高一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)必修二Word版

1、Unit1和unit5。非限制定語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來(lái)修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞或整個(gè)主句，所以，也稱作形容詞性從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它們分別代替前面的先行詞，并在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。Awho 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。 What was the name of the man

2、who lent you the money 借錢給你的那人叫什么名字？（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the man） He who laughs lst laughs best. 誰(shuí)笑到最后誰(shuí)笑得最好。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞he） The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 會(huì)議主席坐在我右邊，他先發(fā)言。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the chairman）Bwhom 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中，whom可省略或可用who來(lái)代替，但在介詞后面以及在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用whom。 There are some

3、 people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike. 有些人我們是喜歡的，有些人則是我們討厭的。（定語(yǔ)從句分別修飾先行詞people, others） The people whomwho I work with are all friendly. 和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the people） Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在電話里和卡特先生交談過(guò)，他對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃很感興

4、趣。（非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中不能用who代替whom） Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 兩個(gè)人來(lái)到我的辦公室，我以前從未見過(guò)他們。（在介詞后面不用who）Cwhose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)，后面要緊跟被修飾的名詞。 There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget. 有些人，他們的臉你永遠(yuǎn)難以忘懷。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞people） I saw some trees whose leaves were black b

5、ecause of the polluted air. 我看見一些樹的樹葉由于空氣污染而發(fā)黑。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾行詞trees）Dwhich 1指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷浴?English is a language which is easy to learn. 英語(yǔ)是一門容易學(xué)的語(yǔ)言。（which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，不能省略） This is a folk song which is now very popular. 這是目前非常流行的一首民謠（which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，不能省略） The river which flows through London is th

6、e Thames. 流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，不能省略） The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。(關(guān)系代詞which作makes的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略) 2which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this。 Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通過(guò)了駕駛考試，這使大家都感到驚訝。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾的是整個(gè)主句，而不是the driving test） 3which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中

7、有時(shí)也可以作定語(yǔ)。 John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together. 約翰在這里呆了一星期，在此期間我們一起游了西湖。 It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing. 周末可能下雪，在這種情況下，我們就不去北京了。 Ethat 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷裕?。 He is the man that lives next door.

8、 他就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the man，作主語(yǔ)） I dont like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜歡結(jié)尾悲傷的故事。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞stories，作主語(yǔ)） The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesnt fit her very well. 安買的衣服不太合身。（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the dress，that作賓語(yǔ)可省略） Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有我能為你效勞的事嗎？（定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞anything，that作賓語(yǔ)，可省略） 提示

9、： 在口語(yǔ)中，that有時(shí)還可以作關(guān)系副詞，相當(dāng)于when或介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)。 We left the day (that) he arrived. 他來(lái)的那一天，我們就走了。（that替when） He doesnt see things the way (that) we see them. 他看問(wèn)題的方法和我們不一樣。（that代替in which） Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很難想象，他開車的速度那么快?。╰hat代替at which）F其他關(guān)系代詞 as 和but也可作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。1as as可以在限制性定

10、語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，as可跟在由suc, so, the same修飾的先行詞之后。 Such men as heard him were deeply moved. 聽過(guò)他說(shuō)話的人，都會(huì)深受感動(dòng)。（as在定語(yǔ)從句中作heard的主語(yǔ)） Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過(guò)像他講的這樣的故事。（as在定語(yǔ)從句中作tell的賓語(yǔ)） He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起別人都搬不起的大石頭。（as在定語(yǔ)從句中l(wèi)ift的賓語(yǔ)）比

11、較： 在the sameas結(jié)構(gòu)中，as也可用that代替。但嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)，the sameas強(qiáng)調(diào)相同，the samethat注重同一。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的衣裙。（as指的是與先行詞相似的同類事物） She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過(guò)的同一條連衣裙。（that指的是與先行詞同一事物） 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，as可代表主句整個(gè)句子，引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗號(hào)與

12、主句分開。 As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)的領(lǐng)土。 He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，這一點(diǎn)我們從他的口音可以知道。必背： 一些由as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常位于句首，已形成了固定的說(shuō)法。 as is known to all 這是眾所周知的 as has been said before 如前所說(shuō) as is often the case 情況常常如此 as may be imagined 這可以想象得出 as has been point

