M3 語(yǔ)法講義第二期326

1、高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)講義（牛津譯林 模塊三）第二期1. likely adj.很可能的, 有希望的sb. be likely to do sth. 可能Its (very/ most) likely that eg. Hes likely to win the game.他很有可能會(huì)贏這場(chǎng)比賽.It is very likely that hes in trouble now.很可能他現(xiàn)在遇到麻煩了。 He seems the most likely person for the job.這項(xiàng)工作他似乎是最合適的人.2. be fit to do sth. 適合干某事 be fit for 適合,

2、勝任, 合格eg.The shoes are not fit to wear. 這鞋不適合穿.He is not fit for the job. 他不能勝任這份工作。3. Hit the shark on the nose.打在鯊魚(yú)的鼻子上。這是一種動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + by (on, in) + the + 身體部位等的結(jié)構(gòu)，此種類(lèi)型常用的動(dòng)詞有：catch, pull, shake, seize, hit, take, beat Suddenly, he took me by the hand.突然他抓住了我的手。The ball hit the headmaster on the hea

3、d.球打在校長(zhǎng)的頭上。 4. avoid sth./doing sth. In order to avoid failure, we had to work harder.為了避免失敗，我們不得不更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。6. phrasestake on 呈現(xiàn)for fear of 為了避免，唯恐pay back 償還pay off 還清， 取得成功on time 按時(shí) in time 及時(shí)be worth sth/ doing sth 值得做.You should avoid mentioning anything that may make her sad. 你應(yīng)該避免提到任何可能使她傷心的事。5.

4、 lie-lay-lain 躺 lie-lied-lied 說(shuō)謊 lay-laid-laid 放置，下蛋詞義辨析區(qū)別common, ordinary, usual， normal和 regular common意為“普遍的，共同的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)大家都有的， 比較普遍的。common也表示“普通的”（指因常見(jiàn)而顯得普通）。 ordinary意為“普通的，平凡的”，指沒(méi)有特別之處。例如： ordinary-looking 相貌平平的 usual意為“通常的”，一般指在時(shí)間上延續(xù)過(guò)去一貫的習(xí)慣。 usual place老地方 normal意為“正常的”，例如： above /below normal 正常

5、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之上/之下regular 意味“規(guī)則的，有規(guī)律的，定期的” He's got no regular job. 他沒(méi)有固定的工作。 He made a regular visit to his parents. 他定期看望父母親。例 Instead of a jewel, it turned out to be a piece of common coloured glass.它原來(lái)不是寶石，而是一塊普通的彩色玻璃。The average temperature this spring is below normal.今春平均氣溫比正常偏低。This is quite an ordi

6、nary event.這是一件非常普通的事。She followed the usual method.她采用平常慣用的辦法。【走近高考】Letter boxes are much more in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead.( 2006年浙江)A. common B. normal C. ordinary D. usual2. A new bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago.A. normal B.

7、usualC. regular D. common答案：1. A 2. C強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 1. 陳述句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 It is/was 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 that/who （注意：被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分不能是謂語(yǔ)。） eg. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 他遇到李萍是在昨天。 It is me who he blamed. 他怪的人是我。 It was when she was about to go out that the telephone rang. 她正打算走的時(shí)候電話響了。 2. 一般疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。例子 Was it y

8、esterday that he met Li Ping?3. 特殊疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（通常是疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分？eg When and where was it that you were born?4.not until 句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句A. 句型為：It is/ was not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 其他部分普通句：He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It was not until his wife came

9、back that he went to bed.B. 注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，till, until可通用；因?yàn)榫湫椭蠭t is/ was not . 已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定 句了。5.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào) 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前用助動(dòng)詞do/ does或did, 并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還原。Do be careful when you cross the street. 過(guò)馬路時(shí)，務(wù)必（千萬(wàn)）要小心??！He does like English. 他確實(shí)喜歡英語(yǔ)。They did clean the classroom. 他們確實(shí)打掃了教室。

