測控技術(shù)與儀器專業(yè)英語 Unit 2

1、Unit 2 測控技術(shù)與儀器專業(yè)英語Measurement of Quantities and Measurement DataChapter 1 Introduction to Measurement2 Q1 What physical quantities are often used in test and measure technology? Q2 What energy system do physical quantities attribute to? Q3 How do people make standards for these physical quantities?

2、Q4 What important usages are there for the quantities?Questions before reading物理量物理量歸屬于歸屬于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)重要用途重要用途3 Q5 What do people mean with the term data? Q6 What are qualitative data and quantitative data? Q7 How do people categorize numerical data? Q8 What stages will the data go through after it is colle

3、cted?Questions before reading術(shù)語數(shù)據(jù)術(shù)語數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)分類數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)分類數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)量數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)量數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)被收集后將進(jìn)入什么處理階段？數(shù)據(jù)被收集后將進(jìn)入什么處理階段？4 physical quantity 物理量物理量 electrical potential difference 電勢差電勢差 mutual induction 互感互感 random errors 隨機(jī)誤差隨機(jī)誤差 oscilloscope 示波器示波器 gravity 重力重力Words and Expressions5Main content Measurement of Physical Q

4、uantity12Measurement of non-physical quantities3The Nature of Data61 Measurement of Physical Quantity Electrical quantities electrical potential difference electrical current Electrical parameters electrical resistance capacitance inductance frequency 電勢差電勢差電流電流電阻電阻電容電容電感電感頻率頻率71 Measurement of Phys

5、ical Quantity Usually the sensors receive the information of quantities under measurement (QUM) and convert it into variation of electrical parameters or electrical potential, which will normally be conditioned, and then converted into the electrical quantities, specially the current, and sent to th

6、e A/D converters. 通常，通常，傳感器傳感器接收接收被測量被測量的信息并將其轉(zhuǎn)換為的信息并將其轉(zhuǎn)換為待待調(diào)理調(diào)理的電參數(shù)或電壓，繼而轉(zhuǎn)換成電量，特的電參數(shù)或電壓，繼而轉(zhuǎn)換成電量，特別是電流，后送入別是電流，后送入A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器轉(zhuǎn)換器。2.181 Measurement of Physical Quantity Electrical potential difference The primary standard for electrical potential difference used to be provided by an electrochemical standa

7、rd cell (the Weston standard cell). 電勢差電勢差的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曾經(jīng)是由一個(gè)的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曾經(jīng)是由一個(gè)電化學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池電化學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池（韋斯頓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池）提供的。（韋斯頓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電池）提供的。 The voltage of a Weston cell is approximately 1.01860V at 20, with an inaccuracy of 310-6 under optimal conditions. 在最優(yōu)條件下在最優(yōu)條件下，20時(shí)韋斯頓電池的電壓時(shí)韋斯頓電池的電壓接近接近 1.01860 310-6 V。 不確定度不確定度91 Measurement o

8、f Physical Quantity Electrical potential difference Optimal conditions mean a variation of temperature less than 10-3 K, no load, no vibrations or jolting. 最優(yōu)條件是指溫度變化在最優(yōu)條件是指溫度變化在10-3 K以內(nèi)，并且無以內(nèi)，并且無負(fù)載負(fù)載，無無振動(dòng)振動(dòng)或或震擊震擊。 A Weston standard cell has a very long thermal after-effect. After the cell has been

9、heated to 30 it can take 6 months before it is totally stable within 0.3V of the original value at 20 . 韋斯頓電池有很長的韋斯頓電池有很長的熱后效應(yīng)熱后效應(yīng)。 Furthermore, a Weston cell will age, 老化老化101 Measurement of Physical Quantity Electrical current This device measures the electromagnetic force between two current carr

