大學(xué)英語(yǔ)外報(bào)復(fù)習(xí)lesson 7

1、Lesson SevenObama Wins as a Second Term as U.S. PresidentWord supplementhard news 硬新聞;純消息headline n新聞標(biāo)題；內(nèi)容提要hearsay n小道消息highlights n. 要聞hot news 熱點(diǎn)新聞human interest 人情味in-depth reporting 深度報(bào)道insert n.& vt插補(bǔ)段落;插稿interpretative reporting 解釋性報(bào)道invasion of privacy 侵犯隱私(權(quán))inverted pyramid 倒金字塔(寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu))i

2、nvestigative reporting 調(diào)查性報(bào)道journalism n新聞業(yè);新聞學(xué) journalist n新聞?dòng)浾遦ill vt退棄(稿件)；槍斃(稿件)layout n版面編排；版面設(shè)計(jì)lead n導(dǎo)語(yǔ)libel n. v. 誹謗(罪)Background informationQuiz: some relevant information about American politicsElections for President of the United States Some important figures: Barack Obama; Mitt RomneyQui

3、z: some relevant information about American politics1. Who is responsible for running for US presidential election? A. The federal election commission B. The States C. Congress D. The organization for economic cooperation and development2. US presidential elections are held every_ _ years. A. Two B.

4、 Five C. Eight D. Four 3. What are the major political parties in the United States? A. Whig and Tory B. Democratic and Republican C. Conservative and Liberal D. Evangelical and Democratic4. Members of the House of Representatives are elected every_ _ years A. Two B. Five C. Eight D. Four5. How long

5、 are the terms served by the US senators? A. Two years B. Four years C. Six years D. Eight years6. What is the maximum number of terms a US president may serve? A. One B. two C. Three D. Four7. When does the inauguration of president-elect take place under the normal circumstances? A. November B. De

6、cember C. January D. March8. Which of following words mean “the right to vote”? A. Suffrage B. Canvas C. Ballot D. Naturalization9. When is American national election held? A. November 5 B. December 25 C. The first Tuesday after the first Monday of November D. Uncertain U.S. Capitol, Washington, D.C

7、. U.S. Capitol, Washington, D.C. Builders laid the cornerstone for the United States Capitol in Builders laid the cornerstone for the United States Capitol in 1793, and the building has been the seat of the countrys Senate and 1793, and the building has been the seat of the countrys Senate and the H

8、ouse of Representatives since 1800. the House of Representatives since 1800. Legislative Branch OrganizationLegislative Branch OrganizationBicameral (two house) politic SystemCongressCongress: : Senate (100)Senate (100)House of Representatives(435)House of Representatives(435) The U.S. Capitol: Sena

9、te The U.S. Capitol: House of Representatives Senate OrganizationSenate Organization Because of its relatively small size, the Senate has a simple organizational structure. The president pro tempore (temporary) controls the chamber, but individual members have substantial power to influence or block

10、 legislation.Structure of the HouseStructure of the HouseExecutive BranchThe executive branch of the Government is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. President: Leader of the country and Commander in Chief of the military. Vice President: President of the Senate and becomes President if

11、 the President is unable to serve. Departments: Department heads advise the President on policy issues and help execute those policies. Independent Agencies: Help execute policy or provide special services. U.S. President &Vice PresidentThe White House (front) The White House (back) Executive Br

12、anch of GovernmentExecutive Branch of GovernmentThe Presidents Cabinet (15 Departments)1. Secretary of State Department of State (1789) 國(guó)務(wù)院國(guó)務(wù)院2. Secretary of the Treasury Department of the Treasury (1789)3. Secretary of Defense Department of Defense (1947) 4. Attorney General Department of Justice (

13、1870) 5. Secretary of the Interior Department of the Interior (1849) 6. Secretary of Agriculture Department of Agriculture (1862) 7. Secretary of Commerce Department of Commerce (1903) 商務(wù)部商務(wù)部8. Secretary of Labor Department of Labor (1913) 9. Secretary of Health and Human Services Department of Heal