13、ed out 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣 as often happens 這種情況常常發(fā)生 2but but作關(guān)系詞只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，同具有否定意思的主句連用，相當(dāng)于thatnot, whonot或whichnot。 There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more. 我班上沒(méi)有一個(gè)學(xué)生不愿意多學(xué)一點(diǎn)的東西的。（but = whonot ） There are very few but are against war 很少人不反對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。（but = whonot） G介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 介詞+

14、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是一種非常常見但也比較復(fù)雜的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)。 1. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞中介詞的位置 關(guān)系代詞whom, which在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間（that, who不可以），也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面，使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。 He is a man of rich experience, from whom much canbe learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的人，從他那兒可以學(xué)到很多。 The scho

15、ol in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school.他曾經(jīng)工作過(guò)的學(xué)校是一所重點(diǎn)學(xué)校。 The manager in whosecompany I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving our working c

16、onditions. 我就職的那家公司經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。 2介詞+關(guān)系代詞的常見結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞+whichwhom This is the famous singerabout whom we have often talked.這就是那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩摇?Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost. 很幸運(yùn)，我們帶了一張地圖，如沒(méi)有的話，我們就會(huì)迷路了。 名詞+of+ whichwhom Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.

17、請(qǐng)把那本藍(lán)封面的書遞給我。（也可用whose cover） 數(shù)詞+o+ whichwhom Shes got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses. 她有三只幸運(yùn)筆，其中兩只從未用過(guò)。 In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大約有200位教師，其中百分之三十是女教師。 代詞+of+ whichwhom In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad

18、.我發(fā)現(xiàn)籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。 There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班有50個(gè)學(xué)生，其中大多數(shù)來(lái)自大城市。Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents. 諾曼贏得五萬(wàn)美元，他將其中一半給了他父母。 Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 湯姆試穿了三件襯衫，都不滿意。 最高級(jí)+of+ whichwhom China ha

19、s thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中國(guó)有數(shù)千個(gè)島嶼，其中最大的是臺(tái)灣。 介詞+which+名詞 He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows. 他通常十點(diǎn)鐘回家，在這時(shí)候他爸爸鎖好所有的門窗。 His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 他的妻子病得很重，在這

20、種情況下，他不得不放棄出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì)。 3關(guān)系代詞前介詞的選擇 在介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，應(yīng)注意介詞的正確選擇。 根據(jù)后面動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。 The two things of which they felt prud were Jims watch and Dellas hair. 他們引以為豪的兩樣?xùn)|西是吉姆的手表和德拉的頭發(fā)。（feel proud of是固定搭配詞組） In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上沒(méi)有一個(gè)她可以求助的人。（tu

21、rn to sb. for help是固定搭配詞組） 根據(jù)與前面名詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。 Ill never forget the ay on which I first met him.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我第一次遇見他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介詞on) Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used 你能設(shè)想一個(gè)使用這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的場(chǎng)合嗎？(a situation前面一般用in) 有時(shí)須同時(shí)考慮動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及介詞和名詞的搭配關(guān)系。 Galileo made a telescope through

22、 which he could tudy the sky. 伽里略整理了一個(gè)望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通過(guò)它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope) Is that the house in which you once lived那就是你曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的房子嗎？(live in the house) 根據(jù)所要表達(dá)的意思來(lái)確定。 This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 這是我的眼鏡，離了它我什么也看不清。注意： 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。

23、 I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.我是你的好朋友，我會(huì)盡我一切所能來(lái)幫你。 The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month. 這家人很愛音樂(lè)，他們每月都去聽一次音樂(lè)會(huì)。 He is one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well. 他是班上英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很好的男生之一。（one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式） He is the only o

24、ne of the boys in our class who speaks English well. 他是班上唯一英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很好的男生。（the (only) one the very one the right one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式）二、關(guān)系副引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有when, where或 why等。when, where, why分別在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，在意義上相當(dāng)于介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)，分別代替表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的先行詞。Awhen 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 I still remember the day wh

25、en I first came to this school. 我仍然記得我第一次來(lái)到這所學(xué)校的那一天。(when= on which) He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我們最需要他的時(shí)候來(lái)的。(when= at which) We will never forget the year 1949, when th Peoples Republic of China was founded. 我們永遠(yuǎn)忘不了1949年，那是中華人民共和國(guó)成立的一年。(when= in which)Bwhere 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。 I rec

