英國(guó)文學(xué)脈絡(luò)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上英國(guó)文學(xué)文學(xué)體裁：詩(shī)歌poem，小說(shuō)novel，戲劇drama Origin起源：Christianity 基督教 bible 圣經(jīng) Myth 神話 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亞瑟王和他的騎士（筆記） 一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、這個(gè)時(shí)期的文學(xué)作品分類： pagan(異教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 貝奧武甫 ( Germanic national epic 民族史詩(shī) )

2、采用了隱喻手法 3、Alliteration 押頭韻（寫(xiě)作手法）  例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,  To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 詩(shī)章 1、romance 傳奇文學(xué) 2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和綠衣騎士) 是一首押頭韻的長(zhǎng)詩(shī) 三、G

3、eoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.喬叟 時(shí)期 1、the father of English poetry 英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚(yáng)格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英國(guó)文學(xué)史的開(kāi)端)  大致內(nèi)容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England,

4、 representatives of various walks of life and social groups.  朝圣者都是來(lái)自英國(guó)的各地的人,代表著社會(huì)的各個(gè)不同階層和社會(huì)團(tuán)體  小說(shuō)特點(diǎn)：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.  這些敘述者以自己特色的方式講述自己的故事，無(wú)形中表明了各自的觀點(diǎn)，展示了各自的性格。  小說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)：he bel

5、ieves in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命運(yùn)).  他希望人們能從迷信和對(duì)命運(yùn)的盲從中解脫出來(lái)。 4、Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記)  Ballads are anony

6、mous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書(shū)上).  歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式  代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托馬斯.帕希主教  代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 羅賓漢和阿林代爾 四、The Renaissance (16世紀(jì)) 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期 （Greek and Roman） 戲劇 drama 詩(shī)章 canto The term

7、Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences. 文藝復(fù)興最初是指經(jīng)典藝術(shù)和科學(xué)在英國(guó)的復(fù)興。 The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama 文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的英國(guó)戲劇也得到了迅速的發(fā)展。 1、key work: humanism 人文主義： admire human beauty and human achievem

8、ent 2、代表人物：  1)、Thomas More 托馬斯.莫爾 Utopia 烏托邦  2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一個(gè)散文家(essayist)  3)、Thomas Wyatt 托馬斯.懷亞特 引入十四行詩(shī)的第一人 sonnet(十四行詩(shī))： form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻) in 14 lines iambic pentameter  4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯賓塞 poets poet(詩(shī)人中

9、的詩(shī)人) The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem 史詩(shī))  5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.馬洛 blank verse(無(wú)韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚(yáng)格) 是十六世紀(jì)英國(guó)戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形式。  6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亞 戲劇 drama  四大悲劇：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奧賽羅)，King Lear(李爾王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麥克白) 五、the period of Revolution a

10、nd Restoration (17世紀(jì)) 資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命與王權(quán)復(fù)辟 prose 散文 1、文學(xué)特點(diǎn)：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚儉樸的生活、拒絕十四行詩(shī)和愛(ài)情詩(shī)、與舊思想脫離。 2、代表人物：  1)、John Donne 約翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人) 的代表人物 

11、;sonnet 十四行詩(shī) Death be not proud(筆記) 作品特點(diǎn)： strike the reader in Donnes extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦誠(chéng)的態(tài)度和現(xiàn)實(shí)描繪)  novelty of subject matter and point(新穎的題材和視角)  novelty of its form.(新穎的形式) 2)、John Milton 約翰.彌爾頓 a great poet 詩(shī)人 （ poem 詩(shī)歌 blank verse ）  

12、Defense for the English People為英國(guó)人辯護(hù)  Paradise Lost失樂(lè)園 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是壞人  Paradise Regained復(fù)樂(lè)園  )、John Bunyan 約翰.拜揚(yáng) a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”  Pilgrims Progress天路歷程 prose 散文 該書(shū)采用的寫(xiě)作手法“written in the old-fashio

13、ned(舊體形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream” 六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世紀(jì)) 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng) prose 散文 1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope. 強(qiáng)調(diào)正確的格式和寫(xiě)作規(guī)范，像艾迪生一樣創(chuàng)作散文，和蒲柏一樣創(chuàng)作詩(shī)歌。 The Enlightenment was an expression of stru

14、ggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)際上是當(dāng)時(shí)先進(jìn)的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)同落后的封建主義斗爭(zhēng)的一種形式。 The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the inf

15、luence of corrupted social environment. 啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚(yáng)的人類本惡的觀點(diǎn)；論證了人生誠(chéng)實(shí)而友善，而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會(huì)環(huán)境所致。 Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice

16、. 無(wú)論怎樣講究理性，社會(huì)不平等現(xiàn)象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明顯不足。因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種謀求幸福和社會(huì)公平的手段。 2、18th century 文學(xué)的三個(gè)方面： Classicism(古典主義)、revival of romantic poetry(新興的浪漫主義詩(shī)歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(剛啟萌的現(xiàn)代派小說(shuō))3、代表人物： 1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛福 realistic novel 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō) Novel：Robinson Crusoe魯賓遜漂流記 Jonathan W

17、ild喬納森.威爾德 Moll Flanders摩爾.弗蘭德斯 2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲爾丁 father of modern fiction(現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)之父) Joseph Andrews約瑟夫.安德魯斯 受到了理查森的帕美勒的啟發(fā) 作家之間的不同：Richardson no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默，咬文嚼字，說(shuō)教 Fielding direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of anim

