扎實的英語功底和良好的漢語修養(yǎng)。通讀譯文，修改謬誤由于時間的限制，許多考生在測試中譯完句子后便不再檢查。事實上，翻譯后的修改，校對是不可忽視的一部分。校對階段是理解和表達的進一步深化。我們在翻譯中盡管很細心，但譯文難免會有錯漏或字句欠妥的地方。由于時間有限，考試中的校對著重于句子內(nèi)容?？忌梢話侀_英文原文，通讀譯文，力求譯文中沒有冷僻罕見的詞匯，句子通暢，沒有產(chǎn)生歧義的詞或表達。五重點

13、句式的翻譯技巧被動語態(tài)的譯法（不知動作的執(zhí)行者或是沒必要說出）The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.小時候留下的自卑感還沒有徹底消除。The decision to attack was not taken lightly.進攻的決定不是輕易做出的。（根據(jù)情況加主語）Every possible means was done to conceal our movements from the enemy and to mislead him.我們采取了一切

14、可能的措施，隱瞞我們的行動，迷惑敵人。（譯成漢語的被動句）Any time we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我們隨時都會被出入機場的敵機發(fā)現(xiàn)。（譯成“把，使，由”字句）Most letters from his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.他妻子寫給他的信件，大多數(shù)是由醫(yī)院里的護士年給他聽的。By evening the occupation was complete, and the people

15、were chased off the streets by an eight oclock curfew.(宵禁). 到傍晚,占領(lǐng)已告完成,八點鐘開始的宵禁把人們從街道上趕走.(it形式句)It is reported thatIt is said that It is supposed that(據(jù)推測)It must be pointed that(必須指出)It is generally considered that(人們普遍認為。)It is well known thatIt is hoped that （人們希望。）名詞從句的翻譯（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句按原文順序翻譯）W

16、hatever he saw and heard on his trip gave a very deep impression.他旅行中的所見，所聞給他留下深刻的印象。I told him that because of the last condition, Id have to turn it down.我告訴他由于最后一個條件，我不得不拒絕。What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an

17、inch. 他所再三強調(diào)的是不管多么困難，他們絕不應(yīng)該后退寸步。（it作形式主語是情況而定）It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 真奇怪，她竟然沒看到自己的缺點。It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. 他參不參加會議沒多大關(guān)系。（同位語從句）He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit china again.他表示希望再來中國訪

18、問。It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.延遲應(yīng)由他負責，這個事實是改變不了的。But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that out prospects were less than good.但是現(xiàn)實的考慮，我們不得不面對這一事實我們的前景不佳。（單詞，短語作同位語的翻譯）說明身份，稱號的英語同位語往往放在專有名詞后面，漢譯時一般放在前面。Have you read the life of George Washin

19、gton, the first president of the U.S.A.?你有讀過有關(guān)美國第一任總統(tǒng)喬治華盛頓的生平么？以namely, that is, that is to say, in other words, or, for short, for example, etc, i.e.等引導(dǎo)詞所引出的同位語，翻譯時，保持原順序。There were only two girls present, namely, Mary and Elizabeth.當時只有兩個女孩在場，他們是瑪麗和伊麗莎白。（定于從句）前置 This is the soldier who just return

20、ed from the front. 這是剛從前線回來的戰(zhàn)士。后置 He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have independent income. (譯成并列分句，重復(fù)先行詞)He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have independent income.他發(fā)出同情聲，這種同情聲使那些有獨立收入的人最容易脫口而出的。省略現(xiàn)行詞After dinner, the four key nego

21、tiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 晚飯后,四個主要談判者繼續(xù)他們的談話,一直到深夜.融合法(適合限定性定于從句,尤其是there be結(jié)構(gòu))There are many people who want to see the film. 許多人想看電影.六真題及模擬試題Passage 1 Although the Olympic Charter, the official constitution of the Olympic movement, proclaims that the Olympic

22、s are contests among individuals and not among nations, the IOC assigns to the various NOCs the task of selecting national Olympic teams. In most cases the NOCs do this by holding Olympic trials or by choosing athletes on the basis of their previous performances. From the start of the modem Olympic

23、Games, male amateur athletes of every race, religion, and nationality have been qualified to participate. Although Coubertin opposed the participation of women in the Olympics and no women competed in 1896, a few female golfers and tennis players were allowed to participate in the 1900 Games. Female

24、 swimmers and divers were admitted to the 1912 Games, and female gymnasts and track-and-field athletes first competed at the 1928 Games. Womens Olympic sports have grown significantly since then, and currently women account for approximately half of the members of teams, except in teams from Islamic

25、 nations, where the level of female participation is generally lower. Coubertin and the IOC intended from the start for the Olympics to be open only to amateurs. Amateurism was determined by adherence to the amateur rule, which was originally devised in the 19th century to prevent working-class athl

