分子生物學(xué)名詞中英對(duì)照

1、分子生物學(xué)單詞翻譯(1). 2'-deoxyribose2'-脫氧核糖A five-carbon sugar that differs from ribose in having a hydrogen instead of a hydroxyl group at the 2'position. The sugar is a distinctive component of DNA, whose backbone is an alternating copolymer of 2'deoxyribose and phosphate.與核糖不同，在2號(hào)位由羥基取代氫原

2、子的五碳糖。它是DNA主要識(shí)別部分，DNA隨著2號(hào)位五碳糖和磷酸基團(tuán)的改變而使其變化。(2). 3' splice site3末端剪接位點(diǎn)A sequence overlapping the junction at the 3' end of an intron and the 5' end of the downstream exon. The sequence is required for proper splicing of that intron and used to be called the "acceptor" site.3末端內(nèi)含

3、子和5末端下游外顯子交界處重疊序列，它要求內(nèi)含子上“受體”位點(diǎn)的正確剪接。(3). 3' untranslated trailer region (3' UTR)3末端非編碼區(qū)拖尾A noncoding sequence located downstream (3') of the coding region in an mRNA. The 3' UTR sometimes contains recognition sequences for the binding of cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin, which

4、can localize the mRNA within specific regions of the cell.在mRNA下游編碼區(qū)的非編碼序列。3' UTR有時(shí)候還包含細(xì)胞骨架蛋白結(jié)合識(shí)別序列，例如用于細(xì)胞內(nèi)特定區(qū)域mRNA本地化的微管蛋白。(4). 5-bromouracil5-溴尿嘧啶A mutagenic analog of the base thymine. The presence of the bromo substituent allows the base to mispair with guanine via the enol tautomer.胸腺嘧啶的一個(gè)突

5、變類似物。溴取代基使堿基通過烯醇異構(gòu)體與鳥嘌呤配對(duì)異常。(5). 5' cap5端帽子結(jié)構(gòu)A methylated guanine nucleotide attached to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs. This structure is critical for the recruitment of the translation machinery to eukaryotic mRNAs.一個(gè)甲基化的鳥嘌呤核苷酸，附著在真核生物mRNA 5末端。這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)真核生物mRNA翻譯機(jī)制的補(bǔ)充很關(guān)鍵。(6). 5 methyl5' 甲基

6、Refers to the presence of a methyl group (朇H3) at the 5 position of a pyrimidine base. The base thymine has a methyl group at its 5 position.指的是嘧啶堿基5號(hào)位的甲基。在胸腺嘧啶5號(hào)位有一個(gè)甲基。(7). 5' splice site5'剪接位點(diǎn)A sequence overlapping the junction at the 5' end of an intron and the 3' end of the upstr

7、eam exon. The sequence is required for proper splicing of that intron used to be called the "donor" site.5末端內(nèi)含子和3末端上游外顯子的重疊序列，這個(gè)序列要求內(nèi)含子供體位點(diǎn)發(fā)生正確的剪接。(8). 10-nm fiber10-nm纖維A form of chromatin in which the DNA is packaged into evenly spaced nucleosomes without interaction between nucleosomes.

8、 Packaging of DNA into this structure is favored by acetylated histones and is more accessible than DNA packaged into 30-nm fiber.一種染色質(zhì)形式，在這種染色質(zhì)中，DNA被包裝成均勻分布且不存在相互作用的核小體。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在乙?；慕M蛋白中很常見，而且跟DNA被包裝成30-nm纖維相比，它更容易形成。(9). -10 region10區(qū)Sequence element within a bacterial promoter where DNA melting is in

9、itiated upon isomerization. This element is recognized by the subunit of RNA polymerase. 細(xì)菌啟動(dòng)子的序列成分，在這里DNA解鏈通過易構(gòu)化開始，這一成分由RNA聚合酶的亞基識(shí)別。(10). 10x sequence coverage 10x序列覆蓋度The average number of times a random DNA sequence is determined in a whole-genome assembly. It is important to obtain this type of

10、information to ensure that every sequence within a complex genome is obtained. 在全基因組集合中確定的一個(gè)隨機(jī)DNA序列的平均次數(shù)。獲得這種類型的信息以確保復(fù)雜基因組中每一個(gè)序列的獲得是重要的。(11). 30-nm fiber30nm纖絲A form of chromatin in which nucleosomal DNA is packaged into a higher-order structure that is 30-nm in diameter. Formation of this structure

