四級仔細閱讀理解逐句翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上2006年6月一、Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth.通訊技術在傳遞真相的時候并不是簡單地和真相本身一致。The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in em

2、ails. 從第一項對使用不同通訊媒介時的誠實程度的比較重可以看出，人們在使用電話時的說謊幾率是使用電子郵件時的兩倍。The fact that emails are automatically recorded-and can come back to haunt (困擾) you-appears to be the key to the finding.因為電子郵件內容會被自動記錄下來-并可能對你造成困擾-這就是這項研究的關鍵所在。Jeff Hancock of Cor'nell University in Ithaca 'ik , New York, asked 30 s

3、tudents to keep a communications diary for a week. Jeff Hancock在位于紐約州伊薩卡的康奈爾大學執(zhí)教，他曾要求30個學生記錄一周中每天的通訊情況。In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. 參與其中的人需要記錄超過10分鐘的對話或者電子郵件通訊的數量，并且要坦誠自己說了多少謊話。Hancock

4、 then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.Hancock據此推算出使用各種通訊媒介在每次交流過程中說謊的次數。他得出結論：謊言在電子郵件通訊中占了14%，在當面溝通中

5、占了27%，而在電話交流中占了37%His results, to be presented at the conference on human computer interaction in Viennavien, Austria':stri, in April, have surprised psychologists. 這項研究結果于4月份再奧地利維也納的“人與電腦互動國際會議”上被宣讀，并且令心理學家們感到驚訝。Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception m

6、akes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接觸) of e-mailing would make it easier to lie.有人認為電子郵件是最主要的謊言媒介，因為欺騙會讓人不適，而電子郵件非直接接觸的特性使其更容易成為謊言發(fā)生的渠道。Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.還有人認為在當面交流的過程中更容易說謊，因為當面交流史最常見的溝

7、通方式。（因為人們更擅長當面交流，所以撒謊技術更嫻熟）。But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether occurs in real time. 但是Hancock認為同樣重要的是對話過程是否會被記錄下來并能夠被重新閱讀，以及對話是否是即時發(fā)生的。People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to

8、hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.當人們覺得時候要對交流過程負責時，就會對說謊存有恐懼感。這就是為什么電子郵件中的謊言要少于電話中的。People are also more likely to lie in real time-in an instant message to phone call, say-than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. Hancock說，與有時

9、間思考如何回應的情況相比，人們也更傾向于在即時交流過程中說謊-例如在即時信息或者電話中。He found many lies are spontaneous (脫口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: "Do you like my dress?"他發(fā)現很多謊言都是對一些偶然問題脫口而出的回應，例如："你覺得我的裙子怎么樣？"Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employ

10、ees to communicate. Hancock希望他的研究結果能幫助公司找出員工之間溝通的最佳途徑。For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.但是根據該項研究結果，在做以誠實為重的工作時，最好還是發(fā)電子郵件。二

11、、In a country that defines itself by ideals,not by shared blood,who should be allowed to come,work and live here?在一個以理念，而不是血緣定義自身的國家里，什么樣的人才可以來到這里工作和生活呢？In the wake of the Sept.11 attacks these questions have never seemed more pressing.在"9-11"襲擊事件之后，這些問題的緊迫性達到了前所未有的程度。On December .11,2001,

12、as part of the effort to increase homeland securty ,federal and local authorities in 14 states staged "Operation Safe Travel" -raids on airports to arrest employees with false identification(身份證明).2001年12月11日，作為增強國土安全工作的一部分，聯邦和14個州的機關發(fā)動了“安全旅行操作”行動-搜查了機場并逮捕了使用假身份證的雇員。In Salt Lake City there

13、 were 69 arrests.But those captured were anything but terrorists,most of them illegal immigrants from Central or Sounth American .在鹽湖城有69人被捕。這些被捕的人形形色色，但是就是沒有恐怖分子，他們中大多數人是來自中南美洲的非法移民。Authorities said the undocumented worker's illegal status made them open to blankmall(訛詐)by terrorists.當地政府說，非法勞工

14、的不合法身份使他們容易受恐怖分子訛詐。Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.許多在鹽湖城的移民對于被捕感到非常氣憤，并表示感覺自己就像被丟棄的東西一樣。Mayor Anderson said those feelings were justified to a certain extent.Anderson市長稱這些人的感受就某種程度而言是有根據的"We

15、9;re saying we want you to work in these places,we're going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are,and then when it's convenient for us,or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security,especially after Sept.11,then you'er disposable There are whole families b