10、so,neither,nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句1. sobe /助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)此句型只限于肯定句中，表示“某人或某物情況也是如此”。 eg.He has lost the address. So have I. 他丟了地址，我也是。(=I have lost the address, too.) Mary likes playing the piano. So does Jane. 瑪麗喜歡彈鋼琴，簡(jiǎn)也是。(=Jane likes playing the piano too.) If he goes there, so will I.如果他要去哪兒，我也去。(=I will go there,

11、 too.) 2. 否定句要用 Neither/ Nor be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ)，表示" 某人或物情況也不這樣" eg.I have never been to Beijing. Neither/Nor has my brother. The meal didnt cost much, nor was it very delicious. 這頓飯不太貴，也不太好吃。 I have no excuse for being late, nor does he. 我沒(méi)有遲到的理由，他也沒(méi)有。 注意：若前面句子結(jié)構(gòu)中既出現(xiàn)了be動(dòng)詞又出現(xiàn)了行為動(dòng)詞或者其它不同的形式通常用

12、So it is with 或 It's the same with。 eg. - Mary likes playing the piano, but she can't play it well. - So it is with her brother. / It's the same with her brother. 【區(qū)別】So 主語(yǔ)be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 此句型表示贊同，“某人或某物確實(shí)如此”。 eg.- You seem to like tea. - So I do. (是的，我確實(shí)喜歡) -Mary went to the park yesterday

13、. -So she did, and so did I.（她確實(shí)去了，我也去了。） neithernor表示否定意義 eg, -He doesnt like tea. -Neither/Nor he does.(確實(shí)如此) 典型例題 -Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? -I dont know, _. A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also 答案：B. nor為增補(bǔ)意思"也不關(guān)心"，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯(cuò)在

14、用 dont 再次否定， C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。倒裝句1、 完全倒裝將整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分置于主語(yǔ)之前即為完全倒裝。這種完全倒裝的語(yǔ)序出現(xiàn)在下列場(chǎng)合： 1. away ， down ， up ， in ， out 等副詞位于句首且主語(yǔ)為名詞時(shí)，可將 come ， go 等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如： The door opened and in came the teacher. Down sat Bob by the table. 2. here 和 there 位于句首，且主語(yǔ)為名詞時(shí)，可將主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)全部倒裝。例如： Here is your book.

15、There comes a bus. 3. 當(dāng)句首的表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)是表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)要全部倒裝。例如： On the front wall is a blackboard. On the back wall hangs a map of China. 4. 有時(shí)為了使上下文緊密銜接，也要用完全倒裝。例如： They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 5. 直接引語(yǔ)前置，引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)通常要完全倒裝。例如： “ Something is wrong with the mac

16、hine, ”said Xiao Dan. 注意：完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)里的主語(yǔ)一定不能是代詞，如果是代詞就不能倒裝了。 例如：湯姆來(lái)了. Here comes Tom. 我們就不能說(shuō)成 Here comes he. × 但是卻可以說(shuō)成 Here he comes. 二、 部分倒裝 只把謂語(yǔ)的一部分（如助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等）放到主語(yǔ)前，或把句子的強(qiáng)調(diào)成分提前。 1. never,not,hardly, little,seldom,scarcely,rarely,no sooner,no longer, nowhere等含有否定意義的副詞位于句首時(shí)，使用部分倒裝。I shall never for

17、give him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)寬恕他。He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃飯。She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 她幾乎沒(méi)時(shí)間聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how

18、important this meeting is. 他不甚明白這個(gè)會(huì)議的重要性。We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我們剛到機(jī)場(chǎng),飛機(jī)就起飛了。【注意】(1) 對(duì)于notuntil句型，當(dāng)not until位于句首時(shí)，其后的主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序：He didnt leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain s