11、 results in the associated DNA becoming less accessible and is favored by histone H1 to nucleosomal DNA and histones that are not acetylated. 一種染色質(zhì)形式，核小體DNA包裝成直徑30納米的更高一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形成導(dǎo)致整合的DNA變得難以接近，并且在組蛋白H1幫助下形成了核小體DNA和沒有乙酰化的組蛋白。(12). -30 region-30區(qū)Sequence element within a bacterial promoter, recogniz

12、ed by the subunit of RNA polymerase. 細(xì)菌啟動(dòng)子的序列成分，由RNA聚合酶的亞基識(shí)別。(13). 43S preinitiation complex43S前起始復(fù)合物An intermediate in the eukaryotic translation initiation process that includes the small ribosomal subunit, the initiator tRNA, and several initiation factors (e.g., eIF2). 真核翻譯起始過程的中間體，其中包括核糖體小亞基，起始

13、tRNA和幾個(gè)起始因子（如：eIF2）。(14). 48S preinitiation complex48S前起始復(fù)合物An intermediate in the eukaryotic translation initiation process that includes the small ribosomal subunit, the initiator tRNA, the mRNA, and several initiation factors. The major difference between the 43S and 48S preinitiation complexes i

14、s the inclusion of the mRNA in the 48S complex.真核翻譯起始過程的中間體，其中包括核糖體小亞基，起始tRNA和幾個(gè)起始因子。43S和48S前起始復(fù)合物之間的主要區(qū)別是包含在48S復(fù)合體中的mRNA。(15). 70S initiation complex70S起始復(fù)合體The final intermediate prior to the initiation of prokaryotic translation. This complex includes the small and large ribosomal subunits, the m

15、RNA, and the initiator tRNA in the P site of the ribosome. 最后的中間產(chǎn)物優(yōu)先于原核生物的翻譯起始。這種復(fù)合體包括核糖體的大，小亞基，mRNA以及位于核糖體P位點(diǎn)的起始tRNA。(16). 80S initiation complex80S起始復(fù)合體The final intermediate prior to the initiation of eukaryotic translation. This complex includes the small and large ribosomal subunits, the mRNA,

16、and the initiator tRNA in the P site of the ribosome. 最后的中間產(chǎn)物優(yōu)先于原核生物的翻譯起始。這種復(fù)合體包括核糖體的大，小亞基，mRNA以及位于核糖體P位點(diǎn)的起始tRNA。(17). abortive initiation錯(cuò)誤啟動(dòng)Occurs as an early stage in transcription initiation when RNA polymerase synthesizes a series of short transcripts, each starting from the +1 start site. 當(dāng)RNA

17、聚合酶合成一系列短的轉(zhuǎn)錄片段時(shí)，作為在轉(zhuǎn)錄起始時(shí)的一個(gè)早期階段產(chǎn)生，每次從+1起始點(diǎn)開始。(18). Absorbance吸光度The property (also known as optical density) of matter to accommodate light of a specific wavelength (by promoting electrons to a higher energy state) rather than allowing it to pass through. Double-stranded DNA is less effective at abs

18、orbing ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260 nm than is single-stranded DNA, a property known as hyperchromicity that is used to determine the melting temperature of DNA物質(zhì)的屬性（也稱為光密度），以適應(yīng)特定波長的光（通過促進(jìn)電子至較高的能態(tài)），而不是允許它通過。雙鏈DNA在波長為260nm的紫外吸收度不如單鏈DNA那么顯著，該特性被稱作增色，可用于確定DNA的熔化溫度。(19). Accommodation適應(yīng)The p

19、rocess of rotating a tRNA in the A site of the ribosome from its initial position to one in which the tRNA can participate in the peptidyl-transferase reaction.從初始位置旋轉(zhuǎn)tRNA的核糖體A位至tRNA可以參與肽基轉(zhuǎn)移反應(yīng)的過程。(20). Acridine氮蒽A flat molecule containing several polycyclic rings that intercalates between the bases

20、of DNA and causes frame-shift mutations.一種扁平的分子含有幾種在DNA的堿基中插入，導(dǎo)致框架移位突變的多環(huán)化合物。(21). activated state：活化狀態(tài)An intermediate in a chemical reaction that has used the activation energy to reach a state favorable for the reaction.在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中使用了激活能達(dá)到良好反應(yīng)的狀態(tài)的中間體。(22). activating region：激活區(qū)域The region of a transcri

