液氨培訓(xùn)講義

1、27/10/2009Page 1CPI DacaojingAMMONIA TRAININGShanghai, 27 October 200927/10/2009Page 2Ammonia Training Agenda 液氨培訓(xùn)安排 What is ammonia 液氨介紹 Chemical and Physical properties 化學(xué)與物理屬性 Emission from a pressurized tank 液氨的逃逸 Dangerous properties 液氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Environmental effect of ammonia 液氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Personal prot

2、ective equipments 處理接觸液氨的操作員的個(gè)人防護(hù) Emergency response 應(yīng)急響應(yīng) Transport 運(yùn)輸 Storage 儲(chǔ)罐 Unloading procedure 卸載規(guī)程27/10/2009Page 3Ammonia Training Agenda液氨培訓(xùn)安排 What is ammonia 液氨介紹 Chemical and Physical properties 化學(xué)與物理屬性 Emission from a pressurized tank 液氨的逃逸 Dangerous properties 液氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Environmental effec

3、t of ammonia 液氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Personal protective equipments 處理接觸液氨的操作員的個(gè)人防護(hù) Emergency response 應(yīng)急響應(yīng) Transport 運(yùn)輸 Storage 儲(chǔ)罐 Unloading procedure 卸載規(guī)程27/10/2009Page 4What is ammonia ? 液氨是什么？ Ammonia is a gas lighter than Air at temperatures above minus 33C液氨是一種沸點(diǎn)在零下33攝氏度的比空氣輕的氣體 Ammonia reacts quite violentl

4、y with water. A lot of heat is evolved液氨會(huì)與水劇烈反應(yīng)，釋放大量的熱量 Ammonia has a heavy pungent smell, it can be smelled from 5-10 ppm.液氨有非常重的刺激性氣味，在5-10ppm的濃度下人可以直接吸入 Ammonia can be detected by ammonia detectors or by its smell. The smellgives to this chemical a kind of intrinsic safety since it can be smelled

5、 longbefore it is getting dangerous液氨可以被探測(cè)器探測(cè)到或者直接從其氣味被聞到。由于液氨的這種氣味可以讓人在造成損傷之前被直接嗅到，這樣給了液氨一定的安全度。27/10/2009Page 5What is ammonia ? 液氨是什么？ Produced by reacting Nitrogen from the air with hydrogen on an iron basedcatalyst at high temperature and pressure液氨是由空氣中的氮?dú)夂蜌錃庠诮饘俅呋瘎┖透邷馗邏合律傻?The hydrogen used i

6、n the ammonia synthesis is produced by means of thesteam reforming process with coal or other hydrocarbons as raw material以氫氣為原料的合成氨法中的氫氣是由煤或者是其他碳?xì)浠衔锝?jīng)過氣化重整過程得到的 World production of ammonia 120 million metric tonnes (2006)全球年產(chǎn)液氨大約一億兩千萬(wàn)噸（2006年數(shù)據(jù)）Page 61 kg of ammonia 1千克氨 At atmospheric pressure and

7、15C ammonia will occupy :在大氣壓力和15攝氏度的條件下體積為： 100% 1,4 m3 400 ppm 25 ppm27/10/20093500 m356000 m31,2 x 1,2 x 1 m35 x 20 x 5 m100 x 35 x 16 m27/10/2009Page 7Ammonia Training Agenda 液氨培訓(xùn)安排 What is ammonia 液氨介紹 Chemical and Physical properties 化學(xué)與物理屬性 Emission from a pressurized tank 液氨的逃逸 Dangerous pro

8、perties 液氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Environmental effect of ammonia 液氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Personal protective equipments 處理接觸液氨的操作員的個(gè)人防護(hù) Emergency response 應(yīng)急響應(yīng) Transport 運(yùn)輸 Storage 儲(chǔ)罐 Unloading procedure 卸載規(guī)程27/10/2009Page 8Ammonia Chemical and Physical properties (1)液氨-化學(xué)與物理屬性 Atomic weight 17.03 g/mol 原子量 17.03克/摩爾 Colourless gas