14、th and Human Services (1953)10. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Department of Housing and Urban Development (1965) 11. Secretary of Transportation Department of Transportation (1966):12. Secretary of Energy Department of Energy (1977):13. Secretary of Education Department of Education (19

15、79) 14. Secretary of Veterans Affairs Department of Veterans Affairs (1988): 15. Secretary of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security (2003) Judicial BranchSupreme Court of the United States-美國(guó)最高法院美國(guó)最高法院District Court-地方法院地方法院Claims Court-索賠法院索賠法院Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit-聯(lián)邦

16、巡回上訴法院聯(lián)邦巡回上訴法院Court of International Trade-國(guó)際貿(mào)易法院國(guó)際貿(mào)易法院Territorial Courts-屬地法院屬地法院Court of Military Appeals-軍事上訴法院軍事上訴法院Court of Veterans Appeals-退伍軍人上訴法院退伍軍人上訴法院Administrative Office of the Courts-法院行政管理局法院行政管理局Federal Judicial Center-聯(lián)邦司法中心聯(lián)邦司法中心The Supreme Court Building Since 1935 this majestic

17、marble building in Washington, D.C., has housed the Supreme Court of the United States. Election of the President On November 6, 2012, Americans elected the 45th President of the United States. This process was set up in the United States Constitution. The Constitution requires a candidate for the p

18、residency to be: 1.At least 35 years old 2.A natural born citizen of the United States 3.A resident of the United States for 14 years So how does one become President of the United States? The following steps outline the general process for presidential elections.Step I: Primaries and Caucuses There

19、 are many people who would like to become President. Each of these people have their own ideas about how our government should work. Some of these people can belong to the same political party. Thats where primaries and caucuses come in. In these elections, party members get to vote for the candidat

20、e that will represent their party in the upcoming general election.Step 2: National Conventions At the end of the primaries and caucuses, each party holds a national convention to finalize the selection of one Presidential nominee. During this time, each Presidential candidate chooses a running-mate

21、 (or Vice-Presidential candidate).Step 3: The General (or Popular) Election Now that each party is represented by one candidate, the general election process begins. Candidates campaign throughout the country in an attempt to win the support of voters. Finally in November, the people vote for one ca

22、ndidate. When a person casts a vote in the general election, they are not voting directly for an individual Presidential candidate. Instead, voters in each state actually cast their vote for a group of people, known as electors. These electors are part of the Electoral College and are supposed to vo

23、te for their state preferred candidate. Step 4: The Electoral College In the Electoral College system, each state gets a certain number of electors, based on each states total number of representation in Congress. Each elector gets one electoral vote. For example, a large state like California gets

24、54 electoral votes, while Rhode Island gets only four. All together, there are 538 Electoral votes. In December (following the general election), the electors cast their votes. When the votes are counted on January 6th, the Presidential candidate that gets more than half (270) wins the election. The

25、 President-elect and Vice President-elect take the oath of office and are inaugurated two weeks later, on January 20th. Some important figuresBarack ObamaBarack Hussein Obama was born in Honolulu (1961), and graduated from Columbia (B.A.1983) and Harvard Law School (J.D.1991). Soon after law school,

26、 he moved to Chicago, where he practiced civil-rights law, lectured on constitutional law at the University of Chicago, and was active in Democratic Party. He was elected to the Illinois state senate in 1996, serving until he won a U.S. Senate seat in 2004. As a young Democratic star, he shocked the

27、 2004 Democratic convention with his keynote address. He became a candidate for the 2008 and 2012 Democratic presidential nomination and was elected the nations 44th and 45thpresident. Obama is the first African-American president in American history.Mitt RomneyWillard Mitt Romney is an American bus

28、inessman who served as the Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002Winter Olympics. He campaigned for the Republican nomination in the presidential election, but was defeated by John McCain. Romney won the 2012 Republican pr