21、ptional activator that interacts with a component of the transcription machinery to increase the rate of transcription.與轉(zhuǎn)錄機(jī)制的一個(gè)組件相交互以增加轉(zhuǎn)錄率的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活區(qū)域。(23). activation energy活化能The amount of energy that must be put into the system for a chemical reaction to proceed from reactants to products.一個(gè)化學(xué)反應(yīng)中，從反應(yīng)物

22、到產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行時(shí)必須放入體系中的能源量。(24). Activator活化劑See transcriptional activator使轉(zhuǎn)錄激活(25). ADARSee adenosine deaminase acting on RNA. 腺苷脫氨酶作用于RNA的首字母縮略詞。(26). adenine 腺嘌呤A member of the purine family of heterocyclic compounds, which have a double-ring structure. Adenine is one of the four bases typically found in

23、nucleic acids and is capable of pairing with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA. 雜環(huán)化合物嘌呤家族中的一員，具雙環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)。是核酸中發(fā)現(xiàn)的四個(gè)代表性堿基之一，在DNA和RNA中分別和胸腺嘧啶、尿嘧啶配對(duì)。(27). adenosine deaminase acting on RNA作用于RNA的腺苷酸脫氨酶An enzyme that carries out deamination of adenine bases in RNA to produce the nonstandard base inosine. This

24、is an example of RNA editing, because the inosine can base pair with cytosine, and changing how the message is translated. 一種催化RNA中腺嘌呤堿基發(fā)生脫氨基作用以產(chǎn)生非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)堿基肌苷的酶。是RNA編輯的一種，因肌苷可以和胞嘧啶進(jìn)行堿基配對(duì)，并改變信息的翻譯。(28). adenylylation腺苷?；饔肨he chemical reaction that activates an amino acid prior to its attachment to a tRNA

25、 by attaching AMP to the carboxyl group of the amino acid. This creates a high-energy bond between the AMP and the amino acid. The energy of this bond is conserved during the attachment of the amino acid to the tRNA and eventually drives peptide-bond formation.一種化學(xué)反應(yīng)，通過在氨基酸的羧基上連接AMP來激活氨基酸在其連接物之前連接到t

26、RNA上。過程中AMP和氨基酸之間產(chǎn)生一個(gè)高能鍵，高能鍵中的能量在氨基酸連接到tRNA過程中被儲(chǔ)存并最終驅(qū)動(dòng)肽鍵的形成。(29). affinity chromatography親和色譜法A method for the isolation of a specific protein from a complex mixture of proteins. The specific method depends on the property of the protein under study. For example, a DNA-binding protein can be purifie

27、d using oligonucleotides containing the recognition sequence for that protein. 從復(fù)雜的蛋白質(zhì)混合物中分離出特殊蛋白質(zhì)的一種方法。這種方法取決于研究中蛋白質(zhì)的性質(zhì)。如：DNA結(jié)合蛋白可以用含有目標(biāo)蛋白識(shí)別序列的寡核苷酸純化。(30). agarose瓊脂糖A neutral, gelatinous substance extracted from the membranes of seaweed. It contains large pore sizes that are ideally suited for the

28、 fractionation of DNA fragments and proteins. 提取自海藻細(xì)胞膜的一種中性、凝膠狀物質(zhì)。因其含有大孔徑可作為DNA片段和蛋白質(zhì)分離的理想介質(zhì)。(31). alleles 等位基因Two versions of the same gene that differ in sequence. Different alleles of genes present in different organisms often give rise to distinct phenotypes. For example, most metazoans are dipl

29、oid and therefore contain two copies of every gene. In some cases these copies, or alleles, encode different versions of the same protein. 區(qū)別于序列上的同一基因的不同“版本”。不同有機(jī)體中不同的等位基因通常會(huì)引起不同表型的發(fā)生。例如，大部分多細(xì)胞生物是二倍體，每一個(gè)基因含有兩個(gè)“復(fù)制本”。在某些情況下這些“復(fù)制本”（等位基因）會(huì)編碼不同“版本”的同一種蛋白質(zhì)。(32). allosteric effector異位效應(yīng)物A molecule that bin

30、ds to another and causes a conformational change in the latter that alters its function. A modification (such as phosphorylation) of an atom within the target molecule can also serve as an allosteric effector. 結(jié)合到另外一種分子并引起其構(gòu)象發(fā)生改變從而引起功能發(fā)生變化的一種分子。對(duì)目標(biāo)分子內(nèi)一個(gè)原子的修飾（如磷酸化作用）也可以充當(dāng)一種異位效應(yīng)物。(33). allosteric regu