9、 with a characteristic pungent smell. The solubility in water ishigh - 899 g/l at 0C. 具有刺激性氣味的無(wú)色氣體。極易溶于水-899克/升 0C Density of 0.771 g/m3 at 1 atm and 20C 密度是0.771g/立方米 Liquid density 610 kg/m3 at 20C 液態(tài)密度是610 千克/立方米 20 C Vapour pressure at 20C is 8.57 bar absolute (=7.56 barg)氣體壓力是20C時(shí)8.57 bar(=7.56

10、 barg)27/10/2009Page 9Ammonia Chemical and Physical properties (2)液氨-化學(xué)與物理屬性It is easily liquefied and the liquid boils at -33.4C, and freezes at -77.7 C to a mass of white crystals液氨很容易液化，沸點(diǎn)是零下33.4 C，冰點(diǎn)是零下77.7 C，固化為白色的晶體Latent heat of vaporization 1370 kJ/kg 汽化潛熱為 1370千焦/千克Average specific heat cap

11、acity liquid (-30 to +20C) = 4.6 kJ/kg x C平均比熱容為-液態(tài)（零下30度-20度）=4.6 kJ/kg x CSpecific heat capacity at constant pressure = 2.2 kj/kg x C (15C, 1 atm)恒壓比熱容= 2.2 kj/kg x C (15C, 1 atm)Heat of reaction, NH3(g) + H2O(l) = NH3(aq) = 2000 kj/kg反應(yīng)熱， NH3(g) + H2O(l) = NH3(aq) = 2000 kj/kg27/10/2009Page 10Che

12、mical reactions of ammonia氨的化學(xué)反應(yīng) Ammonia reacts 液氨的化學(xué)反應(yīng): Vigorously with water. A lot of heat is evolved (2MJ/kg dissolved)易于水發(fā)生放熱反應(yīng)（釋放約2MJ/kg） With copper and zinc 與銅和鋅反應(yīng) Copper salts are easily recognized by its intense blue colour銅鹽發(fā)深藍(lán)色 Violently with acids. A lot of heat is evolved 與酸發(fā)生放熱反應(yīng) With

13、 sulphur-dioxide, hydrochloric acid gas and nitric acid gas. It thenforms a white smoke與二氧化硫，鹽酸氣體和硝酸氣體反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生大量白霧Pressure (bara)Pressure (kPa)27/10/2009Page 111600140012001000800600400200020001800-50-40-30 -20-1001020304050Temperature (C)1614121086420Ammonia vapor pressure氨的氣壓Ammonia2018 Propane丙烷kJ/kg

14、tePrFr27/10/2009Page 12Heat of vaporization (At normal boiling point)蒸發(fā)熱25002000150010005000WarAmomniaopaneSO2Cl2eon27/10/2009Page 13Adiabatic expansion of NH3氨的絕熱膨脹16%EvaporatedLiquid84%Adiabatic = No heat is exchanged with the surroundings.絕熱也就是與周圍環(huán)境沒有任何熱交換This is a good assumption for a leakage o

15、f a liquid into an environment with lowerpressure than the vapour pressure for that liquid at a given temperature27/10/2009Page 14Low temperatures in connection with leakages低溫與泄漏之間的聯(lián)系0IIII5IIIII10 I I I I 15- 75 C27/10/2009Page 15Ammonia Training Agenda液氨培訓(xùn)安排 What is ammonia 液氨介紹 Chemical and Physi

16、cal properties 化學(xué)與物理屬性 Emission from a pressurized tank 液氨的逃逸 Dangerous properties 液氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Environmental effect of ammonia 液氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Personal protective equipments 處理接觸液氨的操作員的個(gè)人防護(hù) Emergency response 應(yīng)急響應(yīng) Transport 運(yùn)輸 Storage 儲(chǔ)罐 Unloading procedure 卸載規(guī)程27/10/2009Page 16Emission from a pressurized stora

17、ge液氨的逃逸 If a leakage occurs如果發(fā)生泄漏: It could be from the gas phase or有可能以氣體形式泄漏 It could be from the liquid phase也有可能以液體形式泄漏 Leakage from ammonia tanks are very rare. A leakage is more likely tooccur from pipelines, flanges, valves or welds從液氨儲(chǔ)罐的罐體直接泄漏的非常少見。比較容易導(dǎo)致泄漏的是連接管道，邊緣，閥門或者焊點(diǎn)。xuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu

