[英文書法的藝術].Art.Of.Calligraphy

1、LocpsusuallyterminatemihahairlinecurlThtstemoftheCopperplateCapitalusuallyterminateswithablobCopperplateCapitalBAlthoughwrittentothesaihestrokethicknessastheminims.CopperplateCapitalstendtoberelativelylarge(pp106-107).Thedegreeofexpansionorcontractionshouldcloselyechothatoftheminim.CopperplateAlthou

2、ghtheItalicscriptbeganlifeasaquickly.penned,cursiveversionoftheHumanistMinuscule,bythebeginningofthe16thcenturyithadbecomeaformalscriptinitsownrightwithacorrespondinglyslowerductus(pp.9495).In1574,aninstructionmanualforItalicscriptwasprintedfromtextthathadbeenengravedonsheetsofcopperwithapointedtool

3、knownasaburin.Thehanddevelopedforthisnewengravingmethod,combinedw讓hthenarrowerpenandslantedwritinganglethatscribeshadbeguntofavour,ledtotheemergenceofanewhandwrittenscript:Copperplate.PosrRenaissanceScriptsPosrRenaissanceScripts2/Q%/pc/譏八,&/<*«<-,幺亠尢IXc/c(/乙”2/”z"&£c/；厶“

4、,y/ft"/人Cx"/c/“<*_/e/?"亠/s«M芻/CzZ/iPyc"c/cZj三二”必/饑.丿"仏：嚴門g丿人'一>H厶弘鄉(xiāng)/力/(V(WJc人7'%：竽M必財匚三><5.#鄉(xiāng)力/介/"/汀.二迂屁彳/%/；/弘M(嚴”7力勿勿,yTheUnirsalPhnmaxThisversionofaninstructionaltextbvSamuelVauxisfromVicUniversalPefiman.acelebratedvolumeofengravedworkbytheca

5、lligrapherandengraverGeorgeBickham.Publishedin1743.thebookepitomizedtheelegantwritingmanualsofthe18thcenturyTheengravedletters,writtenwithveryfewliftsofthetool,closelyfollowpen-drawnCopperplateletterforms.ThePRINCIPALinnovationoftheCopperplatewasthat,forthefirsttime,althelettersinawordwerelinked,mak

6、ingitafastandpracticalhandtowriteBvthemid18thJcentury,itwastheestablishedscriptofcommerce,replacingthevariousbastardhandsthathadpreviouslybeenusedformuchbusinessandvernacularworkinEurope(pp.6679).Throughoutthe17thand18thcenturies,Copperplatewritingalsoacquiredthestatusofanartformsuitableforgentlefol

7、k,whousedtheimpressivescriptforbothprivateandbusinesscorrespondence.Eventually,CopperplatereplacedtheHumanisthands一includingtheItalicitselfaltogether.IValpukgisNightThishandwrittentextofapoembytheartistRichardDadddatesfromabout1840.Theletterscloselyfollowtheapproved"schoo廣handofthepenod:themini

8、msarcsmall,ascendersarcrelativelylargeandunlooped,andthehandiswrittenattheverysteepangleofnearly40°Copperplate103Copperplateare“譏計蟲嚴皿上山”/“"嚴om“or/c/a,t"wuyhof/"""",®。/a£"/r,鄉(xiāng)/tf/uc/t厶rcq0/(/"(/?e%N,/ir/uc/t(/iecef7yfift/y/uea/e/pancetotce*以1(7&q

9、uot;歲o/uf/疋aj,鄉(xiāng)co/,if/e?/yMa/Ae/e心"of/nxgfFr/c"chTheUniversalPenmanThisengravingofaninstructionaltextbyW.KippaxisalsofromGeorgeBickham'sUniversalPenmanNoticetheloopedandunloopcdfbnnsofascendersused;onthethirdline,theword°which*includesbothtypesVJ川.""（、/“Commandofhand0Ino

10、rdertomaintaintheirstatusasteachers,the18th-centurywritingmastersoftenproducedascriesofvinuosocalligraphicperfonnancesthatwereeachknownasstriking''orcommandofhand：inwhichincreasinglycomplexbarequeflourisheswereproducedwithouttheremovalofpenfrompaperThisornateworkisonesuchexample.Thestrokescr

11、osseachotheratthemowacuteanglepossibleTheloops,Jranntovaryingsixes,wouldhaebancarefullyplannedmadvanceCopperplateworkshopInletterpressprinting,theraisedsurfaceofthetypekinkedAndimpressedon(0paper.Incopperplate(intaglio)printing,thisprocessisreversed.inkisappliedtotheinscribedsurfaceandwipedfromthefa

12、ceoftheplate.Dampenedpaperischonpressedontotheplace,pickinguptheinkfromtherecessesInthisengraving.wecansecthepaperbeingforcedontotheplate,while,inthebackground,printedsheetsaredryingontheracks.ThecalligrapherhibrokenwithCopperplateconventionbyloopingthelettercl'(艸州則(1能DavidHarris/Inthepast,thepr