10、ying coils (one fixed, one moving) by balancing it with the force of gravity, acting on a known mass. 這個(gè)設(shè)備通過與之平衡的重力測量兩個(gè)這個(gè)設(shè)備通過與之平衡的重力測量兩個(gè)載流線載流線圈圈之間的之間的電磁力電磁力，這是一種通用的方式。，這是一種通用的方式。 The force between the coils is given by F = I2 dM/dx, in which M is the known mutual induction of the coils and x is the

11、known distance between them. M是已知線圈間的是已知線圈間的互感互感， x是已知線圈間的距離。是已知線圈間的距離。1.21.4111 Measurement of Physical Quantity Electrical resistance Standards of electrical resistance are resistors wound of special alloy wire giving a minimal temperature effect. An example of such an alloy is evanohm, consisting

12、 of 74% nickel, 20% chromium and 6% aluminium and iron. 電阻的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求電阻由特殊合金纏繞而成，并電阻的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求電阻由特殊合金纏繞而成，并且最小的且最小的溫度效應(yīng)溫度效應(yīng)（系數(shù)）。這樣的合金比如（系數(shù)）。這樣的合金比如evanohm，它由，它由74%的鎳、的鎳、20%的鉻、的鉻、6%鋁和鋁和鐵組成。鐵組成。1.112Main content Measurement of Physical Quantity12Measurement of non-physical quantities3The Nature of Data132 M- of

13、non-physical quantities Non-physical quantities found in non-technical fields are very difficult or even impossible to measure, mainly because they are part of very complex systems (people, organizations, societies, etc.) . 出現(xiàn)在非技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的出現(xiàn)在非技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的非物理量非物理量的測量是困難的的測量是困難的甚至不可能的，主要是因?yàn)樗鼈円话闶巧踔敛豢赡艿?，主要是因?yàn)樗鼈円话闶菑?fù)雜

14、系復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)（人群、組織、社會(huì)等）的一部分。（人群、組織、社會(huì)等）的一部分。1.1142 M- of non-physical quantities Furthermore, these parasitic quantities, which influence the measurement result, are not constant during the measurement, making it impossible to correct any errors in the measurement. 而且，這些影響測量結(jié)果的而且，這些影響測量結(jié)果的附加量附加量在測量過程在測量過程

15、中并非常數(shù)，在測量中產(chǎn)生的中并非常數(shù)，在測量中產(chǎn)生的誤差誤差很難得到很難得到修修正正。2.3152 M- of non-physical quantities It is essential to the nature of an organism or an organization that they maintain (social, cultural, political) interactions with their environment. 保持與周圍環(huán)境的保持與周圍環(huán)境的交互對于生命體交互對于生命體或組織的性質(zhì)是非常或組織的性質(zhì)是非常必必要的要的。 For this reaso

16、n, it is usually not possible to perform an isolated measurement in the same way we can with inanimate things (putting in a thermostat, hooking up to a fixed supply voltage, etc. ) 出于這樣的原因，通常不能夠采用與測量無生命對象（放出于這樣的原因，通常不能夠采用與測量無生命對象（放入自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器，調(diào)節(jié)至確定的電壓等）同樣的方式構(gòu)造獨(dú)入自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器，調(diào)節(jié)至確定的電壓等）同樣的方式構(gòu)造獨(dú)立的測量。立的測量。2.72.8162

17、 M- of non-physical quantities It is, for example, not very practicable to isolate a section of the population from the rest of the world, for the sake of an economic measurement conducted to verify the relationship between the scarcity and the price of consumer goods. 例如，出于進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)稀缺資源和消費(fèi)商品價(jià)格之間例如，出于進(jìn)行檢