18、xPage 17Leakage from the gas-phase以氣態(tài)形式泄露As the ammonia evaporates, the liquid will cool down當(dāng)液氨蒸發(fā)成為氣體，液體溫度會(huì)減低The evaporation “steals” heat from the liquid and the pressure drops with the consequence that theleakage rate decaysTheoretically, if no heat were added from thesurroundings 16% of the cont

19、ents of the tankwould evaporate leaving a liquid of 33Cinside the storage理論上講，如果不繼續(xù)從周邊環(huán)境中吸熱，16%的液氨將會(huì)從零下33度的儲(chǔ)罐中蒸發(fā)掉。27/10/2009xuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu27/10/2009Page 18Leakage from the liquid phase以液態(tài)形式泄露 Ammonia leaking from a pressurised tank will immediately form an aerosol (afog). The aerosol can r

20、each temperatures as low as 75C液氨從壓力儲(chǔ)罐中泄漏后會(huì)立即氣化并與水結(jié)合成霧狀。溫度會(huì)降到零下75度 This aerosol is heavier than air (it contains liquid droplets). The fog will keepclose to the ground until it is heated so that the droplets evaporate. Then thegas will go upwards.這個(gè)霧比空氣要重（含有小液滴）。這個(gè)霧在里面所含的小液滴蒸發(fā)之前會(huì)一直緊貼uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu

21、uuuuuuuuuuuu地面。當(dāng)小液滴蒸發(fā)后氣體會(huì)開始上升。x27/10/2009Page 19Ammonia aerosol 氨霧 Emission of ammonia from a pressurized tank will form an aerosol有壓力儲(chǔ)罐中逃逸的液氨會(huì)形成霧狀氨 An aerosol is a fog consisting of small droplets of liquid ammonia這個(gè)霧是由液體氨的小滴組成的 Aerosols will behave like a gas這個(gè)霧將顯示成氣態(tài) Ammonia aerosol can reach tem

22、peratures down to -75C !氨霧的溫度可能會(huì)低到零下75攝氏度 An aerosol of ammonia is heavier than air despite ammonia gas is lighter than air. This isdue to the content of small liquid droplets in the aerosol mixture盡管氨氣比空氣要輕但氨霧要比空氣重。是由于霧狀混合物中含有小液滴。 The aerosol will spread along the ground. It will keep low until the

23、 droplets hasevaporated此霧狀物將會(huì)緊貼地面?zhèn)鞑ブ钡狡渲械男∫旱握舭l(fā)掉27/10/2009Page 20Ammonia re-condensation (1)氨的再凝結(jié) When the droplets in an ammonia aerosol evaporate, the energy required forthe evaporation will be taken from the gas/air and the liquid droplets當(dāng)氨物中的小液滴蒸發(fā)時(shí)，將會(huì)從空氣或者液滴中吸收熱量 The high heat of vaporization mak

24、es the temperature to go very low所需的大量蒸發(fā)熱將會(huì)導(dǎo)致溫度降到非常低27/10/2009Page 21Ammonia re-condensation (1)氨的再凝結(jié) In a closed arrangement, the ammonia concentration in the gas phase willincrease in parallel with the decrease in temperature. When the temperaturereaches the condensation temperature, condensation

25、will start在一個(gè)密閉的容器中，氨凝結(jié)成為氣態(tài)會(huì)使溫降加劇。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)冷凝溫度，凝結(jié)就會(huì)開始 This phenomenon can be utilized to limit the spreading of the gas in case of aleakage. The ammonia aerosol can be collected and re-condensed這個(gè)現(xiàn)象可以在液氨泄漏時(shí)用來(lái)控制氨的擴(kuò)散。氨霧可以被收集和重新凝結(jié)。27/10/2009Page 22Ammonia re-condensation (2)氨的再凝結(jié) If an ammonia aerosol is co

