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1、Unit 6 Signal Conditioning第1頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第一頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 A measuring transmitter consists of two parts: a primary element (or sensor) and a signal conditioner. The primary element uses some characteristic of its material and construction to convert the value of a measured variable into an electrical, mec
2、hanical, or fluidic signal. 譯為:譯為:一個(gè)測(cè)量傳感器由兩部分組成:一個(gè)基本元件一個(gè)測(cè)量傳感器由兩部分組成:一個(gè)基本元件(傳感器)和一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)制器。基本元件利用其材質(zhì)的特(傳感器)和一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)制器?;驹闷洳馁|(zhì)的特性和結(jié)構(gòu)將被測(cè)量轉(zhuǎn)化為電的、機(jī)械的或者流體的信號(hào)。性和結(jié)構(gòu)將被測(cè)量轉(zhuǎn)化為電的、機(jī)械的或者流體的信號(hào)。 第2頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 The output of the primary element may be a small voltage or an electrical resistance. It may be a f
3、orce, a displacement, a pressure, or some other phenomenon. No matter what form it takes, the primary element output depends on the value of the measured variable. 譯為:譯為:基本元件的輸出可能是一個(gè)小的電壓或電阻。也可基本元件的輸出可能是一個(gè)小的電壓或電阻。也可能是一個(gè)力、一個(gè)位移、一個(gè)壓力或其他一些現(xiàn)象。不論它能是一個(gè)力、一個(gè)位移、一個(gè)壓力或其他一些現(xiàn)象。不論它采取何種形式,基本元件的輸出依賴于測(cè)得量的數(shù)值。采取何種形式,基本元
4、件的輸出依賴于測(cè)得量的數(shù)值。第3頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第三頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 The output of the primary element is a measure of the variable it is sensing, but it is seldom in a form suitable for transmission and use by other components in a system. 譯為:譯為:基本元件的輸出是對(duì)它測(cè)量的變量的度量。但是基本元件的輸出是對(duì)它測(cè)量的變量的度量。但是它很少采用一種便于傳輸或被系統(tǒng)中其他部分使用的形式。它很少采用一種便于傳輸或被系
5、統(tǒng)中其他部分使用的形式。第4頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第四頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Usually, a signal conditioner is required to convert the primary element output into an electrical (or pneumatic) signal suitable for use by a controller or display device. A signal conditioner prepares a signal for use by another component. The input to a signa
6、l conditioner is usually the output from a sensor (or primary element). 譯為:譯為:通常,一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)制器被用來(lái)將基本元件的輸出變換通常,一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)制器被用來(lái)將基本元件的輸出變換為一個(gè)便于被處理器或顯示設(shè)備使用的電(或氣)信號(hào)。一個(gè)為一個(gè)便于被處理器或顯示設(shè)備使用的電(或氣)信號(hào)。一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)器將信號(hào)準(zhǔn)備好以備其他設(shè)備使用,信號(hào)調(diào)制器的輸信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)器將信號(hào)準(zhǔn)備好以備其他設(shè)備使用,信號(hào)調(diào)制器的輸入通常是傳感器的輸出(或基本元件)。入通常是傳感器的輸出(或基本元件)。第5頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第五頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 The fu
7、ll-scale outputs of most sensors (passive or active) are relatively small voltages, currents, resistances and capacitances. Before further analog or digital processing can take place, these outputs must be scaled or converted to useful ranges. 句中句中full-scale意為意為“滿量程滿量程”,passive sensor意為意為“被動(dòng)型傳感器被動(dòng)型傳
