托福閱讀指代地的題目解地的題目思路及步驟

1、實用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案托福閱讀指代題解題思路及步驟托福閱讀中的題有很多考點，現(xiàn)行的新托?？荚囈廊恢匾晫﹂喿x能力的考查，并且托?？荚嚥粌H有單獨的新托福閱讀理解測試，還從各類型題全方位的考查考生的閱讀理解能力。下面我們來著重介紹一下托福閱讀指代題解題思路及步驟。一、問題形式被考的文章中有一個詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to二、解題步驟1 根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案2 代入原文驗證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順三、基本原則1 就近指代所謂就近指代， 就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠處，如本句或

2、上一句中。有時也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如，精彩文檔實用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratorybirds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks,falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal forwind turbines. The killi

3、ng of birds of prey by wind turbines has pittedenvironmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists whopromote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious thisproblem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.The phrase this proble

4、m in the passage refers to interference with the flightpatterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal forwind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands ofenvironmentalists who promote renewable wind energy本題涉及的是一個詞組this problem。尋找這一詞

5、組的指代對象時只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則，前一句中的主語the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文，符合語義和邏輯，因此第三個選項為正確答案。第一個選項和第三個選項都和this problem相距較遠， 而且代入時語義和邏輯上不通，因此為干擾選項。2 數(shù)格一致被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)（如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)）和格（主格或賓格）兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞 one 指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they 指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。四、主要思路精彩文檔實用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案1 主從復(fù)合句中的指代在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如，

6、The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. Whennot in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lieflush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.The word they in the passage refers toqualitiesfinsgroovesdepressions在這一例子中，從

7、句so that they 中的代詞主語they 指代主句的名詞主語the fins，因此第二個選項為正確答案。如果主從復(fù)合句中一個句子（可以是主句，也可以是從句）使用被動語態(tài)，包含被動語態(tài)的句子中的主語常指代另一句中的賓語。例如，Similarly, a plant or animal cannotsquander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over forreproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.The word none in t

8、he passage refers to精彩文檔實用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案foodplant or animalenergybig body在本例中， if 引導(dǎo)的從句使用了被動語態(tài)，代詞主語none指代前面主句中的賓語energy 。因此，第三個選項為正確答案。2 并列動詞中的指代如果一個句中有兩個并列的動詞，第二個動詞的代詞賓語經(jīng)常指代前一個動詞后的名詞賓語。例如，Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, andtaking that into account when executing the

9、ir public commissions.The word“ that ” in line 27 refers to(A) contemporary art(B) opportunity(C) audience(D) distinction精彩文檔實用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案句中有兩個并列的動詞recognizing和 taking (into account)，其中 recognizing的賓語是 distinction，而 taking的賓語是that 。根據(jù)上述技巧，that 指代 distinction。因此，（ D ）為正確答案。3 平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的指代平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括some/most/many/s

10、uch/each, others; not onlybut also;the formerthe latter等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，平行結(jié)構(gòu)兩個部分的兩個代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對象：前一句中的名詞主語。例如，In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, aseries of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals.Many of these beasts are as large as 16

11、feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow eachother in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.The word others in the passage refers tochamberspaintingsbeastsparades原文包含平行結(jié)構(gòu)someothers ，它們都指代前一句中的名詞主語beasts ，因此第三個選項為正確答案。精彩文檔實用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案4 所有格的指代所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與其最接近的名詞。例如，F(xiàn)olk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because thepopular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time savin