26、vered by a tarpaulin, the aerosol can be re-condensed and the liquid can be collected在氨霧被防水帆布罩覆蓋后，氨可以凝結(jié)成液態(tài)并被回收。 The liquid is easier to handle than the aerosol as it can be pumped into a properstorage container液態(tài)氨要比霧態(tài)更容易處理，它可以被泵到一個(gè)合適的容器里去。 This is a well functioning method of limiting the emission o

27、f ammonia in case ofan acute uncontrollable leakage如果發(fā)生大量的液氨的泄漏，這將是一個(gè)控制擴(kuò)散的很好的方法27/10/2009Page 23Ammonia re-condensation (3)氨的再凝結(jié) The ammonia is let out from an open pipe. A major part of the ammonia iscollected by means of a tarpaulin. The re-condensed ammonia is led to a basin液氨從一個(gè)管道的泄漏口流出。絕大部分液氨被防

28、水帆布罩收集了起來(lái)。重新凝結(jié)的氨被導(dǎo)流到盆內(nèi)。27/10/2009Page 24Ammonia Training Agenda What is ammonia 液氨介紹 Chemical and Physical properties 化學(xué)與物理屬性 Emission from a pressurized tank 液氨的逃逸 Dangerous properties 液氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Environmental effect of ammonia 液氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Personal protective equipments 處理接觸液氨的操作員的個(gè)人防護(hù) Emergency response

29、應(yīng)急響應(yīng) Transport 運(yùn)輸 Storage 儲(chǔ)罐 Unloading procedure 卸載規(guī)程27/10/2009Page 25Dangerous properties of ammonia氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Ammonia: is poisonous 有毒的 corrodes eyes, skin and mucous membranes會(huì)損傷眼睛，皮膚和鼻黏膜 can under limited conditions burn or explode在一定條件下可以燃燒和爆炸 gives very low temperatures if leakage from liquid phase

30、如果以液態(tài)泄漏的話將會(huì)使溫度降到很低 reacts violently with water極易于水發(fā)生反應(yīng) is poisonous to aquatic organisms對(duì)水生生物有毒PPM = Parts per millon(1000 m3 air containing 1 literammonia gas = 1ppm)27/10/2009Page 26150 000 ppm 400 ppm eyes, nose and throat severely irritated50 ppm some irritation of the eyes25 ppm TLV value5 ppm

31、ammonia can be smelledSome properties of ammonia 液氨護(hù)具Recommended protection推薦護(hù)具flammable mixturefrom 15 26%在15-26% 氨易燃+4250 ppm LC 50mouse 1 hrWettedcloth(*)(*) If a gas mask is not awailable27/10/2009Page 27Ammonia flammability 氨的可燃性 Ammonia is flammable only at special conditions液氨只在特定的條件下才會(huì)燃燒 The

32、 interval were NH3 forms explosive mixtures with air is 15-26 %Suchconcentrations is normally achieved only in closed compartments氨一般在密閉的容器中才能達(dá)到15-26%這樣的易爆濃度 The vapour phase above an ammonia-water solution can beflammable氨水上方蒸發(fā)出來(lái)的氨與空氣的混合物是易爆的27/10/2009Page 28Ammonia flammability 氨的可燃性 The auto-igni

33、tion temperature is high; 650 C自然溫度非常高：650攝氏度 The energy required to ignite a flammable ammonia-air mixture is high點(diǎn)燃氨與空氣的混合物所需的能量很高 A small spark will normally not be sufficient to ignite the mixture一點(diǎn)小的火花無(wú)法點(diǎn)燃氨與空氣的混合物Temperature of ignition CIgnition temperature (C)27/10/2009Page 29Ignition propert

34、ies of ammonia 氨的燃燒010203040506070808007006005004003002001000Concentration in air (Volume %)HydrogenAmmoniaPropaneGasoline0.010.111010010002001000700600500400300Required energy for ignition (mJ) (Logaritmic scale!)AmmoniaHydrogenPropaneAcetyleneAmmonia needs a high temperature and much energy to ign