8、感器”,active sensor意為意為“主動(dòng)型傳感器主動(dòng)型傳感器”,scale在這里指在這里指“換算縮放,改變值的大小換算縮放,改變值的大小”。譯為:譯為:絕大多數(shù)傳感器(被動(dòng)型或主動(dòng)型)的滿量程輸出都是絕大多數(shù)傳感器(被動(dòng)型或主動(dòng)型)的滿量程輸出都是比較小的電壓、電流、電阻和電容。在進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步模擬或數(shù)字比較小的電壓、電流、電阻和電容。在進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步模擬或數(shù)字信號(hào)處理之前,這些輸出必須要換算縮放或轉(zhuǎn)換到可用的范圍。信號(hào)處理之前,這些輸出必須要換算縮放或轉(zhuǎn)換到可用的范圍。第6頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第六頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 The standard transmission signals ar
9、e a 4 to 20mA electric current or a 3 to 15psi pneumatic pressure. For example, a thermocouple(熱電偶)(熱電偶)(T/C) is a primary element that converts temperature into a small voltage.A signal conditioner converts the millivolt output of the thermocouple into a 4 to 20mA electric current. A T/C temperatur
10、e transmitter includes both the thermocouple and the signal conditioner. psi為壓力的單位為壓力的單位,pounds per square inch,磅磅/ /平方平方英寸。英寸。pneumatic pressure意為意為“氣壓氣壓”. 譯為:譯為:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的傳輸信號(hào)是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的傳輸信號(hào)是一個(gè)4 4至至2020毫安電流或一個(gè)一毫安電流或一個(gè)一個(gè)個(gè)3 3至至1515磅磅/ /平方英寸氣壓。例如,熱電偶是一種將溫度轉(zhuǎn)化平方英寸氣壓。例如,熱電偶是一種將溫度轉(zhuǎn)化為小電壓的基本元件。一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)制器將熱電偶的毫伏輸出為小電壓的基本元
11、件。一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)制器將熱電偶的毫伏輸出轉(zhuǎn)化為轉(zhuǎn)化為4 4至至2020毫安的電流,一個(gè)熱電偶溫度變送器同時(shí)包含熱毫安的電流,一個(gè)熱電偶溫度變送器同時(shí)包含熱電偶和信號(hào)調(diào)制器。電偶和信號(hào)調(diào)制器。第7頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第七頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Signal conditioning circuits perform the necessary amplification, level translation, impedance transformation, linearization and filtering. The characteristics of and error in the s
12、ensor output determine the type of signal conditioning circuits needed. 譯為:譯為:信號(hào)處理電路實(shí)現(xiàn)必要的信號(hào)放大、電平變換、阻信號(hào)處理電路實(shí)現(xiàn)必要的信號(hào)放大、電平變換、阻抗變換、線性化和濾波。傳感器輸出的特征及其誤差決定需抗變換、線性化和濾波。傳感器輸出的特征及其誤差決定需要哪種信號(hào)調(diào)制回路。要哪種信號(hào)調(diào)制回路。 第8頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第八頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。If the sensor output is not conditioned properly, factors such as sensitivity, v
13、oltage and current levels, linearity(線性度,(線性度,線性)線性), impedances, gain, offset, drift, time constants, maximum electrical ratings(最大額定電功率)(最大額定電功率), stray impedances(雜(雜散阻抗,寄生阻抗)散阻抗,寄生阻抗)and other important considerations can impact the overall performance of the sensor. As a result, the overall sys
14、tem will suffer, particularly when high resolution, precision or very low level measurements are involved. 譯為:譯為:如果傳感器的輸出沒(méi)有被正確的調(diào)制,諸如靈敏如果傳感器的輸出沒(méi)有被正確的調(diào)制,諸如靈敏度、電壓和電流電平、線性度、阻抗、增益、補(bǔ)償、漂移、度、電壓和電流電平、線性度、阻抗、增益、補(bǔ)償、漂移、時(shí)間常數(shù)、最大額定電功率、寄生阻抗和其他重要的因素時(shí)間常數(shù)、最大額定電功率、寄生阻抗和其他重要的因素能夠影響傳感器的整體表現(xiàn)。其結(jié)果是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)將受到影能夠影響傳感器的整體表現(xiàn)。其結(jié)果是整
15、個(gè)系統(tǒng)將受到影響,特別是當(dāng)涉及高清晰度,準(zhǔn)確度或很差水平的測(cè)量時(shí)。響,特別是當(dāng)涉及高清晰度,準(zhǔn)確度或很差水平的測(cè)量時(shí)。第9頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第九頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Care must be taken when designing signal generation and conditioning circuits to ensure that the sensor is the least accurate component of the system. If surrounding circuitry adds noise or degrades accuracy, the ac