18、驗(yàn)稀缺資源和消費(fèi)商品價(jià)格之間關(guān)系的經(jīng)濟(jì)測量的原因，從世界人口中獨(dú)立出一個(gè)關(guān)系的經(jīng)濟(jì)測量的原因，從世界人口中獨(dú)立出一個(gè)部分是部分是行不通的行不通的。 Also, the repetition of an experiment is often not possible when dealing with such complex measurement objects. 當(dāng)處理這類復(fù)雜測量對象時(shí)，實(shí)驗(yàn)通常是無法當(dāng)處理這類復(fù)雜測量對象時(shí)，實(shí)驗(yàn)通常是無法重復(fù)重復(fù)的。的。2.113.1172 M- of non-physical quantities With non-physical measure

19、ments, however, the object often behaves differently the second time, because it has either learned from the first measurement, or it is no longer motivated to co-operate, has become tired, etc. 然而，對于非物理測量，對象在第二次測量時(shí)然而，對于非物理測量，對象在第二次測量時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)表現(xiàn)不同，因?yàn)槠浠蛘咝Х铝说谝淮螠y經(jīng)常會(huì)表現(xiàn)不同，因?yàn)槠浠蛘咝Х铝说谝淮螠y量，或者無法促動(dòng)其再次協(xié)作，其疲憊了。量，或者無法

20、促動(dòng)其再次協(xié)作，其疲憊了。3.3182 M- of non-physical quantities For ethical political or financial reasons it is also usually not possible to freely modify variables to determine how they influence the measurement object, for example, increasing the scarcity of food in an economic community to determine the influ

21、ence on the consumers spending behavior. 出于出于倫理的倫理的、政治的或經(jīng)濟(jì)的原因，通常不可、政治的或經(jīng)濟(jì)的原因，通常不可能自由地能自由地修改變量修改變量去判斷其是如何影響測量對去判斷其是如何影響測量對象的，就像在象的，就像在經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體中加劇食品稀缺去判中加劇食品稀缺去判定其對消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)行為的影響。定其對消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)行為的影響。4.1192 M- of non-physical quantities As opposed to a physical measurement, the object of a non-physical measure

22、ment is often conscious of being measured. 與物理測量相比，非物理測量的對象經(jīng)常是與物理測量相比，非物理測量的對象經(jīng)常是有有意識(shí)地意識(shí)地被測量。被測量。 The mere fact that we measure influences the subject. The subject will behave differently in a laboratory than in daily life. 我們測量的真實(shí)事實(shí)會(huì)影響研究對象。在實(shí)驗(yàn)我們測量的真實(shí)事實(shí)會(huì)影響研究對象。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中，測量對象與日常生活中的表現(xiàn)有所不同。室中，測量對象與日常生活中的表

23、現(xiàn)有所不同。5.15.2202 M- of non-physical quantities A measurement can even cause irrevocable processes in the object. Certain psychological experiments, for example, can cause catatonia states in certain patients, resulting in mental disorders or even chronic schizophrenia. 測量甚至能夠給對象造成測量甚至能夠給對象造成不能復(fù)原不能復(fù)原的

24、后果。例的后果。例如，某如，某心理心理實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蚴鼓承┎∪颂幱趯?shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蚴鼓承┎∪颂幱诰o張緊張狀態(tài)，狀態(tài)，以致精神錯(cuò)亂甚至以致精神錯(cuò)亂甚至慢性精神分裂慢性精神分裂。5.4212 M- of non-physical quantities The effects mentioned above will generally make it difficult to reproduce measurements in the fields of human and social studies accurately, assuming that these measurements can actua

25、lly be made reasonably selectively and objectively. 假設(shè)假設(shè)這些測量可以被合理地、有選擇地、客觀這些測量可以被合理地、有選擇地、客觀地實(shí)施，以上提到的影響將使得在人類和社會(huì)地實(shí)施，以上提到的影響將使得在人類和社會(huì)研究中精確研究中精確重復(fù)測量重復(fù)測量非常困難。非常困難。5.622Main content Measurement of Physical Quantity12Measurement of non-physical quantities3The Nature of Data233 The Nature of Data Informat