19、topped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才離開(kāi)這房間。(2) 某些起副詞作用的介詞短語(yǔ)，由于含有否定詞，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒裝：On no accounts must this switch be touched. 這個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)是絕不能觸摸的。In /Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.無(wú)論如何我也不會(huì)再借錢(qián)給他了。但是，in no time(立即，馬上)位于句首時(shí)，其后無(wú)需用倒裝語(yǔ)序：In no time he worked out the problem. 他馬上就算出了那道題。 2. “only

20、+狀語(yǔ)”位于句首時(shí)的倒裝當(dāng)一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)受副詞only的修飾且置于句首時(shí)，其后用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序：Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那時(shí)他才意識(shí)到他錯(cuò)了。Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用這種方法才能把它做好。Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 當(dāng)他回到家里時(shí)，才知道出了什么事。 3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首時(shí)的倒裝副詞so后接形容詞或副詞位于句首時(shí)，其后用部分倒裝：So cold

21、was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷，我們只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我們幾乎沒(méi)法想像它的速度。So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 襲擊來(lái)得非常突然，我們來(lái)不及逃跑。4.“so+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”倒裝(詳細(xì)請(qǐng)見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法講義P9 )當(dāng)要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情況也同樣適合于后者，通常就要用“So+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：You are yo

22、ung and so am I. 你年輕，我也年輕。She likes music and so do I. 她喜歡音樂(lè)，我也喜歡。If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能?！咀⒁狻?1) 若前面提出某一否定的情況，要表示后者也屬于同樣的否定情況，則應(yīng)將其中的so改為neither或nor：You arent young and neither am I. 你不年輕，我也不年輕。She hasnt read it and nor have I. 她沒(méi)有讀它，我也沒(méi)有讀。(2) 注意該結(jié)構(gòu)與表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或同意的“so+主語(yǔ)+特殊動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別："It

23、was cold yesterday." "So it was." “昨天很冷?！薄暗拇_很冷?！?quot;Father, you promised." "Well, so I did." “爸爸，你答應(yīng)過(guò)的?！薄班?，是答應(yīng)過(guò)?！?. 由not onlybut also引出的倒裝當(dāng)not onlybut also位于句首引出句子時(shí)，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒裝形式：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不僅是一位教師，而且是一位詩(shī)人。Not only did h

24、e speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不僅他講得更正確，也講得更不費(fèi)勁了。6. 虛擬條件句的省略與倒裝當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should等時(shí)，如將if省略，則要將had, were, should等移到主語(yǔ)前，構(gòu)成倒裝句：If you had come yesterday,you would have seen him./ Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天來(lái)，你就會(huì)見(jiàn)到他了。If you should require anythin

25、g, give me a ring. / Should you require anything, give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以給我打電話。If it were not for your help, I would still be homeless./ Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你幫助，我會(huì)仍然無(wú)家可歸?！咀⒁狻渴÷詉f后提前的had不一定是助動(dòng)詞：Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有錢(qián)，我就會(huì)買(mǎi)它。hurt， harm， wound， injure1.

26、 hurt常指肉體，精神或感情上的傷害，多指?jìng)?。The driver hurt himself badly in the accident.那位司機(jī)在那次事故中傷得很重。 He fell and hurt his leg. 他掉下來(lái)傷了腿。His words hurt me/my feeling. 他的話傷了我的感情。注意：指肉體上的傷害時(shí)，hurt可與badly，slightly，seriously等連用；但如果指精神上的創(chuàng)傷，只能說(shuō)very much/rather/deeply hurt。 2. harm指對(duì)人或事物造成危害, 固定短語(yǔ) do harm to = do damage to