16、curacy of the sensor output is compromised. 譯為:譯為:設(shè)計(jì)信號(hào)發(fā)生器和調(diào)制回路時(shí)一定要警惕以保證傳感器設(shè)計(jì)信號(hào)發(fā)生器和調(diào)制回路時(shí)一定要警惕以保證傳感器是系統(tǒng)中準(zhǔn)確度最低的部件,如果周圍回路有附加噪聲或降低了是系統(tǒng)中準(zhǔn)確度最低的部件,如果周圍回路有附加噪聲或降低了準(zhǔn)確度,傳感器輸出的準(zhǔn)確度將受影響準(zhǔn)確度,傳感器輸出的準(zhǔn)確度將受影響。 第10頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 The following are some of the tasks performed by a signal conditioner: 以下是一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)制器執(zhí)行
17、的操作:以下是一個(gè)信號(hào)調(diào)制器執(zhí)行的操作:(1)Isolation and impedance conversion;隔離和阻抗變換隔離和阻抗變換(2)Amplification and analog-to-analog conversion; 放大和模放大和模- -模轉(zhuǎn)換模轉(zhuǎn)換(3)Noise reduction (filtering); 降噪(濾波)降噪(濾波)(4)Linearization; 線性化線性化(5)Data sampling; 數(shù)據(jù)采樣數(shù)據(jù)采樣(6)Digital-to-Analog conversion; 數(shù)數(shù)- -模轉(zhuǎn)換模轉(zhuǎn)換(7)Analog-to-Digital co
18、nversion. 模模- -數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換第11頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十一頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Voltage output Three types of input topologies exist for the signal conditioning of voltage output sensors: differential, single-ended and pseudo-differential. The type of signal conditioning input is typically matched to the output structure and preci
19、sion requirements of the sensor . 句中句中differential有有“微分微分”和和“差分差分”之意,這里指之意,這里指信號(hào)處理的方式,意為信號(hào)處理的方式,意為“差動(dòng)差動(dòng)”。譯為:譯為:電壓輸出傳感器的信號(hào)處理有電壓輸出傳感器的信號(hào)處理有3 3種輸入拓?fù)浞绞剑翰罘N輸入拓?fù)浞绞剑翰顒?dòng)方式、單端方式和偽差分方式。信號(hào)調(diào)制輸入的類型要?jiǎng)臃绞?、單端方式和偽差分方式。信?hào)調(diào)制輸入的類型要符合特定的輸出結(jié)構(gòu)和傳感器的準(zhǔn)確性要求符合特定的輸出結(jié)構(gòu)和傳感器的準(zhǔn)確性要求。第12頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十二頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 A differential device rej
20、ects input signals common to the balanced input pair (+ and -) while accepting the difference between the input signals, specified as the Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR). The device is designed so that the noise common to both inputs is rejected while the signal of interest is not. 句中句中balanced i
21、nput意為意為“對(duì)稱輸入對(duì)稱輸入”,Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)意為意為“共模抑制比共模抑制比”。譯為:譯為:差動(dòng)裝置在接收兩輸入端口的差分信號(hào)時(shí),抑制這兩個(gè)差動(dòng)裝置在接收兩輸入端口的差分信號(hào)時(shí),抑制這兩個(gè)對(duì)稱輸入端口(對(duì)稱輸入端口(+ +和和- -)的共模輸入信號(hào),這稱為共模抑制比)的共模輸入信號(hào),這稱為共模抑制比CMRRCMRR。這個(gè)裝置被這樣設(shè)計(jì)兩個(gè)輸入共有的噪聲被抑制而所需。這個(gè)裝置被這樣設(shè)計(jì)兩個(gè)輸入共有的噪聲被抑制而所需要的信號(hào)不被抑制要的信號(hào)不被抑制。第13頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十三頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Much like digital
22、 differential input signals such as LVDS, the analog signals may be inverted to a double dynamic range as is common with differential output devices. 譯為:譯為:和數(shù)字差分輸入信號(hào)如低壓差分信號(hào)很類似和數(shù)字差分輸入信號(hào)如低壓差分信號(hào)很類似 ,模,模擬信號(hào)可以倒置成一個(gè)雙重動(dòng)態(tài)范圍和差分輸出設(shè)備的輸出一擬信號(hào)可以倒置成一個(gè)雙重動(dòng)態(tài)范圍和差分輸出設(shè)備的輸出一樣。樣。第14頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十四頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。This type of inp