16、eing uprooted for all of the wrong reasons,"Anderson said.“我們聲稱想讓你們在這些地方工作，但我們的法律卻讓我們用另外一種方式來看待你們，因而在適當的時候，或在我們以國家安全為由的時候，特別是在"9-11"之后，你們就被丟棄了。有些人全家都因為這些不合理的理由而被掃地出門。”If Sept.11 had never happened the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living i

17、n America,probably indefinitely .如果"9-11"沒有發(fā)生，機場工作人員就不會被捕，可以在美國一直過著安寧的日子，可能永遠這樣生活著。Ana Castro,a ,amanager at a Ben & Jerry'sice cream shop at the airport.had been working 10 years with the same false Social Aecurity card when she was arrested in the December airport raid.一位名叫Ana Ca

18、stro的機場Ben Jerry's雪糕店經歷，使用偽造的社會保障卡工作已經有10年了，直到她在12月機場搜查中被捕。Now she and her family are living under the threat of deporation(驅逐出境).Castro's case is currently waiting to be settled.While she awaits the outcome ,the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her

19、job at Ben&Jerry's.現在她和家人生活在可能被驅逐出境的威脅下。Castro的案件目前正等候處理。在她等待處理結果時，政府允許她在美工作，所以她又回到"Ben Jerry's"繼續(xù)她的工作。2006年12月一、Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water， which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland， Canada.從加拿大紐芬蘭海岸附近的冰山采集而來的Iceberg

20、瓶裝水，在北美到達了流行的新巔峰。Arthur von Wiesenberger， who carries the title Water Master， is one of the few water critics in North America. 擁有“水之大師”頭銜的Arthur von Wiesenberger，是北美為數不多的“水評家”之一。As a boy， he spent time in the larger cities of Italy， France and Switzerland， where bottled water is consumed daily. 孩童時

21、代的她，在一些意大利、法國和瑞士的大城市里待了很長一段時間，那些地方每天會消費大量的瓶裝水。Even then， he kept a water journal， noting the brands he liked best. “My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water，” He says.從那之后，他寫了一本水日記，記錄他最喜好的品牌?！斑B我的狗都可以分辨瓶裝水和自來水”他戲稱。But is plain tap water all that bad？ Not at all. In fact， New Yor

22、ks municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity. 但平淡無味的普通自來水就那么糟糕嗎？不盡然。事實上，過去的一個多世紀以來，紐約的水被稱為自來水中的香檳酒，最近更被人稱為在未到和純凈方面屬于全球最好之一。Similarly， a magazine in England found that tap w

23、ater from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.同樣，一本英國雜志發(fā)現院子泰晤士河的自來水嘗起來遠比一些貴上400倍的大牌瓶裝水要好。Nevertheless， softdrink companies view bottled water as the next battleground for market sharethis despite the fact that over 25 percent

24、 of bottled water comes from tap water： PepsiCos Aquafina and CocaColas Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water.然而，軟飲料公司認為瓶裝水是下一個市場份額的戰(zhàn)場-盡管事實上超過百分二十五的瓶裝水來自自來水。Pepsico公司的Aquafina和Coca-Cola的Dasani兩者都是凈化過的自來水，而非礦泉水。As diners thirst for leading brands， bottlers and restaurateurs sali

25、vate （垂涎） over the profits. 用餐者都渴望喝大牌的瓶裝水，瓶裝水供應商和參觀則垂涎背后的利潤。A restaurants typical markup on wine is 100 to 150 percent， whereas on bottled water its often 300 to 500 percent.餐廳通常會在將酒價標高至100%到150%，然后在瓶裝水上，通常是300%到500% But since water is much cheaper than wine， and many of the fancier brands arent ava

26、ilable in stores， most diners dont notice or care.但由于水比酒廉價多了，況且許多稀奇古怪的品牌在商店里買不到，大多數用餐的人也就不注意，不關心了。As a result， some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell bottled water. 結果，好些餐廳都在想方設法賣瓶裝水。According to an article in The Street Journal， some of the more shameless tactics include placing attra

27、ctive bottles on the table for a visual sell， listing brands on the menu without prices， and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it.根據華爾街日報的一篇文章，一些比較無恥的手法包括：在餐廳桌上放置有人的瓶子用以視覺銷售；菜單只羅列瓶裝品牌卻無價格；還有葉不問用餐者是否想要，直接給你倒瓶裝水。Regardless of how its sold， the popularity of bottled wate