26、ently went back to the town where I was born. 我最近曾回過(guò)一次我出生的城市。(where = in which) I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine. 我想住在一個(gè)陽(yáng)光充足的國(guó)家。(where = in which) Whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday 你度假的那個(gè)地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)Cwhy 指原因，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。 Pleas

27、e tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 請(qǐng)告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。(why = for which) Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。 注意: 無(wú)論是關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞，都在定語(yǔ)從句中取代了先行詞，因此，先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中不復(fù)出現(xiàn)?！菊`】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. 這就是我昨天借的書。（that

28、在定語(yǔ)從句中取代了先行詞the book，作borowed的賓語(yǔ)，因此，要去掉it）【誤】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. 英語(yǔ)角是人們經(jīng)常去練習(xí)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的地方。（where在定語(yǔ)從句中取代了先行詞the pace，作go的狀語(yǔ)，因此，要去掉there）三、限制性定

29、語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句在句中所起的作用，可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩大類。A限制性定語(yǔ)從句 限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。書寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)與先行詞分開。 This is the boy who broke the window. 這就是打破窗子的孩子。（the boy是先行詞，who broke the indow是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，明確指出the boy是打破窗子的那個(gè)孩子） I have a book which teaches English grammar. 我有一本講解英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的書。（

30、a book是先行詞，which teaches English grammar是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the book） The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan. 你在大廳見到的那些人來(lái)自日本。（定語(yǔ)從句whom you met in the hall定先行詞the people）B非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在意義上只是一個(gè)附加修飾語(yǔ)，對(duì)先行詞或主句作些附加的說(shuō)明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。書寫時(shí)往往用逗號(hào)與先行詞分開。 I, who am your friend, will share the work with yo

31、u. 我是你的朋友，將與你分擔(dān)這項(xiàng)工作。（I是先行詞，who am your friend是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)先行詞I起附加說(shuō)明的作用） New Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us all. 新概念英語(yǔ)是專為外國(guó)學(xué)生編寫的，這是我們大家都知道的。（which is known to us all是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)主句作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明）C在下列情況下，通常使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 1當(dāng)先行詞表示的是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的人或物時(shí)。 The sun, which gives us light a

32、nd heat, is a fixed star. 太陽(yáng)是一顆恒星，它給我們光和熱。 Last year I visted the Peoples Great Hall, where many important meetings are held every year. 去年我參觀了人民大會(huì)堂，每年許多重要會(huì)議都要在那里舉行。2當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句時(shí)。 Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows. 眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)的領(lǐng)土。 The weather was very terrible, which we hadnt expected. 天氣非常

33、糟糕，這點(diǎn)們沒(méi)有料到。3當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞，或先行詞本身指示意義十分明確時(shí)。 Mr. Joe lives in Beijing now, which is quite a long way from here.喬先生現(xiàn)在住在北京，那里距離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。 I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election. 我祝賀我的鄰居，他的兒子剛剛贏得選舉。四、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用，比較復(fù)雜除了牽涉到所指的先行詞是人還是物，所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句是限制性的還是非限制性的，以及關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么

34、句子成份外，還要根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法而定。A只用who 在下列情況下，一般不能用that代替who。1在非限制定語(yǔ)從句中。 His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛他，對(duì)他要求很嚴(yán)格。2先行詞是one, anyone, those時(shí)。 One who has nothing to fear for hiself dares to tell the truth. 一個(gè)無(wú)所畏懼的人敢說(shuō)真話。 Anyone who breaks the law shall be published. 任何犯法的人都將受到懲罰。 Thos

35、e who are against the plan put up your hands please. 凡是反對(duì)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人，請(qǐng)舉手。3在therehere be開頭的句子中。 Here is a boy who wants to see you. 有個(gè)男孩想見你。4先詞與定語(yǔ)從句被其他詞所分隔時(shí)。 Dont tell anyone about the secret who oughtnt to know. 不要把這秘密告訴任何一個(gè)不該知道它的人。 I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請(qǐng)的人。B 只用w