23、ut topology(拓?fù)?,拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),布局,拓?fù)鋵W(xué))(拓?fù)?,拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu),布局,拓?fù)鋵W(xué))is used when maximum noise rejection is required and the sensor measurement is not tied to ground, as with the Wheatstone bridge(惠斯頓電橋)(惠斯頓電橋)configuration. For remote sensor applications, shielded twisted pair cables should be used in order to maintain sig
24、nal balance and share a common ground reference. 句中句中twisted pair cables意為意為“雙絞線雙絞線”。譯為:譯為:這種輸入拓?fù)湫问皆谛枰畲笤肼曇种坪蛡鞲衅鳒y(cè)量這種輸入拓?fù)湫问皆谛枰畲笤肼曇种坪蛡鞲衅鳒y(cè)量裝置沒(méi)有接地時(shí)使用,后者和惠斯頓電橋的結(jié)構(gòu)相類似。對(duì)裝置沒(méi)有接地時(shí)使用,后者和惠斯頓電橋的結(jié)構(gòu)相類似。對(duì)遠(yuǎn)程傳感器應(yīng)用,應(yīng)該使用屏蔽雙絞線以保持信號(hào)的平衡和遠(yuǎn)程傳感器應(yīng)用,應(yīng)該使用屏蔽雙絞線以保持信號(hào)的平衡和共地。共地。第15頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十五頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 In contrast, a single-end
25、ed (SE) device has a single signal input. The board designer must ensure a common ground between the device and its input, which is the sensor circuitry in this case. Therefore, SE devices are generally placed in close proximity to one another to mitigate(減輕,(減輕,緩和)緩和)the possibility of reference di
26、fferences between the devices. 譯為:譯為:相反地,一個(gè)單端設(shè)備只有一個(gè)信號(hào)輸入端。面板設(shè)相反地,一個(gè)單端設(shè)備只有一個(gè)信號(hào)輸入端。面板設(shè)計(jì)員必須保證設(shè)備和其輸入之間有共同之處,傳感器回路就是計(jì)員必須保證設(shè)備和其輸入之間有共同之處,傳感器回路就是這種情況。因此,單端設(shè)備通常彼此緊密排列以減少設(shè)備間相這種情況。因此,單端設(shè)備通常彼此緊密排列以減少設(shè)備間相互參照引起的不同的可能互參照引起的不同的可能。 第16頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十六頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。In general, SE devices are used for conditioning larger si
27、gnals and are not tied directly to small signal sensors. Although SE devices have lower CMRRs and introduce greater DC offsets(偏移,偏置)(偏移,偏置), they are less costly. For remote sensor applications, coaxial(同軸的,共軸的)(同軸的,共軸的)cables are sufficient for shielding the signal conductor and sharing common gro
28、und references. 譯為:譯為:通常情況下,單端設(shè)備用來(lái)調(diào)制較大的信號(hào)而且不直通常情況下,單端設(shè)備用來(lái)調(diào)制較大的信號(hào)而且不直接連接在小的信號(hào)傳感器上。盡管單端設(shè)備有較低的共模抑制接連接在小的信號(hào)傳感器上。盡管單端設(shè)備有較低的共模抑制比和較大的直流抵消,它們更便宜。對(duì)長(zhǎng)距離傳感器設(shè)備而言,比和較大的直流抵消,它們更便宜。對(duì)長(zhǎng)距離傳感器設(shè)備而言,同軸電纜足夠用于信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)和共地。同軸電纜足夠用于信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)和共地。第17頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十七頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Finally, a pseudo-differential input topology is a hybrid of t
29、he two. Its DC offset performance approaches that of a differential device, but its CMRR is closer to a SE device. This type of device is used in cost-sensitive designs with DC sensors where high frequency variations from noise can be removed at the end of the signal chain or through digital process