26、ion you gather is called data. Data can be a factual statement of physical phenomena. 收集到的信息被稱為收集到的信息被稱為數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)是物理現(xiàn)象的。數(shù)據(jù)是物理現(xiàn)象的真實(shí)陳述。真實(shí)陳述。 For example, the statement “the copper was removed by the chemical reaction with ferric chloride” is descriptive data. When data is purely descriptive, it is said

27、to be qualitative data. 例如，陳述例如，陳述“通過與通過與氯化鐵氯化鐵發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)除去發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)除去銅。銅?！本褪蔷褪敲枋鲂詳?shù)據(jù)描述性數(shù)據(jù)。純粹描述性的數(shù)據(jù)被。純粹描述性的數(shù)據(jù)被稱為稱為質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)。1.11.2243 The Nature of Data When a quantity is measured, we associate numerical values with it, and the information is more useful in a scientific way because more information is prese

28、nt. 當(dāng)測量數(shù)量時(shí)，我們把數(shù)值與之聯(lián)系，因?yàn)槌十?dāng)測量數(shù)量時(shí)，我們把數(shù)值與之聯(lián)系，因?yàn)槌尸F(xiàn)出更多的信息，故在科學(xué)用途方面就更有用現(xiàn)出更多的信息，故在科學(xué)用途方面就更有用了。了。 Information about the magnitude or intensity of a physical phenomenon is called quantitative data. 數(shù)量數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)量數(shù)據(jù)是表達(dá)物理現(xiàn)象的大小或強(qiáng)度的信息。是表達(dá)物理現(xiàn)象的大小或強(qiáng)度的信息。1.41.5253 The Nature of Data Values recorded directly from an experime

29、nt or observation are called empirical data. Prior to processing, empirical data is often referred to as raw, or unprocessed data, whereas data that has been analyzed is called processed data. 直接通過實(shí)驗(yàn)或是觀測得到的數(shù)值被稱為直接通過實(shí)驗(yàn)或是觀測得到的數(shù)值被稱為經(jīng)驗(yàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)。在處理之前，經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)通常指。在處理之前，經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)通常指原始原始或未或未處理的數(shù)據(jù)，然而，已經(jīng)分析過的數(shù)據(jù)被稱為處理的數(shù)據(jù)，然

30、而，已經(jīng)分析過的數(shù)據(jù)被稱為已處理數(shù)據(jù)。已處理數(shù)據(jù)。2.2263 The Nature of Data After data is collected, it may need to be processed either by applying mathematical computations to it or by arranging it in some meaningful manner. 收集數(shù)據(jù)后，需要采用數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算或某種有意義的收集數(shù)據(jù)后，需要采用數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算或某種有意義的方式編排整理。方式編排整理。 Data may be entered into a computer for re

31、duction, or, in some cases, the measurement instrument may perform the data reduction within the instrument. 可以將數(shù)據(jù)輸入計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行整理（或可以將數(shù)據(jù)輸入計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行整理（或簡化簡化），或），或在某些情況下，測量儀器可以在其內(nèi)部進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)在某些情況下，測量儀器可以在其內(nèi)部進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理。整理。3.13.327 Churchill banned UFO report to avoid mass panicNews 2010-8-628 Churchill banned UFO report t

32、o avoid mass panic British wartime prime minister Winston Churchill banned the reporting for 50 years of an alleged UFO incident because of fears it could create mass panic, according to claims made public on Thursday. 英國于本周四英國于本周四披露披露的一份機(jī)密文件稱，二戰(zhàn)期的一份機(jī)密文件稱，二戰(zhàn)期間，英國時(shí)任間，英國時(shí)任首相溫斯頓首相溫斯頓丘吉爾丘吉爾曾下令在曾下令在50年年內(nèi)禁報(bào)一起不明飛行物（內(nèi)禁報(bào)一起不明飛行物（UFO）事件，以防引）事件，以防引發(fā)發(fā)公眾恐慌公眾恐慌。 News