31、lation 變構(gòu)調(diào)控Regulation of a protein by changing its shape in response to a signal (the allosteric effector). 一個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)的調(diào)控是通過改變它的形狀來應(yīng)答一個(gè)信號(hào)（別構(gòu)效應(yīng)物）(34). Allostery變構(gòu)效應(yīng)See allosteric regulation.(35). CTDThe carboxy-terminal domain of the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. This domain recognizes the promoter

32、 element called the UP-element and is also the target of several transcriptional activators including CAP.細(xì)菌的RNA聚合酶亞基的碳末端區(qū)域。這個(gè)區(qū)域識(shí)別叫做上游元件的啟動(dòng)子元件，并且也是包括CAP的一些轉(zhuǎn)錄活化子的目標(biāo)。(36). alternative splicing選擇性的拼接describes the situation where a given pre-mRNA can be spliced in different ways to produce different mat

33、ure mRNAs encoding different proteins. Most commonly, alternative versions of a given exon are chosen between. 描述一個(gè)給定的前體mRNA可以用不同的方法被拼接產(chǎn)生不同的成熟的mRNA并編碼不同的蛋白質(zhì)的情況。更通常地，一個(gè)給定的外顯子的選擇性的版本在中間被選擇。(37). aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨酰tRNA合成酶An enzyme that couples a specific amino acid to the appropriate set of tR

34、NAs.將一個(gè)特定的的氨基酸連接到適當(dāng)?shù)膖RNA上的酶。(38). Anaphase后期The period during mitosis or meiosis when paired sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are segregated away from one another. 當(dāng)在有絲分裂或者減數(shù)分裂中，配對(duì)的姐妹染色單體或者同源染色體相互分離的時(shí)期。(39). Annotation注釋(40). Anterior早期的Refers to the portion of an embryo that will form he

35、ad structures in the adult animal. 指胚胎將會(huì)在成年的動(dòng)物中形成頭部結(jié)構(gòu)的部分。(41). anti反式Referring to one of two conformations of the glycosidic bond that connects the base to the 1?position of 2?deoxyribose. The glyocosidic bond is in the anti conformation in right-handed, B DNA.指的是糖苷鍵的兩個(gè)構(gòu)象中，與脫氧核糖的位置上的堿基相連的那一種構(gòu)象。這個(gè)糖苷鍵

36、是反式構(gòu)象，右手螺旋，B型DNA。(42). antibodies抗體Proteins present in the blood of vertebrates that are part of the body immune system. Antibodies with many different binding specificities are generated by each individual and protect the individual from infection.存在于脊椎動(dòng)物的血液中的蛋白質(zhì)，是人體免疫系統(tǒng)的一部分。多種具有不同結(jié)合特異性抗體被個(gè)體生成，保護(hù)人體

37、免于感染。(43). antigen-binding site抗原結(jié)合位點(diǎn)The part of an antibody molecule principally responsible for binding and foreign substance.抗體分子的組成部分，主要負(fù)責(zé)與外來物質(zhì)結(jié)合。(44). antiparallel sheet反相平行 折疊A region of secondary structure found in proteins in which alternative strands of sheet are in opposite orientations.蛋白

38、質(zhì)二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域，其內(nèi)的 折疊方向相反。(45). antisense RNA反義RNARNA that is transcribed from the opposite strand of DNA in a region overlapping that encodes another transcript. Antisense RNA molecules can base pair with the 搒ense?strand transcripts and therefore often influence gene expression.由一個(gè)與編碼另一轉(zhuǎn)錄本重疊的區(qū)域的DNA的

39、互補(bǔ)鏈轉(zhuǎn)錄而來的DNA。反義RNA分子可與反義鏈轉(zhuǎn)錄本堿基互補(bǔ)配對(duì)，從而影響基因的表達(dá)。(46). antitermination抗終止作用A mechanism of gene regulation which works by overriding signals that would otherwise trigger transcriptional termination.一種基因調(diào)控的機(jī)制，通過覆蓋信號(hào)來引發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)錄終止。(47). aptamer適體The ligand-binding region of a riboswitch. Binding of the small molec

40、ule ligand induces a conformational change that triggers a change in the adjacent expression platform, causing changes in transcription of the attached genes, usually by promoting or overriding attenuation.一個(gè)核糖開關(guān)配體結(jié)合區(qū)域。分子配體結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)構(gòu)象變化，觸發(fā)了相鄰的表達(dá)平臺(tái)的改變，導(dǎo)致在所附的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的變化，通常是通過促進(jìn)或覆蓋其衰減作用。(48). architectural prot

41、eins建筑蛋白質(zhì)Proteins whose primary function is to provide structure to or stabilize a biological complex. DNA-binding proteins are one common class of architectural proteins.主要功能是提供結(jié)構(gòu)于或穩(wěn)固生物復(fù)合體。DNA結(jié)合蛋白是一類常見的建筑蛋白質(zhì)。(49). ArgonauteThe catalytic subunit（亞單位） of the RISC complex of the RNAi（RNA干涉） machinery.