30、ing. 句中句中DC是是direct current的縮寫(xiě),意為的縮寫(xiě),意為“直流電直流電”。譯為:譯為:最終,一個(gè)擬微分輸入拓?fù)涫莾煞N的混合,它的直流最終,一個(gè)擬微分輸入拓?fù)涫莾煞N的混合,它的直流抵消能力接近與差分裝置,但它的共模抑制比更接近單端設(shè)抵消能力接近與差分裝置,但它的共模抑制比更接近單端設(shè)備。這種類型的裝置用于有直流傳感器的代價(jià)敏感的設(shè)計(jì)中,備。這種類型的裝置用于有直流傳感器的代價(jià)敏感的設(shè)計(jì)中,這種裝置能在信號(hào)鏈的終端或通過(guò)數(shù)字信號(hào)處理去除噪聲的這種裝置能在信號(hào)鏈的終端或通過(guò)數(shù)字信號(hào)處理去除噪聲的高頻變化。高頻變化。第18頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十八頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Ampli
31、fication For circuits with small voltage outputs, a precision amplifier gain stage is needed. As sensor outputs are typically processed by analog-to-digital converters, the sensor output needs to be amplified so that it can take advantage of the full-scale input range of the desired ADC (analog-to-d
32、igital converters ). 譯為:譯為:對(duì)小電壓輸出的電路,一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的放大增益級(jí)是需對(duì)小電壓輸出的電路,一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的放大增益級(jí)是需要的。因?yàn)閭鞲衅鞯妮敵霰荒R?。因?yàn)閭鞲衅鞯妮敵霰荒? -數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換裝置按特定方式處理,數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換裝置按特定方式處理,傳感器輸出需要被放大以此使它能夠利用要求的模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器傳感器輸出需要被放大以此使它能夠利用要求的模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器的寬頻輸入的優(yōu)勢(shì)。的寬頻輸入的優(yōu)勢(shì)。第19頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第十九頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。For very low-level input signals, multiple levels of amplification and high g
33、ains are sometimes required. Because of the operational amplifiers(運(yùn)算放大器)(運(yùn)算放大器)architecture, input offset voltage and input bias(偏差,偏(偏差,偏移,偏置)移,偏置)current can add error to the amplifiers input. 譯為:譯為:對(duì)于低電平輸入信號(hào),有時(shí)需要多級(jí)放大和高對(duì)于低電平輸入信號(hào),有時(shí)需要多級(jí)放大和高增益。因?yàn)檫\(yùn)算放大器的結(jié)構(gòu),輸入電壓偏移和輸入電增益。因?yàn)檫\(yùn)算放大器的結(jié)構(gòu),輸入電壓偏移和輸入電流偏移會(huì)增加放大器的
34、輸入的誤差。流偏移會(huì)增加放大器的輸入的誤差。第20頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。The effects of input offset voltages and input bias currents are shown in Figure 6.1. As previously stated, high gains also amplify input offset voltages, potentially adding large amounts of error to the amplified sensor signal. 譯為:譯為:Figure 6.1 Volta
35、ge output sensing第21頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十一頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Non-ideal features of operational amplifiers: 運(yùn)算放大器的非理想特性:運(yùn)算放大器的非理想特性: Voltage Offset( (電壓偏移電壓偏移) ): Input offset voltage results primarily from the inherent mismatch of an operational amplifiers input transistors. 譯為:譯為:電壓偏移:輸入電壓偏移主要由運(yùn)算放大器的輸入晶體電壓偏移:輸入電壓
36、偏移主要由運(yùn)算放大器的輸入晶體管固有的不匹配產(chǎn)生。管固有的不匹配產(chǎn)生。第22頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十二頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Input Bias Current( (輸入偏移電流輸入偏移電流) ): While an ideal operational amplifier has zero current flowing into the input transistors, a small amount of current does flow into or out of the input transistors.譯為:譯為: 輸入偏移電流:當(dāng)一個(gè)理想運(yùn)算放大器沒(méi)有電流流入輸入輸入偏移
37、電流:當(dāng)一個(gè)理想運(yùn)算放大器沒(méi)有電流流入輸入晶體管,一小部分電流流入或流出輸入晶體管。晶體管,一小部分電流流入或流出輸入晶體管。 Common Mode Rejection( (共模抑制共模抑制) ): In a single-ended input operational amplifier, noise on the input signals is amplified with the gain of a circuit. In a differential input stage, noise common to both inputs is rejected, passing only