18、al spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 語(yǔ)言直接、生動(dòng)、歡快、粗糙，甚至有點(diǎn)俗,精神煥發(fā)，講述流浪者的故事。 The History of Tom Jones, a foundling棄嬰湯姆.瓊斯的故事 the best novel of him 3)、Jonathan Swift 喬納森.斯威夫特Gullivers Travels格列佛游記 novel 反諷 作品特點(diǎn)：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, res

19、trained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him. 努不動(dòng)顏，罵不揚(yáng)聲，語(yǔ)調(diào)冷酷，鋒芒暗藏，諷刺辛辣，僅在諷喻之情難以抑制時(shí)才偶露揶揄之態(tài)。 A Modest Proposal一個(gè)溫和的建議 4)、Samuel Richardson 塞繆爾.理查森 Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法 In th

20、e form of letters 書(shū)信體小說(shuō) 5)、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.謝爾丹School for Scandal造謠學(xué)校，喜劇 comedy 6)、Oliver Goldsmiths 奧利佛.哥爾德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲爾德的牧師，小說(shuō) novel She Stoops to Conquer委曲求全，歡樂(lè)喜劇 rollicking comedy The Deserted Village荒村，詩(shī)歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感傷主

21、義 no belief 沒(méi)有信仰 The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. 感傷主義的代表人物在繼續(xù)反對(duì)封建主義的同時(shí)又模糊的感覺(jué)到資本主義進(jìn)程中出現(xiàn)的種種矛盾，感覺(jué)到資本主義制度對(duì)人性的

22、奴役和破壞。代表人物：Thomas Gray 托馬斯.格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓園挽歌 七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主義散文 prose1、前浪漫主義代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布萊克 詩(shī)人 poetRobert Burns 羅伯特.彭斯 蘇格蘭詩(shī)人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主義極大地影響了工業(yè)革

23、命和法國(guó)大革命。2、教育意義Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博愛(ài)3、開(kāi)始的標(biāo)志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads 從威廉.華茲華斯發(fā)表的"抒情歌謠"開(kāi)始4、lake poets(湖畔詩(shī)人)：Coleridge/ Southey/ Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.華茲華斯 poet-laureate (桂冠詩(shī)人)  Th

24、e Prelude序曲 自傳性詩(shī)歌Autobiographical poetryWith S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”. 與s.t.coleridge一起,聯(lián)合發(fā)表了“抒情民謠”作品特點(diǎn)：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry 簡(jiǎn)單而純潔的語(yǔ)言,反傳統(tǒng)形式的18世紀(jì)詩(shī)歌 2) 、Lord Byron 拜倫 Childe Har

25、old Pilgrimage查爾德?哈羅德游記 cantos 詩(shī)章 成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 詩(shī) satiric masterpiece 諷刺的杰作  Hours of Idleness閑散時(shí)刻 poem 詩(shī) the first volume of poem 首卷詩(shī) 3) 、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪萊 Prometheus Unbound解放的普羅米修斯 drama 戲劇 Ode tto the West Wind西風(fēng)頌 poem 詩(shī) 4) 、John Keats 濟(jì)慈 poet 詩(shī)人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem

26、 On a Greeian Urn希臘古甕頌 poem To a Nightingale致夜鶯 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美學(xué)原則 5) 、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特  He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是創(chuàng)造者和歷史小說(shuō)大師 6) 、Jane Austen 簡(jiǎn).奧斯丁 女 Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見(jiàn) Sense and Sensibility理智與情感 Emma愛(ài)瑪 寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)：the love-making of

27、 her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)小說(shuō)的發(fā)起人。 7)、Charles Lamb 查爾斯.蘭伯 essayist散文家6、十九世紀(jì)散文的特點(diǎn)：In the first of these two pe

28、riods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的開(kāi)始，艾迪生和斯蒂爾的社會(huì)散文把散文帶入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。 Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世紀(jì)前期，散文變得

29、對(duì)自我的表達(dá)越來(lái)越肯定 八、Critical Realism 批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 ，Victorian Period 維多利亞時(shí)期 humanism 人文主義1、意義：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英國(guó)的歷史中，憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)是偉大的無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)政治運(yùn)動(dòng)。2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艱難時(shí)刻 Pickwick Papers匹克威克外傳 Oliver Twist霧都孤兒 A Tale of Tw

30、o Cities雙城記(描述了法國(guó)大革命French Revolution)特點(diǎn)：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦難和苦難的群眾。 2) 、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre簡(jiǎn).愛(ài) Emily Bronte 艾米麗.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼嘯山莊（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff） 特點(diǎn)：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the

31、inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.  3)、Mrs. Gaskell  Mary Barton, North and South瑪麗.巴頓，北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利場(chǎng) this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama

32、 of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小說(shuō)中描繪了廣闊的社會(huì)生活，無(wú)情抨擊了殘酷和不擇手段的拜金主義 人物：Rebecca Sharp a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利場(chǎng)中，完美的獲取財(cái)富和地位

33、的手段。 特點(diǎn)： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小說(shuō)是一個(gè)含有諷刺意味的上流社會(huì)寫(xiě)照。 5)、George Eliot 喬治.艾略特 女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of charac