35、ite!氨需要很高的溫度和能量才能被點(diǎn)燃！If catching fire, it burns with a slow speed max. velocity 8 cm/s.點(diǎn)燃后燃燒速度很慢最高8厘米/秒This means that ammonia can only make an explosion inside a closed compartment.也就是說，氨只可能在密閉的容器中發(fā)生爆炸。Use Ex equipment in zones where flammable mixtures can occure在混合物聚集的區(qū)域需要使用防火設(shè)備27/10/2009Page 30Am

36、monia labelling (1) 氨的標(biāo)識(shí) Ammonia is flammable and shall be labelled: 氨的可燃性級(jí)別應(yīng)標(biāo)識(shí)為： R10 Flammable R10 可燃 Ammonia is poisonous, label: 氨的毒性，標(biāo)識(shí)為： R23 Toxic by inhalation R23 吸入性中毒 Ammonia is corrosive, label:氨的腐蝕性，標(biāo)識(shí)為： R34 Causes burns R34 可導(dǎo)致燒傷27/10/2009Page 31Ammonia labelling 氨的標(biāo)識(shí) Ammonia is dangerou

37、s to the environment, label:氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，標(biāo)識(shí)為： R50 Very toxic to aquatic organismsR50 對(duì)水生生物有劇毒The following symbols have to be applied:對(duì)于氨必須使用以下標(biāo)志：CAS # 7664-41-7EINECS # 231-635-327/10/2009Page 32Ammonia labelling氨的標(biāo)識(shí) Safety phrases: S1 Keep locked up S1 保持封閉 S2 Keep out of the reach of children S2 遠(yuǎn)離兒童

38、S9 Keep container in a well-ventilated place S9 保持通風(fēng)良好 S16 Keep away from sources of ignition No smokingS16 遠(yuǎn)離火源- 不能吸煙 S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of waterand seek medical adviceS26 如果進(jìn)入眼睛，馬上用大量的清水進(jìn)行清潔并需求醫(yī)療救助27/10/2009Page 33Ammonia labelling 氨的標(biāo)識(shí) S36/37/39 Wear s

39、uitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/faceprotectionS36/37/39 穿戴適當(dāng)?shù)姆雷o(hù)服，手套，眼睛或面具 S45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical adviceimmediately (show the label when possible)S45 如果發(fā)生事故或感覺不適，馬上需求醫(yī)療救助（可能的話向醫(yī)生出示氨的標(biāo)識(shí)） S61 : Avoid release to the environment. Refer to specialinstructio

40、ns/Safety datasheetsS61 不可直接排放。參閱相關(guān)規(guī)定與安全數(shù)據(jù)表27/10/2009Page 34Physiological effects of ammonia氨對(duì)人體的生理影響 Ammonia gas:氨氣： If inhaled at high concentration gives cramps in the respiratory system如果吸入高濃度的氨將會(huì)導(dǎo)致呼吸系統(tǒng)痙攣 Makes it difficult to breath 呼吸困難 Ammonia will dissolve in body liquids, for example at the

41、 eye氨可以溶解在體液中，例如眼睛 Can give corrosion at the eye, gives pain and makes it difficult to keepthe eyes open. Important to be aware of when training on emergencysituations and when planning escape routes可以腐蝕眼睛，產(chǎn)生疼痛感并且很難掙開眼睛。27/10/2009Page 35Physiological effects of ammonia氨對(duì)人體的生理影響 Will dissolve in mois

42、ture in/on the skin and in example mucousmembranes會(huì)溶解于皮膚表面或深層的水分中，例如眼睛，口腔，鼻腔 This can give slight burns or more severe burns depending on theconcentration and exposure time會(huì)導(dǎo)致輕微或重度燒傷，取決于濃度和暴露在其中的時(shí)間 There are no reports indicating that ammonia accumulates in the body to givelong term damages. If dama

43、ges, they are acute沒有報(bào)告表明氨會(huì)長(zhǎng)期殘留于人體內(nèi)對(duì)人體造成長(zhǎng)期的損傷。氨造成的損傷會(huì)是急性的。27/10/2009Page 36Burns from gaseous ammonia氨氣燒傷 Burns on unprotected skin燒傷無(wú)防護(hù)的皮膚 Note that a relatively simpleprotection can limit the damages,in this case, you can see thelimiting effect of socks and a shirts請(qǐng)注意其實(shí)只要簡(jiǎn)單的防護(hù)就可以避免這樣的傷害，正如此圖所示，短襪