38、 the signal of interest.譯為:譯為:共模抑制:在一個(gè)單端輸入運(yùn)算放大器中,輸入信共模抑制:在一個(gè)單端輸入運(yùn)算放大器中,輸入信號(hào)中的噪聲在增益的回路中放大。在差分輸入級(jí),兩個(gè)輸號(hào)中的噪聲在增益的回路中放大。在差分輸入級(jí),兩個(gè)輸入端共同的噪聲被抑制,僅允許需要的信號(hào)通過(guò)。入端共同的噪聲被抑制,僅允許需要的信號(hào)通過(guò)。第23頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十三頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 To avoid large offset voltages with very low-level voltage outputs, an instrumentation amplifier should
39、 be used. Instrumentation amplifiers are designed using three discrete operational amplifiers, with non-inverting operational amplifiers used as input buffers to each differential input. 譯為:譯為:為避免低電平輸出中的大的電壓偏移,需要使用儀為避免低電平輸出中的大的電壓偏移,需要使用儀器放大器。儀器放大器由器放大器。儀器放大器由3 3個(gè)分離的運(yùn)算放大器設(shè)計(jì)而成,其個(gè)分離的運(yùn)算放大器設(shè)計(jì)而成,其中,非反相運(yùn)算放
40、大器用于每個(gè)不同輸入信號(hào)的輸入緩沖。中,非反相運(yùn)算放大器用于每個(gè)不同輸入信號(hào)的輸入緩沖。第24頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十四頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。This configuration is typically integrated into a single device. Many sensors (with differential output) connect directly to the instrumentation amplifier. In many cases, the instrumentation amplifier gain is set relatively low
41、and then followed up by a high gain operational amplifier. Instrumentation amplifiers, shown to the right in Figure 6.2, have very low input offset voltages, low input bias currents and high common mode rejection, reducing error in the initial gain stage. 譯為:譯為:這種結(jié)構(gòu)合成為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的裝置。許多傳感器(與這種結(jié)構(gòu)合成為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的裝置。許
42、多傳感器(與差分輸出)直接與儀器放大器相連。在許多情況中,儀器放差分輸出)直接與儀器放大器相連。在許多情況中,儀器放大器的增益設(shè)置的相對(duì)低并且后面跟隨一個(gè)高增益的運(yùn)算放大器的增益設(shè)置的相對(duì)低并且后面跟隨一個(gè)高增益的運(yùn)算放大器。儀器放大器,顯示在圖大器。儀器放大器,顯示在圖6.26.2的右側(cè),有很低的輸入電的右側(cè),有很低的輸入電壓偏移和輸入電流偏移,以及高共模抑制比,降低起始增益壓偏移和輸入電流偏移,以及高共模抑制比,降低起始增益環(huán)節(jié)的誤差。環(huán)節(jié)的誤差。第25頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十五頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Following the initial gain stage, a program
43、mable gain amplifier can be used to further amplify the signal as needed. A programmable gain amplifier can be digitally programmed to ensure that the full scale sensor output matches the input voltage range of the analog-to-digital converter. 譯為:譯為:在起始增益環(huán)節(jié)之后的是一個(gè)可編程增益放大器,在起始增益環(huán)節(jié)之后的是一個(gè)可編程增益放大器,它可以用來(lái)根
44、據(jù)需要進(jìn)一步放大信號(hào)。一個(gè)可編程起始增益它可以用來(lái)根據(jù)需要進(jìn)一步放大信號(hào)。一個(gè)可編程起始增益放大器可以進(jìn)行數(shù)字化編程以確保傳感器輸出的滿量程與模放大器可以進(jìn)行數(shù)字化編程以確保傳感器輸出的滿量程與模數(shù)變換器的電壓輸入范圍相匹配。數(shù)變換器的電壓輸入范圍相匹配。第26頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十六頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Figure 6.2 Instrumentation amplifier offset voltages第27頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十七頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Noise Sensor signals running long distances over wire and cable
45、essentially become antennas, picking up electrical and magnetic interference from many RF sources. Ground loops(地回路,接地環(huán)路)(地回路,接地環(huán)路)on single-ended signals can also significantly raise/lower the noise potential of a sensor signal with respect to the signal conditioning circuits. 譯為:譯為:傳感器信號(hào)經(jīng)長(zhǎng)距離傳輸,必然變