13、oductionZtjZofCopperplatescriptfrom，)typewasaverylimiting'_.process-joinsdidnottully/?/<=豐;臨豐仙川曲w(皿(y(M(艸皿This1984designfora.-丿CCopperplatetypefaceshows(7>C/).(/12/艦嚟憂啟(iiMpiMiMi(訕卜勺九皿)theengravedscript(/(人CopperplateineducationIhcadoptionofCopperplatescriptoccurredremarkablyrapidly,apheno

14、menonowingpartlytotheroleineducationofthewritingmaster.Inthepast,writingskillshadbeentaughtbyuniversityacademics,but,bvthelate17thcentury,increasingliteracyandthedeman(lsofbusinesscreatedtheneedForateacherwhotaughtwritingexclusively.Examplesofwritingmasters*workwerereproducedbycopperplateengraving,a

15、ndschoolbookmanualsbegantosupersedetheelegantwritingmanualssuchasTheUniversalPenmanthathadpreviouslybeenwidelyfavouredTechnicalskillBythe19thcentury,CopperplatewasthestandardschoolhandinEuropeandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,andstudentswerejudgedasmuchonwritingtechniqueasthecontentoftheirwork.Thisemphasi

16、sontechnicalskilllastedwellintothe20thcentury,whentheCopperplatepenwasusurpedbytheball-pointpen,typewriter,andwordprocessor.104PosrRenaissanceScriptsThebeiiioftheaisctichscdTheboiNofthebisopenCopperplateTHISELEGANTSCRIF叮isprobablythemostcursiveofallhands.Mostletterscanbewritteninonestrokeandtherearc

17、fewpenliftsbetweenletters.MinimscanbeslightlycompressedandthecharacteristicloopsoftheascendersanddescenderscanbedrawncitheropenorenclosedThebesteffectsarcoftenachievedbyusingcompressedminimswithenclosedloopsThefinelinesoftheburinengravingipp.102103)aredifficulttoreplicatewithasteelnibbut,withpractic

18、e,impressiveresultscanbeachieved.PosrRenaissanceScriptsPosrRenaissanceScriptsllhenstrokesoirrlap,keepthepaiangleasdoseto90°asthescriptunitallots9HieJoniMrdleanoftheCopperplateletterisabcut30°ToolselectionAlwaysuseapointednibforCopperplateletters.AflexibledrawingniborpurposemadeCopperplaten

19、ibwillensurethebestvariationofthickandthinstrokesTheascenderofthedismiloopedTheIwMofthedisaidosedAdjustingthepressureThepressureisadjustedtwiceontheaveragennnimstrokeBeginwithagentlepressurecoproduceafineline,increaseittothickenthestrokeatthecentreoftheminimthenrelaxitagainatthebottomofthestroke.Lin

20、kinglettersLinkletterswhereverpossible,ensuringthatthelinkisashighupthestemasispracticable.DonotjoinlettersneartheirbaseInternalspacesOnceyouhavedecidedwhethertousecompressedorcxpancedminims,makesureeachcountercontainsthesameamountofspace.Theinter-letterspaceshouldbeapproximatelyhalftheinternalspace

21、.Copperplate105Copperplate0ThftoploopofthevcanbeopenorenclosedrbrThestemofthepoftenrisesaboieminimheight77>rhoivlofthepisusuallyopenThebou4oftheqisenclosedThesmalltoploopofthehalfr(anheopen77re5blheunlyCopperplateletterinthealphabetunthnonaturallinkingstrokeJoinedlettersThisformoffisthemostfonnal

22、andrestrainedofallpossibleoptionsLettcrfonnscanbeslightlymodifiedtoaccommodiUetheconncaifigstrokesCoppcfjflatei$unitte/iunthasjeivpatliftsaspossible:thisux>rdcanbeuriucuwithonlyonepenlift-fortheaossbarofthet106Post-RenaissanceSckiptsCopperplateCapitalsAMONGSTTHEMOREusefulpracticaladviceofferedint

23、helCop嚴叩latemanualsofthe19thcentun(pp.102-103)isthistipfromwritingmastersJamesLewisandJosephCarstairs:"Thewritinghandshouldbelightlysupportedbythetipofthelittlefingerandtheforearmfreetomoveinacircularmovement”.ThiscanveryhelpfullybeappliedtothedrawingofCopperplateCapitals,ascriptinwhichthepreci

24、secontrolofpressureonthepeniscentraltotheexecutionofeachletter.Inaeasethepre$ureatthispointDcaeascthepressureatthispointIncreasethepressureatthispointshoulddiminishproportionately.louTredtocotftplemcnttheminusculelettersHowever,thickstrokesshouldneverHere,thetailoftheLhasbeenelongatedandtentiinatingastroke,finishinthahairlineorapplypressureAsageneralrub,thethickstrokeshouldnotcontinueintothecurve;awi