44、和襯衫就可以阻擋氨氣的傷害。27/10/2009Page 37Burns from gaseous ammonia氨氣燒傷 The burn has healed. No permanent damage傷愈后并無(wú)永久性的損傷27/10/2009Page 38Physiological effect of gaseous ammonia氨氣對(duì)人體的生理影響 Ammonia as a gas will normally not give any long term damages on skin andeyes if the exposed area is thoroughly flushed

45、with water氨氣在對(duì)皮膚和眼睛進(jìn)行全面的清洗后基本不會(huì)帶來(lái)長(zhǎng)期的損傷 Remember do not use contact lenses if there isa risk of ammonia exposure如果有可能接觸到氨，請(qǐng)不要佩戴隱形眼鏡27/10/2009Page 39Physiological effect of liquid ammonia液氨對(duì)人體的生理影響 Ammonia as liquid outside a pressurised storage 壓力容器外的液態(tài)氨 Is very cold (= -33C) 溫度非常低（小于等于零下33攝氏度） If li

46、quid ammonia comes in direct contact with the skin, this can causeserious burns which heal very slowly 如果直接接觸液態(tài)氨會(huì)導(dǎo)致很難治愈的嚴(yán)重?zé)齻?It will over time evaporate and can potentially give large concentrations inthe air 它會(huì)很快蒸發(fā)并使空氣中氨的濃度非常高27/10/2009Page 40Ammonia Training Agenda 液氨培訓(xùn)安排 What is ammonia 液氨介紹 Chem

47、ical and Physical properties 化學(xué)與物理屬性 Emission from a pressurized tank 液氨的逃逸 Dangerous properties 液氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Environmental effect of ammonia 液氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Personal protective equipments 處理接觸液氨的操作員的個(gè)人防護(hù) Emergency response 應(yīng)急響應(yīng) Transport 運(yùn)輸 Storage 儲(chǔ)罐 Unloading procedure 卸載規(guī)程27/10/2009Page 41Environmental effec

48、ts of ammonia氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Emissions to air:逃逸到空氣中： In air, ammonia is oxidised to NOx which gives acid rain and which giveseutrophication in the environment.在空氣中氨會(huì)氧化成為氮氧化物，氮氧化物會(huì)生成酸雨。這樣會(huì)造成環(huán)境的富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化。27/10/2009Page 42Environmental effects of ammonia氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Emission to water: 逃逸到水中： pH increases pH 值升高 Fish (e

49、specially salmon) is very sensitive to free ammonia魚（特別是鮭魚）對(duì)水中溶解的氨非常敏感 Lethal concentration (LC50) is less than 1 ppm NH3致死濃度為低于1 ppm Ammonia is naturally biodegraded in the nature 氨會(huì)自然分解 Ammonia will not be accumulated in the food chain 氨不會(huì)在食物鏈中堆積 Ammonia is a part of the Nitrogen cycle 氨是氮循環(huán)的一部分Th

50、e nitrogen cycle 氮循環(huán)EnergyAmmonia (NH3)N2 in the atmosphereFertilizerNitrate (NO3-)Denitrification(bacteria)27/10/200927/10/2009Page 44Ammonia Training Agenda What is ammonia 液氨介紹 Chemical and Physical properties 化學(xué)與物理屬性 Emission from a pressurized tank 液氨的逃逸 Dangerous properties 液氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Environmenta

51、l effect of ammonia 液氨對(duì)環(huán)境的影響 Personal protective equipments 處理接觸液氨的操作員的個(gè)人防護(hù) Emergency response 應(yīng)急響應(yīng) Transport 運(yùn)輸 Storage 儲(chǔ)罐 Unloading procedure 卸載規(guī)程27/10/2009Page 45When working with liquid ammonia當(dāng)做涉及液氨的工作時(shí) Use heat insulating clothes 使用絕熱服 Use clothes and gloves etc. that will not be fragile if ex