46、得像天線一樣,容傳感器信號(hào)經(jīng)長(zhǎng)距離傳輸,必然變得像天線一樣,容易受到許多射頻源的電磁干擾。單端信號(hào)的接地回路也能夠顯易受到許多射頻源的電磁干擾。單端信號(hào)的接地回路也能夠顯著的提高著的提高/降低傳感器信號(hào)關(guān)于信號(hào)調(diào)制回路產(chǎn)生的噪聲勢(shì)。降低傳感器信號(hào)關(guān)于信號(hào)調(diào)制回路產(chǎn)生的噪聲勢(shì)。第28頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十八頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Using balanced (differential) signals, sensible grounding strategies, twisted pair wires and appropriate filtering at the amplifier st
47、age can significantly improve noise immunity( (抗抗噪聲度噪聲度) ). 譯為:譯為:使用平衡(差分)信號(hào),合理的接地策略,雙絞使用平衡(差分)信號(hào),合理的接地策略,雙絞線和放大級(jí)中適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)濾可以顯著提高抗噪聲度。線和放大級(jí)中適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)濾可以顯著提高抗噪聲度。第29頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第二十九頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Isolation Some sensor environments and conditioning circuits have significantly different potentials and can be subject
48、to very high-voltage transients on the sensor signal path. These situations can potentially damage low-voltage data conversion and processing circuits, creating the need for an isolation circuit to protect the circuitry. The sensor half of the system is said to be isolated from the rest of the syste
49、m. 句中句中high-voltage transient意為意為“瞬時(shí)高壓瞬時(shí)高壓”。譯為:譯為:有些傳感器環(huán)境和信號(hào)處理電路有明顯不同的電位,在有些傳感器環(huán)境和信號(hào)處理電路有明顯不同的電位,在傳感器信號(hào)傳輸路徑中,容易受到瞬時(shí)高壓的影響。這些情況傳感器信號(hào)傳輸路徑中,容易受到瞬時(shí)高壓的影響。這些情況可能破壞低電平數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換和運(yùn)算電路,由此需要一個(gè)隔離電路可能破壞低電平數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換和運(yùn)算電路,由此需要一個(gè)隔離電路來(lái)保護(hù)電路。系統(tǒng)內(nèi)一半的傳感器因此需從系統(tǒng)其余部分隔離來(lái)保護(hù)電路。系統(tǒng)內(nèi)一半的傳感器因此需從系統(tǒng)其余部分隔離出來(lái)。出來(lái)。第30頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第三十頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Isolat
50、ion circuits are created by taking advantage of electric and magnetic field properties in structures such as transformers, capacitors, photoelectric devices and RF signal propagation to transmit data across an interface without a physical connection. Isolation amplifiers have the isolation barrier n
51、ecessary to protect downstream circuits integrated directly into the device. Transformer, capacitor, optical and RF isolation amplifiers all have differing accuracy, linearity and bandwidths(帶寬)(帶寬). 譯為:譯為:隔離電路利用電磁原理的構(gòu)件制成。如變壓器、電容隔離電路利用電磁原理的構(gòu)件制成。如變壓器、電容器、光電元件和器、光電元件和RFRF信號(hào)發(fā)射元件,通過(guò)沒(méi)有物理連接的界面來(lái)傳信號(hào)發(fā)射元件,通過(guò)沒(méi)
52、有物理連接的界面來(lái)傳送數(shù)據(jù)。隔離放大器有隔離柵的需要以保護(hù)下游直接與設(shè)備集成送數(shù)據(jù)。隔離放大器有隔離柵的需要以保護(hù)下游直接與設(shè)備集成的電路。變壓器,電容器,光學(xué)和射頻隔離放大器都有不同的準(zhǔn)的電路。變壓器,電容器,光學(xué)和射頻隔離放大器都有不同的準(zhǔn)確率,線性度和帶寬確率,線性度和帶寬。第31頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第三十一頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Filtering At some point in the signal chain, generally just before digitization, the signal is filtered to attenuate unwanted cross