28、r taps into our desire for better health， our wish to appear cultivated， and even a longing for lost purity.且不論銷售手段，瓶裝水的流行利用了我們那一份對健康的渴求，那一份看起來有教養(yǎng)的心愿，以及那一份對于久違了的純凈的渴望。二、As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease - especially

29、in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. 如今我們發(fā)現，社會醫(yī)療保健的重心正從治療疾病轉移到放置疾病-尤其在改變我們諸多不良習慣方面，如：暴飲暴食，抽煙和缺乏鍛煉。The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. 與該改革息息相關的一類觀點都需要進一步摸索。Imagine a person who is about the rig

30、ht weight, but does not eat very nutritious(有營養(yǎng)的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sle

31、eps a lot and often feels tired. 想象這樣一個人，體重恰好，偏不吃有營養(yǎng)的失誤；感覺良好，但鮮有機會鍛煉；每天上班，但業(yè)績一般；晚上大多在家里喝些啤酒，但不會酒后駕車；而且胸部不痛，血壓正常，可惜睡的很多且時常覺得累。This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.這個人不算生病，他甚至沒有什么風險換上疑難雜癥。不過我們能想象，這個人

32、可以更健康。The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely " not ill" and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs. 在醫(yī)藥領域中，傳統(tǒng)上我們并不區(qū)分那些僅是“沒病”的人和那些健康且注意身體特別需求的人。這兩類人都被稱作“健康的人”。Both types have simply been called &

33、quot;well". In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. 然而，近年來，一些健康專家開始使用“身體好”和“健康”這兩個術語，僅用于那些正在積極努力維持并改善自身健康的人。People who are well are con

34、cerned with nutrition and exercise and they make a point of monitoring their body's condition. 身體好的人總會關注營養(yǎng)和鍛煉，并且懂得監(jiān)察自身的狀況。Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. 也許最重要的是，身體好的人會對一切和健康相關的問題主動負責。Even people who have a physical

35、 disease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well," in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.在這種新定義下，只要面對個人身體極限之時仍能盡其所能維持健康，就算身患頑疾或者身有殘缺的人也算是身體好的人。 "Wellness" may perhaps best be viewed not as a state t

36、hat people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. “健康”或許不應該被看做是一種人們可以達成的境界，而是一種人們?yōu)橹Φ睦硐霠顟B(tài)。People who are well are likely to be better able resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes.當疾病侵襲的時候，身體好的人更能夠抵御對抗。And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living,the concept of w

37、ellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.另外，多注意健康生活之道。健康的概念對于人們面對日常生活的挑戰(zhàn)也大有益處。2007年6月一、I've been writing for most of my life. 我一輩子大部分時間都在從事寫作。The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has hel

38、ped my writing processes tremendously. 寫作無師自通這本書想我介紹了一種區(qū)別和一種練習。幫助我大大提高了寫作水平。The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. 區(qū)別是關于創(chuàng)造性思維和評判性思維之間的區(qū)別。While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.你

39、需要做的是運用兩者幫助你得到一個結果，但是他們不能同時起作用，無論我們多么想要這樣做。Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter.試圖匆忙地批判寫作內容可能是我們大多數人在寫作時遇到的最大障礙。If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a

40、 fleeting （稍縱即逝的） thought, the thought will die. 如果你按照五年級英語老師教你的，在努力抓緊稍縱即逝的想法的同時糾正你的語法，這個想法肯定會消失。If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. 如果你抓住了稍縱即逝的想法，但僅以其原始的形式和世界分享，或許沒有人能夠理解。You must learn to create first and then criticiz

41、e if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.如果你想要把寫作作為思考的工具，必須學會首先創(chuàng)造，然后批判。The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.”練習是指ELbow所說的“自由寫作”，它可以幫助你改正邊寫邊改的話習慣。In free writing, the objective is to get word

42、s down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. 在自由寫作中，我們的目標是在15-20分鐘的時間內不間斷寫作。No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. 不停頓，不回頭，不作批判。The goal is to get the words flowing. 這樣做的目的是使文字流暢起來。As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your no

43、tepad or your screen.當語言開始流暢，想法就會從陰暗處涌現出來，呈現在你的筆記本或者電腦屏幕上。Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you've persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. 現在，你有進行評判性思維的原材料了，建議你坐下靜靜地查看文稿。Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than