36、hichwhom 在下列情況下，一般不能用that代替whichwhom。1在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。 The weather was very terrible, hich we hadnt expected. 天氣非常糟糕，這我們沒(méi)有料到。2介詞后面。 關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞或短語(yǔ)介詞后面，只能用which或whom，不能用that。 He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view. 他爬到一塊巨大的巖石頂上，從那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用from where） Sound is a tool, by

37、 means of which people communcate with each other. 聲音是工具，人們通過(guò)這個(gè)工具進(jìn)行交流。 They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldnt answer. 他們問(wèn)了我許多問(wèn)題，大部分我都不會(huì)回答。C只用that 在下列情況下，限制性定語(yǔ)從句中一般只用that引導(dǎo)1當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞被every, any, all,some, no, little, few, mu

38、ch等詞修飾時(shí)。 Everything that they said was true. 他所說(shuō)的一切都是真的。 He is dead and theres nothing that can be done. 他死了，再也沒(méi)有什么辦法了。 There was little that we could do to help her. 我們沒(méi)有什么能幫助她的。 These walls are all that remain of the ancint city. 這些墻是這座古城所殘存下來(lái)的全部。提示： something 后面可用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 There is something(w

39、hichthat) Id like to tell you. 有些事我想告訴你。2當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。 She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught. 她也許是我教學(xué)生中學(xué)習(xí)最勤奮的。3當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)。 This is the very grammar book (that) I w

40、ant to buy. 這正是我要買的語(yǔ)法書。 Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of. 美麗是埃米莉唯一能驕傲的東西。4當(dāng)先行詞為who或前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。 Who that has common sense will believe uch nonsense 有常識(shí)的人誰(shuí)會(huì)相信這種無(wú)聊的事情？ Who is the man that is standing by the gate 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most 哪件T恤衫最合我的身

41、？提示： 關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中有三大作用1. 連接作用連接先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句。 I gave her all the money that I had. 我把我所有的錢都給了她。（that 連接先特詞 money和定語(yǔ)從句I had） 2. 替代作用在定語(yǔ)從句中替代從句所修飾的先行詞。 The man who lives nest door is a famous teacher. 住在隔壁的那個(gè)人是個(gè)名師。（who 替代the man） 3. 成分作用在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。 I like picrures which are painted in the traditional

42、Chinese style. 我喜歡傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)畫。（which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)） 5當(dāng)先行詞為人與事物或動(dòng)物時(shí)。 The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered. 掉入河里的司機(jī)與車都還沒(méi)有找到。 The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被認(rèn)為 在森林里迷路的孩子與狗，今天早上已經(jīng)獲救了。 6先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做表語(yǔ)時(shí)。 She is no longe

43、r the sweet girl (that) she used to be. Unit 2.4被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) （被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)全復(fù)習(xí)）高中英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)總結(jié)一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式, 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為：1) am/is/are +done (過(guò)去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例All the preparations for the

44、task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)例A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般過(guò)去時(shí)例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 過(guò)去完成時(shí)例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Bei

45、jing.6） was/were being done 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)例A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done 一般將來(lái)時(shí)例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 將來(lái)完成時(shí)（少用）例The pro

46、ject will have been completed before July.10） should/would have been done 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)（少用）例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過(guò)去分詞。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留

47、在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)，其余不動(dòng)。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, n

48、otice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞介詞”，“動(dòng)詞副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)v.+in

49、g 形式及不定式 to do 也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)) 。例I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1. 講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 (這時(shí)可省 by 短語(yǔ))。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 為了更好地

50、安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了）三、 It is said that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe過(guò)去分詞that從句”或“主語(yǔ)be過(guò)去分詞to do sth.”。有：It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō),It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道，It is believed tha

51、t大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that眾所周知，It is thought that大家認(rèn)為，It is suggested that據(jù)建議。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及

52、物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式 表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語(yǔ)通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：The door wont lock （指門本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不會(huì)有人來(lái)鎖門, 指“門沒(méi)有鎖”是人的原因）2. 表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, tu

53、rn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來(lái)的呢？3. 系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 例Your reason sounds reasonable.五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 。1 在need，want，require, bear等詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例The house nee

54、ds repairing（to be repaired）這房子需要修理。2 形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式；而worthy后面跟動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與thi

55、ngs是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)4. 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式