53、-talk(聲道串?dāng)_,串音)(聲道串?dāng)_,串音)components such as 60Hz hum (交流聲;干擾;發(fā)嗡嗡聲)(交流聲;干擾;發(fā)嗡嗡聲), switching transients(開(kāi)(開(kāi)關(guān)瞬態(tài);操作瞬變現(xiàn)象)關(guān)瞬態(tài);操作瞬變現(xiàn)象), RF interference as well as aliasing artifacts(混疊偽像混疊偽像)such as wideband noise. Analog signal filtering can be broken into two basic types: passive and active. 譯為:譯為:在信號(hào)鏈的某些點(diǎn)
54、,通常是在數(shù)字化之前,信號(hào)在信號(hào)鏈的某些點(diǎn),通常是在數(shù)字化之前,信號(hào)被過(guò)濾以減弱不需要的串音成分如被過(guò)濾以減弱不需要的串音成分如60hz的交流聲,開(kāi)關(guān)瞬的交流聲,開(kāi)關(guān)瞬態(tài),射頻干涉混疊偽像例如寬頻噪聲。模擬信號(hào)的過(guò)濾可態(tài),射頻干涉混疊偽像例如寬頻噪聲。模擬信號(hào)的過(guò)濾可以分為兩種基本類型:被動(dòng)型和主動(dòng)型。以分為兩種基本類型:被動(dòng)型和主動(dòng)型。第32頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第三十二頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Passive analog filters use discrete components such as capacitors, inductors and resistors. Active ana
55、log filters use discrete components in conjunction with operational amplifiers for a more precise filter design. 句中句中Passive analog filters指指“被動(dòng)模擬濾波器被動(dòng)模擬濾波器”,也稱,也稱無(wú)源濾波器。無(wú)源濾波器。Active analog filters指指“主動(dòng)模擬濾波器主動(dòng)模擬濾波器”,也稱有源濾波器。也稱有源濾波器。譯為:譯為:被動(dòng)模擬濾波器由電容、電感和電阻這樣的獨(dú)立元件構(gòu)被動(dòng)模擬濾波器由電容、電感和電阻這樣的獨(dú)立元件構(gòu)成。主動(dòng)模擬濾波器將這些獨(dú)立元
56、件連接在運(yùn)算放大器上,得成。主動(dòng)模擬濾波器將這些獨(dú)立元件連接在運(yùn)算放大器上,得到更高的設(shè)計(jì)精度。到更高的設(shè)計(jì)精度。第33頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第三十三頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。 Filters, whether active or passive, can be broken down into three basic functional areas: low-pass filters, high-pass filters and bandpass filters. Low-pass filters (LPFs)(低通濾波器)(低通濾波器)only allow electrical signals
57、 under a determined frequency to pass through, often called the cut-off frequency. High-pass filters (HPFs)(高通濾波器)高通濾波器)allow electrical signals to pass though that is above the cut-off frequency. 譯為譯為:濾波器,濾波器,不論主動(dòng)式或被動(dòng)式,可以分成三種基本不論主動(dòng)式或被動(dòng)式,可以分成三種基本功能類型:低通濾波器,高通濾波器和帶通濾波器。低通濾波功能類型:低通濾波器,高通濾波器和帶通濾波器。低通濾波
58、器僅允許低于一定頻率,通常成為截?cái)囝l率的電信號(hào)通過(guò)。高器僅允許低于一定頻率,通常成為截?cái)囝l率的電信號(hào)通過(guò)。高通濾波器允許頻率高于階段頻率的電信號(hào)通過(guò)。通濾波器允許頻率高于階段頻率的電信號(hào)通過(guò)。第34頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第三十四頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Bandpass filters(帶通濾波器)(帶通濾波器)are a combination of an LPF and an HPF. They allow electrical signals to pass through that are above a lower cut-off frequency and below a higher
59、cut-off frequency. Designers have to take care when choosing the appropriate type and functional area to achieve optimal circuit performance. 譯為:譯為:帶通濾波器是低通濾波器和高通濾波器的混合。他們?cè)蕩V波器是低通濾波器和高通濾波器的混合。他們?cè)试S高于一個(gè)較低截?cái)囝l率且低于一個(gè)較高截?cái)囝l率的電信號(hào)通過(guò)。許高于一個(gè)較低截?cái)囝l率且低于一個(gè)較高截?cái)囝l率的電信號(hào)通過(guò)。設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)注意選擇合適類型和功能的濾波器以達(dá)到理想的電路設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)注意選擇合適類型和功能的濾
60、波器以達(dá)到理想的電路性能。性能。第35頁(yè)/共43頁(yè)第三十五頁(yè),編輯于星期三:九點(diǎn) 十分。Analog-to-analog conversion Some primary elements convert changes in the measured variable into small changes in resistance. Strain gages(應(yīng)變(應(yīng)變儀)儀)and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are two examples. A bridge circuit is often used to convert the c
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