42、 Argonaute is responsible for the cutting (or 搒licing? activity of RISC that destroys target mRNAs. Argonaute是RISC （RNA誘導(dǎo)的沉默復(fù)合物）的一個(gè)亞基，而RISC具有催化RNA干涉的功能。Argonaute在RISC中的作用是通過剪切去破壞目標(biāo)mRNA。附：RNA干涉：是由雙鏈RNA（dsRNA）介導(dǎo)的、由特定酶參與的特異性基因沉默現(xiàn)象,它在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平、轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平和翻譯水平上阻斷基因的表達(dá)。RISC ：RNA誘導(dǎo)的沉默復(fù)合物（RNA-induced silencing comple

43、x，RISC）(50). A siteA位點(diǎn)One of three tRNA-binding sites in the ribosome（核糖體）. This is the site on the ribosome that binds to aminoacylated tRNAs. 即氨?；稽c(diǎn)，是核糖體中的三個(gè)tRNA結(jié)合位點(diǎn)之一。這個(gè)位點(diǎn)是接受氨酰tRNA的部位。(51). attenuation弱化。See transcriptional attenuation.attenuation 詳見轉(zhuǎn)錄弱化作用。附：transcriptional attenuation：轉(zhuǎn)錄弱化作用。由于基

44、因內(nèi)部弱化子的作用，提前終止轉(zhuǎn)錄而抑制基因表達(dá)。(52). autonomously replicating sequence 自主復(fù)制序列A DNA sequence that allows a circular plasmid（質(zhì)粒） to be replicated. These sequences were originally identified in the genomic DNA of the yeast S. cerevisiae（釀酒酵母S ）and E. coli and have also been identified using the DNA from other

45、 single cell organisms. autonomously replicating sequence基因組中能夠充當(dāng)復(fù)制起始位點(diǎn)的DNA序列，能夠支持環(huán)狀質(zhì)粒在細(xì)胞中進(jìn)行獨(dú)立復(fù)制。這些序列最初在釀酒酵母S和大腸桿菌的染色體組中發(fā)現(xiàn)，后來在其他細(xì)胞中也發(fā)現(xiàn)。(53). autonomous transposons 自主轉(zhuǎn)位子Also see transposons. The distinctive特色的 feature特征 of automomous transposons is that these elements carry all the functions功能 neede

46、d to promote 促進(jìn)their own recombination重組 (e.g., a functional transposase gene). In contrast, nonautomous transposons require functions provided by other elements. autonomous transposons自主轉(zhuǎn)位子的特征是它自身攜帶所有促進(jìn)重組的元件。相反地，非自主的轉(zhuǎn)位子則需要由其他因子提供。附：transposons：轉(zhuǎn)位子，在原核生物的染色體或質(zhì)粒中存在的轉(zhuǎn)移因子之一。(54). autoradiogram放射自顯影圖A p

47、hotographic plate containing an image produced by radioactive decay. A common use concerns radiolabeled proteins（放射性標(biāo)記的蛋白質(zhì)） or nuclei acids of known molecular weights. The labeled weight standards can be used to isolate RNAs, DNAs, or proteins of a particular size after fractionation on an agaorse o

48、r polyacrylamide gel. autoregulation autoradiogram一種由放射性衰變得到的底片。一般用于測量已知分子量的放射性標(biāo)記蛋白質(zhì)或核酸。被標(biāo)記的的重量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可用于測量RNA,DNA或者是從瓊脂糖或聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳中分離的蛋白質(zhì)。(55). autoregulation自身調(diào)節(jié)Gene control in which a regulatory gene controls its own transcription. A gene can stimulate its own transcription (positive autoregulation) o

49、r inhibit its own transcription (negative autoregulation). autoregulation為基因表達(dá)調(diào)節(jié)的一種形式，是指某基因的產(chǎn)物（蛋白質(zhì)）調(diào)節(jié)基因本身的轉(zhuǎn)錄。即一個(gè)基因能夠促進(jìn)自身的轉(zhuǎn)錄或者抑制自身的轉(zhuǎn)錄。(56). bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)細(xì)菌人工染色體組A segment of DNA that is sufficient to undergo replication during bacterial cell divisions. These DNAs are used as “