29、esidential nomination, becoming the first Mormon to be a major party presidential nominee. Romney was defeated by incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama in the November 2012 general election, losing by 332206 electoral college votes.Hurricane Sandy:Hurricane Sandy was the deadliest and most des

30、tructive hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, as well as the second-costliest hurricane in United States history. The Costliest: Hurricane Katrina, happened in August, 2005卡特里娜颶風(fēng)卡特里娜颶風(fēng)Text Analysis Title: Obama Wins a Second Term as U.S. President1. News Lead/Introduction Para._1_ to Par

31、a._2. More facts about the two candidates Para._2_ to Para._6_3. More details about the election Para._7_ to Para._12_4. Romneys loss Para._13_ to Para._17_5. The reasons for Obamas victory Para._18_ to Para._23_6. More related info. of Obama Para._24_ to Para._35_New Wordslandslide n. 1. a victory

32、in an election in which a person or political party gets far more votes or seats than their opponents. （選舉中）大獲全勝，一面倒的勝利 2. a large amount of earth and rocks falling down a cliff or the side of a mountain. 塌方；山崩；滑坡Coalition(1) n. an organization of people (or countries) involved in a pact or treaty S

33、core(2) v. If you score a success, a victory, or a hit, you are successful in what you are doing贏得;獲得;取得 narrow: If you have a narrow victory, you succeed in winning but only by a small amount (勝利)勉強(qiáng)的;(勝負(fù))差距微弱的;險(xiǎn)勝的 pick up(3): 1. fill with high spirits 2. start again, continue fight ones way: 奮勇前進(jìn)ob

34、lique (4)adj. not expressed in a direct or an open way 拐彎抹角的，不直截了當(dāng)?shù)腃ontention(5) n. idea or opinion that somebody are expressing in an argument or discussion爭(zhēng)論或討論時(shí)的)看法，觀點(diǎn)batter v. to hit sb. or sth. again and again, in a way that hurts or causes damage 連續(xù)猛擊；毒打；嚴(yán)重破壞leave everything on the field(6): s

35、pare no effort to do sth.fulfill: satisfy, live up to 履行；執(zhí)行；實(shí)現(xiàn)as of(7): 截止；在時(shí)close: (of a contest or contestants) evenly matched(指比賽 、選舉等）勢(shì)均力敵的Margin(10)：difference between two amounts, especially the difference in the number of votes or points between the winner and the loser in an election or othe

36、r contest (尤指選票或比分的)差額，差數(shù) returns(11): N-PLURAL results of votes after an election (選舉)結(jié)果 Milestone(17): 1. a stone by the side of a road showing the distances to particular places. (路邊顯示到某地距離的）里程碑，里程標(biāo)志 2. an important event in the history or development of something or someone. 里程碑;重大事件;重要階段 fall s

37、hort of: fail to satisfy, as of expectations不足； 缺乏； 達(dá)不到； 不符合 commander in chief(18): the officer who holds the supreme command總司令；三軍統(tǒng)帥；統(tǒng)帥；最高統(tǒng)帥bail out(19): help sb./sth. out of a difficult situation, often by giving money（常指通過(guò)出資）幫助脫離困境;保釋?zhuān)橙耍?；（從飛機(jī)上）跳傘逃生bailout n. （公司所受的）緊急援助； 跳傘Backer(21): n. someon

38、e who helps or supports a project, organization, or person, often by giving or lending money 支持者；資助者 Arc(22): part of a curved line or circle(弧線), in this article it means a continuous progression or linefar-reaching: having broad range or effect深遠(yuǎn)的；影響深遠(yuǎn)的Landmark(23): building or feature which is ea

39、sily noticed and can be used to judge your position or the position of other buildings or features. 地標(biāo)；陸標(biāo) an important stage in the development of something 里程碑；轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)NBA Hall of Fame(30): NBA 名人堂 NBA Hall of Famer Detailed study of the text1. Para2. 1st sentence: Obama, the nations first African Ameri