52、posed to cold穿戴質(zhì)地堅(jiān)固不易斷裂的衣服和手套 Do always have a gas mask at hand in case of a leakage. The mask will be needed whenescaping to a safe location一定要隨身攜帶氣體面具以防泄露。此面具需要在撤離到安全地點(diǎn)時(shí)使用。 When doing work where in direct contact with liquid ammonia a breathing apparatousmust be used如在工作中需要直接接觸液氨，必須使用呼吸器Personal p

53、rotection 人體防護(hù)Leakages of anhydrous ammonia in liquid form is extremely cold 泄露的液氨溫度極低When working with ammonia use: 進(jìn)行涉及到液氨的工作時(shí)必須使用：Fully covering clothes of a material that does not absorb ammonia穿著不可吸收氨的材料制成的衣服Gas mask with a K-filter (green) 有K過濾器的氣體面具Insulating gloves 絕緣手套Shoes/rubber boots wit

54、h a steel tip 硬底鞋The material used must be able to withstand very low temperatures without becoming fragile耐低溫的材料Page 4627/10/200927/10/2009Labelling at loading and unloading sites裝卸站的標(biāo)識(shí)Proper labelling of loading site.在裝卸區(qū)需要相應(yīng)的標(biāo)識(shí)All pipes must be labelled withcorrect chemical name andflow direction

55、.所有的管道都需要被標(biāo)明正確的化學(xué)名稱和流向27/10/2009Water supply 水的供應(yīng)A safety shower with eye wash mustbe available within 4-5 meters of theintake point.距入口4-5米處需設(shè)置安全噴淋用于清洗眼睛Page 48Proper personal protective equipment適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)措施Helmet頭盔Faceshield面罩Glasses withside protection護(hù)目鏡The jacket is closedGlows手套Long trousers pulle

56、dup to the throat夾克要護(hù)住喉嚨The jacket is pulledover the glowes夾克袖子要蓋住手套above the boots (N.Bnot inside)褲子要蓋住靴子Page 4927/10/200927/10/2009Someone that you know ? 你看到身邊有這樣的同事么？Page 5027/10/2009Page 51Personal protective equipment 人體護(hù)具 Gasmask with K-filter (green) must be available at hand 必須準(zhǔn)備防毒面具 During

57、 direct work with ammonia, use the gas mask all the time (loading,unloading and maintenance)直接接觸氨時(shí)候要始終帶著防毒面具（裝載、卸載和維護(hù)） If there is no possibility of easy escape, use breathing apparatus如果不能很快撤離現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，要用呼吸設(shè)備 Contact lenses must not be used when working with ammonia直接接觸氨的時(shí)候必須要摘下隱形眼鏡27/10/2009Page 52Person

58、al protection 人體防護(hù) Always use a gas mask when risking exposure to ammonia !當(dāng)直接接觸氨時(shí)候一定要帶防毒面具！27/10/2009Page 53Ammonia Training Agenda What is ammonia 液氨介紹 Chemical and Physical properties 化學(xué)與物理屬性 Emission from a pressurized tank 液氨的逃逸 Dangerous properties 液氨的危險(xiǎn)性 Environmental effect of ammonia 液氨對(duì)環(huán)境的

59、影響 Personal protective equipments 處理接觸液氨的操作員的個(gè)人防護(hù) Emergency response 應(yīng)急響應(yīng) Transport 運(yùn)輸 Storage 儲(chǔ)罐 Unloading procedure 卸載規(guī)程If you are exposed to an accident當(dāng)有事故發(fā)生 Move to a safe location 轉(zhuǎn)移到安全的地方 Move in 90 angle to the wind direction 轉(zhuǎn)移到與風(fēng)向成90度的地方 Warn nearby people 警告周圍的人 Call the emergency number/

60、fire brigade 撥打火警 For more information see the material safety data sheet (MSDS)更多信息可以從安全技術(shù)說明書上獲得Page 5427/10/200927/10/2009Page 55In case of an emergency, remember to say遇到緊急事故時(shí)，記住要說 Your name你的名字 Company name公司名字 Exactly were the accident has happened事故具體的發(fā)生地點(diǎn) A description of what has happened事故的