26、etes from participating in sports such as rowing and tennis. Because the amateur role prevented athletes from earning any pay from activities in any way related to sports, working-class athletes could not afford both to make a living and train for competition. Olympic rules about amateurism, however

27、, have caused many controversies over the years. Such questions as whether an amateur could be paid for travel expenses, be compensated for time lost at work, or be employed to teach sports have been raised, but they have not always been satisfactorily resolved by the lOC, leading to confusion about

28、 the definition of professionalism in different sports. By 1983 a majority of lOC members acknowledged that most Olympic athletes compete professionally in the sense that sports are their main activity. The lOC then asked each International Sports Federation (ISF) to determine qualification in its o

29、wn sport, and over the next decade nearly all the ISFs abolished the distinction between amateurs and professionals, accepting so-called open Games. One of the most visible examples of the policy change came in 1992, when professional players from the National Basketball Association (NBA) were permi

30、tted to play in the Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain.Passage 2 Identifying the different types of viruses, and knowing how they spread from one computer to another, will help you keep your PC infection-free. Types of viruses: File virus: A file virus infects program files. Once the affected program

31、is running, it can infect other programs on your hard drive or on a floppy disk (軟磁盤) inserted in the A drive. Macro virus: A macro virus infects individual documents. It affects files created in programs that use macro programming language, such as Microsoft Offices Word and Excel programs. The mos

32、t common macro virus is known as Concept. Once the Concept virus infects your computer, it clings to the save operation, passing on the infection to each and every document you save. Boot and partition sector viruses: Boot and partition sector viruses infect the system software; that is, the special

33、 parts of the hard disk that enable your computer to start, or boot up. These viruses may prevent you from getting your computer working at all. They work by removing your PCs start-up instructions and replacing them with their own set of instructions. You may need expert help if your computer catch

34、es this type of virus. The ways viruses are spread: Floppy disk: Always be wary(機警的)of floppy disks as they are made to move files or programs between computers. The more machines that a disk is used on, the greater the chances of the disk picking up a virus and passing it on. E-mail: Despite rumors

35、 to the contrary, you cannot catch virus by simply opening and reading e-mail messages.However, be wary of opening a file attached to an e-mail as the file itself may carry a virus. As a general rule, do not open up files attached to unsolicited e-mail. CD-ROM: You are safe with a CD-ROM (except in

36、the extremely unlikely event that it was made with a virus).ROM stands for Read Only Memory, which means it will not accept viruses-or, indeed, any other kind of information. However, with recordable or rewritable CDs, you need to take the same precautions as with a floppy disk. Internet: Dont downl

37、oad software of dubious origin from the Internet. Use a reputable company, such as Microsoft.Passage 3 A friend of mine, in response to a conversation we were having about the injustices of life, asked me the question, Who said life was going to be fair, or that it was even meant to be fair? Her que

38、stion was a good one. It reminded me of something I was taught as a youngster: life isnt fair. Its a disappointment, but its absolutely true. One of the mistakes many of us make is that we feel sorry for ourselves, or for others, thinking that life should be fair, or that someday it will be. Its not

39、 and it wont. One of the nice things about surrendering to the fact that life isnt fair is that it keeps us from feeling sorry for ourselves by encouraging us to do the very best we can with what we have. We know its not lifes job to make everything perfect, its our own challenge. Surrendering to th

40、is fact also keeps us from feeling sorry for others because we are reminded that everyone is dealt a different hand (分到不同的牌); everyone has unique strengths and problems in the process of growing up, facing the reality and making decisions; and everyone has those times that they feel victimized or un

41、fairly treated. The fact that life isnt fair doesnt mean we shouldnt do everything in our power to improve our own lives or the world as a whole. To the contrary, it suggests that life isnt fair, we tend to feel pity for others and for ourselves. Pity, of course, is a self-defeating emotion that doe

42、s nothing for anyone, except to make everyone feel worse than they already do. When we do recognize that life isnt fair, however, we feel compassion for others and for ourselves. And compassion is a heartfelt emotion that delivers loving-kindness to everyone it touches. The next time you find yourse

43、lf thinking about the injustices of the world, try reminding yourself of this very basic: fact. You may be surprised that it can nudge you out of self-pity and into helpful action.Passage 4 The Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association has called wireless phones the greatest safety tool o

44、n the highway since the emergency 911 telephone number was introduced-as long as drivers use them sensibly. However, a survey released on Monday by a highway safety group showed that three out of four adults in the United States favor laws to curb the use of cell phones while driving. Though nearly

45、two out of three people surveyed report owning a cell2ohone, the Louise Harris poll found an unevenly balanced 76 percent backed restricting their use by drivers except in emergencies. In addition, cell phone use in vehicles topped the list of concerns that people wanted addressed, closely followed by drunk driving and improving safety at intersections. The poll of 1,001 adults was conducted between July 1 and 19 by Advocates for Highway an