40、can president, won a decisive victory finally by putting a series of narrow victories together during his second run for the president. 2. 2nd sentence: battlegrounds(p72 note 2)3. para.4: Obama also indirectly mentioned the weak advantage of his campaign, he pointed out that this fierce election wi

41、ll be envied in countries with fewer freedoms around the world because the arguments they had in the election are symbol of freedom. Para.5.: Romney, a former Massachusetts governor, had based his campaign on just one argument that the countrys economy is seriously damaged because of Obamas failures

42、, and his business experience made him the uniquely qualified one to deal with the situation.Para.7: Till early Wednesday, Obama and Romney are evenly matched in Florida, but this is irrelevant to Obama because he had got 270 electoral votes.Para.9 last sen.: Now, Obama was determined to throw himse

43、lf into the old partisan politics and fight with the Republicans whom he said supported the rich and he himself tried to win the support from women.Para.10 last sen.: There are one time more women voters who voted for Obama than the ones who voted for Romney.exit poll: 投票站出口民調(diào)Para. 11: Capitol Hill

44、：the U.S. CongressPara. 16: The Tea Party is a term adopted by a group of US conservatives who dont like taxes. Its based on the Boston Tea Party, which is what a group people were called when they protested British taxes when the US was a British colony.But the words tea party have a different mean

45、ing in the US West and Southwest. If a basketball team is facing tough competition, someone will say, “It wont be a tea party,” meaning it wont be a polite fight.In Texas, where most people choose coffee over tea, the word tea can be an insult. Texas A&M University football team members call the

46、ir rivals, the University of Texas, “tea sippers.” And the University of Texas football team has been known to call the Colorado football team “tea sippers,” meaning theyre not very tough. (taxed enough already)茶黨這一說(shuō)法，取自一群討厭稅收的美國(guó)保守主義者。它起源于波士頓茶葉黨，當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)還是英國(guó)的殖民地，有一群人起來(lái)反抗英國(guó)當(dāng)局的稅收政策，因此得名。但是在美國(guó)西部和西南部，tea pa

47、rty這個(gè)詞還有別的意思。如果一個(gè)籃球隊(duì)面臨一場(chǎng)艱難的比賽，有人就會(huì)說(shuō)，“It wont be a tea party”，意思是說(shuō)這場(chǎng)比賽不太好打。在德州，大部分人不喝茶喝咖啡，tea這個(gè)詞帶有侮辱性質(zhì)。德州農(nóng)工大學(xué)橄欖球隊(duì)稱(chēng)他們的對(duì)手德州大學(xué)球隊(duì)為“tea sippers（茶客）”，而德州大學(xué)球隊(duì)把同樣的稱(chēng)呼用于科羅拉多球隊(duì)，意思是說(shuō)他們太弱了。Para. 32: When one Wisconsin woman picked up the phone to listen to Obama, he had got the chance to make a correct judgment a

48、bout his running for the second term as the president. put/get/keep sth. in perspective: to judge the importance of sth. correctly 正確判斷/看待put/get/keep sth. out of perspective: to fail to judge the real importance of sth. 不正確地判斷/看待Question 1: What are the main differences between the present Obama an

49、d the one four years ago in accordance with the text?Four years ago Obama was a hopeful uniter, but now he is a determined fighter for middle-class interests; four years ago he promised to eliminate the countrys partisan politics but failed, but now he is determined to throw himself into it and figh

50、t with Republicans.Question 2: In which groups of people did Obama get the most and the least supports? He got the most supports among African Americans and the least supports in white men.Question 3: What is Obamas campaign slogan for this campaign? And what does it mean?(para.24) The slogan is “Forward”. It is a vague slogan and does not give any specific ideas, it just calls on the Americans to trust him and give him the chance to move forward and be the countrys president for another term.Question 4：What were the three actions hel