50、vectors” for producing recombinant DNAs with large insertions. 一段在細(xì)菌細(xì)胞分裂時(shí)能夠充分復(fù)制的DNA片段。這些DNA作為載體用于生產(chǎn)可插入大片段的重組DNA。附：生物BAC(Bacterial Artificial Chromosome，細(xì)菌人工染色體)文庫是含有某種生物體全部基因的隨機(jī)片段的重組DNA克隆群體，是進(jìn)行全基因組測序、構(gòu)建物理圖譜、染色體步查、基因篩選及基因圖位克隆的基礎(chǔ)。(57). bacteriophage噬菌體A virus that infects bacteria. The relative simpli

51、city of these organisms made them a favorite model for early molecular biology studies. 一種感染細(xì)菌的病毒，因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)簡單所以常在早期生物學(xué)研究中被用作模式生物。(58). basal堿基的See basal level transcription.見堿基水平轉(zhuǎn)錄。(59). basal level transcription堿基水平轉(zhuǎn)錄the level of transcription achieved by a promoter in the absence of regulators.在沒有調(diào)控子

52、參與下的由啟動(dòng)子完成的轉(zhuǎn)錄(60). base analogs堿基類似物Derivatives of bases, such as 5-bromouracil, that are often caused by mispairing and hence are mutagenic.堿基的派生物，例如5-溴尿嘧啶，常常由于堿基的錯(cuò)配產(chǎn)生，因此常作為誘變劑(61). base excision repair堿基切補(bǔ)修復(fù)A DNA repair system that removes damaged bases from the DNA. The damaged base is removed by

53、 a DNA glyosylase.一種DNA修復(fù)機(jī)制，能切除損傷的DNA。損傷的DNA由glyoslase移除。(62). base flipping堿基翻轉(zhuǎn)The ability of a base to protrude from the double helix in an extrahelical configuration. When extruded from the helix, the base can sit in the catalytic cavity of enzymes that methylate bases or remove damaged bases.堿基伸

54、出雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)外的能力。當(dāng)堿基從螺旋中伸出，可以結(jié)合在酶的催化中心，繼而引發(fā)堿基甲基化或者移除損傷堿基。(63). basic HLH proteins基本螺旋蛋白See helix-loop-helix.見螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋(64). basic zipper基本鏈See leucine zipper.見亮氨酸zipper(65). Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS)貝克衛(wèi)斯威德曼綜合征A developmental disorder affecting 1 in 15,000. The condition is characterized by overgrowt

55、h and increased susceptibility to a variety of childhood cancers. The syndrome is associated with disrupted expression of genes that would normally be imprinted. 一種15000人中發(fā)生一人的發(fā)育紊亂。這種情況是由于過度發(fā)育和對(duì)于多種兒童癌癥的敏感度增加所造成的。這種綜合征是與正常的標(biāo)記基因混亂表達(dá)有關(guān)。(66). bivalent attachment 二價(jià)聯(lián)會(huì)This situation occurs when the two ki

56、netochores of a pair of sister chromatids become attached to microtubules emanating from opposing poles of the mitotic spindle. 當(dāng)一對(duì)姐妹染色單體的兩個(gè)著絲粒由從紡錘體相對(duì)的兩極發(fā)出的微管連接在一起的時(shí)候，這種情況會(huì)發(fā)生。(67). bond angle鍵角The angle formed between the bonds of two atoms attached to a third, common, atom. 這個(gè)角形成于兩個(gè)原子與第三個(gè)共有的原子之間形成的

57、鍵。(68). boundary element邊界元件A regulatory element that limits the action of transcriptional regulators and the spread of nucleosome modifications. Boundary elements are believed to isolate regions of the genome from regulatory interference from neighboring regions. See also insulator. 一種限制轉(zhuǎn)錄操縱子的行為和核小體修飾的擴(kuò)散的調(diào)節(jié)性原件。邊界元件被認(rèn)為是可以將調(diào)控干擾的基因組區(qū)域與鄰近區(qū)域分開。也見insulator。(69). branchiopods葉足動(dòng)物A group of primitive crustaceans resembling shrimp. The most notable example is Artemia, the brine shrimp, which is also known as the sea monkey. Artemia embryos can arrest as tough spo