44、 you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.通常，你會認為這個環(huán)節(jié)所需的時間比你實際需要的時間要長，并且直到最后一刻，你還盯著文稿，頭腦一片空白。Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. 不要盯著空白的屏幕，無論多么糟糕，都開始寫下去。Halfway through you available time, stop and rework y

45、our raw writing into something closer to finished product.寫作時間進行到一半時，停下來整理你的初稿，讓它更接近終稿。 Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.不斷前后重復，直到時間用盡。這樣，你所得到的終稿會比你用現在在練習中寫的文稿要好得多。二、I dont ever want to talk about being a wo

46、man scientist again. 我不想再談關于作為一位女性科學家的問題了。There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what its like to work in a field dominated by men.有一段時間，人們不斷地問我在男性主導的領域中工作的故事。I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. 我不擅長將這些

47、故事，因為實際上我并不覺得它們有趣。What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes.我真正感興趣的是宇宙的起源，時空的形狀和黑洞的本質。At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom.在19歲的時候，我開始學習天體物理學，作為班上唯一的女性，

48、我一點也不覺得苦惱。But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. 但是當我在麻省理工學院攻讀博士學位和之后作為博士后進行太空研究時，這一點開始讓我覺得苦惱。My every achievementjobs, research papers, awardswas viewed through the lens of gender (性別) politics.So were my failures.我的每一項成就-工作

49、，研究論文，獎項-都被人們從性別政治的角度進行審視。我的失敗也一樣。 Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相對于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.有時候，當我陷入左腦和右腦，天賦與培育的爭論中時，我會立刻為我自己和所有的婦女進行激烈的抗辯。Then one day a few years ago, out of

50、my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I dont talk about that anymore.然后再很多年以后的一天，我口中冒出一句最終成為我對所有挑釁的回答：“我不再討論這個問題了”It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didnt want to deal with gender issues. 我花了十年的時間重獲19

51、歲時的自信，讓自己認識到我不再想要處理性別的問題。Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? 為何性別歧視要成為每位女性科學家的另一個可怕的負擔？After all, I dont study sociology or political theory.畢竟，我不是社會學或政治理論的研究者。Today I research and teach at Barnard, a womens college in New York City. 現在，我在Barnard-紐約的一所女

52、子學院進行研究和授課。Recently, someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class were women.最近，有人問我班上的45個學生中有多少是女性。You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. 你很難想象我在回答時的滿足感：45。I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children.A

53、nd I dont dismiss those concerns. 我知道有些學生會擔心如何處理科學俺就和生兒育女之間的矛盾，我不會不理會這些擔心。Still, I dont tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments.但是，我也不會跟她們講述“戰(zhàn)爭”的故事，相反，我會告訴他們：他們的物理教授身懷六甲仍然堅持做物理實驗的景象。And in turn they ha

54、ve given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And thats a sight worth talking about.作為回報，他們給我我45個熱愛科學的女性的形象。這才是值得談論的景象。2007年12月一、By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. 無論如何，網絡教學已經十分流行。In just a few years, 34 percent of American universities have begun

55、offering some form of distance learning (DL), and among the larger schools, its closer to 90 percent. 近幾年來，有34%的美國大學開始提供不同形式的遠程教學，而在較大的大學里，這個數字已經接近90%。If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably havent heard of the University of Phoenix. 如果你對這與潮流表示質疑，那么或許你還沒有聽過鳳凰城大學。It grants degrees enti

56、rely on the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.這所大學的學位都是通過網絡教學授予的，目前學生總數為9萬人，該數字使之號稱是美國最大的私立學校。While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a

57、course in which the instructors post syllabi (課程大綱), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail.盡管這些課程的具體教學內容不盡相同，但遠程教學通常意味著老師會在網站上公布教程大綱，閱讀作業(yè)和進度安排，而學生通過電子郵件交作業(yè)。Generally speaking, face-to-face communication with an instructor is minimized or eli

58、minated altogether.一般而言，師生間面對面交流會很少，甚至沒有。The attraction for students might at first seem obvious. 起初，這種教學形式對學生的吸引是顯而易見的。Primarily, theres the convenience promised by courses on the Net: you can do the work, as they say, in your pajamas (睡衣). 主要是網絡課堂很便利，正如其宣傳的一般，學生可以穿著睡衣來上學。But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course. 然而數據表明，課堂參與的減少導致學生學習不是很努力。While dropout rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent, the rate for online students is 35 percent. 美國大學本科新生的退學率約為20%，而對于參加網絡教學的學生而言，這個數字達到了35%。Stu