27、 eg.Smoking seriously harmed his health. 吸煙嚴(yán)重傷害了他的健康。3. damage主要指對(duì)于物的損害(較小，可以修復(fù))，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)于價(jià)值，用途，外觀等所造成的損失。He damaged my car with a stone.他用石頭砸壞了我的汽車(chē)。4. wound通常指外界暴力造成創(chuàng)傷，多指槍傷，刀傷，刺傷等皮肉之傷，特指戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷.The bullet wounded his arm.子彈打傷了他的一只胳膊。He got wounded in the battle. 他在戰(zhàn)斗中受傷。5. injure著重指損害健康，成就，容貌等，強(qiáng)調(diào)功能的損失。inj

28、ure比hurt正式。A bullet injured his left eye.一顆子彈傷了他的左眼。Several children were injured in the accident.好幾個(gè)孩子在那次事故中受傷。MOUDULE 3Unit 2 LanguageI. 課文背誦English and its historyBefore the middle of the 5th century, People in Britain all spoke Celtic.After the middle of the 5th century, the Angles and the Saxon

29、s occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. At the end of the 9th century, The Vikings began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which was also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English has become the official language of England.

30、 In 1066, The Normans defeated England and tool control of the country. After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French, while the common people spoke English. By the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry became K

31、ing of England and used English for all official events. During the Renaissance in the 16th century, Modern English began.II. Language points （語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)）1） key phrasesreplace as 取代而作為work as 擔(dān)當(dāng)； 充當(dāng)raise animals 飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物contribute to 有助于, 投稿instead of代替; 而不是 .keep on changing 不斷地變化in the future 在將來(lái) mother tong

32、ue母語(yǔ)mixwith和.混合all through history 有史以來(lái)/漫長(zhǎng)歲月里confusing rules 令人困惑不解的規(guī)則be made up of 由.構(gòu)成; 由.組成consist of 由 . 組成That is why這就是為什么be named after 以 . 命名aside from 除 . 以外play a part in 在.中起作用take control of 控制make contributions to為 . 做出貢獻(xiàn)go through huge changes 經(jīng)歷巨變lead to 導(dǎo)致（=result in）before the middl

33、e of the 5th century公元5世紀(jì)中期之前by the latter half of the 14th century到14世紀(jì)后半葉come into widespread 得到廣泛使用On one hand., on the other hand一方面.另一方面.sentence structures1.That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. (p22) 正因?yàn)槿绱?，英語(yǔ)才成了一種具有許多令人困惑不解的規(guī)則的語(yǔ)言。eg. The problem was that we couldnt f

34、ind a suitable time. 問(wèn)題是我們找不到合適的時(shí)間。Our school is no longer what it used to be. 我們學(xué)校不再是以前的樣子了。That is where Lu Xun once lived. 這是魯迅曾經(jīng)生活過(guò)的地方。 2. The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them. (p22) 英語(yǔ)是由每個(gè)進(jìn)入不列顛的人群所說(shuō)語(yǔ)言中的規(guī)則和詞匯構(gòu)成的。be made up

35、of由組成（主動(dòng)為make up)我們學(xué)校每個(gè)班由55名學(xué)生組成。Each class in our school is made up of fifty-five students.à Fifty-five students make up each class in our school.consist of 由 組成 (= be made up of) 提示：consist of 不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 consist in 在于，存在于 consist with . 與一致，相等3. They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon

36、(the base of Old English) developed from mixing these languages with Celtic. (p22) 這三個(gè)日爾曼部落分別有自己的語(yǔ)言，作為古英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)的盎格魯-撒克遜語(yǔ)就是在這三種語(yǔ)言與凱爾特語(yǔ)相交匯的過(guò)程中發(fā)展起來(lái)的。mix.with 使混和,攙和,混淆,搞混eg. mix joy with sorrow 痛并快樂(lè)著Oil doesn't mix with water. 油和水不能混合。mix up 使弄不清；使混亂；混淆；His explanation just mixed me up more. 他的解釋令我更加糊涂了。I always mix up the twins.我總是把這對(duì)雙胞胎弄混。5. Its certain that he will come tomorrow.àHe is sure /certain