專業(yè)英語 考試內(nèi)容

1、連線題想一想？以下這些詞是屬于哪種合成方法呢？（合成名詞合成形容詞、合成動詞、語句式合成動詞）workshop、 blueprint 、 light-blue、 reading-room 、 never-too-old-to-learn spirit 、 sun-bathing、 whitewash、 feed-back、 downfall、 well-known、 long-suffering、 work-harden、 glowing worm、 draftsman、 long-legged、 first-rate、 good-looking、 breakstone、 world-wide

2、、 oil-bearing、 man-made、 a black-and-white film、 man-of-war 、 half-understand、ready-made 合成名詞名詞+名詞：workshop（車間，工程）形容詞+名詞： blueprint（藍(lán)圖）動名詞+名詞： reading-room（閱覽室）動詞+名詞： breakstone（碎石）名詞+動名詞： sun-bathing（日光?。﹦釉~+副詞： feed-back（反饋）副詞+名詞： downfall（垮臺）現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞： glowing worm（螢火蟲）名詞+介詞+名詞： man-of-war（軍艦）名詞+連詞字

3、母+名詞： draftsman（制圖員） 合成形容詞形容詞+名詞+-ed： long-legged（長腿的）數(shù)詞+名詞： first-rate（第一流的）名詞+形容詞： world-wide（世界范圍的）名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞： oil-bearing（含石油的）名詞+過去分詞： man-made（人造的）形容詞+形容詞： light-blue（淡藍(lán)色的）形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：good-looking（好看的）形容詞+過去分詞： ready-made（現(xiàn)成的）副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞： long-suffering（能忍耐的）副詞+過去分詞：well-known（著名的） 合成動詞名詞+動詞：work-harden

4、（加工硬化）形容詞+動詞：whitewash（粉刷）副詞+動詞：half-understand（一知半解） 句式合成詞a black-and-white film（黑白影片） never-too-old-to-learn spirit （活到老學(xué)到老的精神） 合并：conrod（=connecting rod）連桿 縮略首字母：CET（=College English Test）大學(xué)英語TOEFL（=Test of English as a Foreign Language）托福ppm：parts per million 百萬分之一m.p. : melting point 熔點rpm（rm）：

5、revolution per minute 轉(zhuǎn)分鐘SOS：Save Our Souls國際通用呼救信號P.T.O：please turn over 請看背面BTW : by the way 順便FTP：file transfer protocol 文件傳送協(xié)議 縮短，詞的縮短有下列三種類型：省去詞首的幾個字母quake（=earthquake）地震省去中間的幾個字母maths（=mathematics）數(shù)學(xué)省去尾部的幾個字母lab（=laboratory）實驗室Corp（corporation）股份公司頭尾各省去一部分flu（influenza）流行性感冒PK有哪些意思呢？ 傳統(tǒng)游戲和網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲

6、中的PK：Player Kill: 單挑，殺其他的玩家 運(yùn)動中的PK ：Point Kick: 足球中的點球(Penalty Kick罰點球) 醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生的PK：Protein Kinase 蛋白激酶 天文地理的PK：Pakistan 巴基斯坦其它構(gòu)詞法：反成法 字母形象法 反成法是指先合成名詞，然后再去掉詞尾構(gòu)成動詞的方法。 finger-printing（指紋、手?。ゝinger-print（按手印） Typewriter（打字機(jī)）typewrite（打字） 用以表示事物的外形，產(chǎn)品的型號、牌號等 U-pipe： U形管 X-ray： X射線 V-belt： V帶其它構(gòu)詞法：符號法 ： an

7、d，和 ： and或or，“和”或“或” MN：M和N，或M或N $： dollar，美元 ￥： yuan，元3、常見前后綴 1、a- 加在單詞或詞根前面，表示加在單詞或詞根前面，表示不，無，非不，無，非“asocial 不好社交的（不好社交的（a+social 好社交的）好社交的）amoral 與道德無關(guān)的（與道德無關(guān)的（a+moral 道德的）道德的）apolitical. 不關(guān)政治的（不關(guān)政治的（a+political 政治的）政治的） 加在單詞前，表示加在單詞前，表示在在，的的“asleep 睡著的（睡著的（a+sleep 睡覺）睡覺）alive 活的（活的（a+live 活）活）aw

8、ash泛濫的（泛濫的（a+wash 沖洗）沖洗）2、ab-, abs-加在詞根前表示“相反，變壞，離去”等字首ab，abs源自拉丁文介系詞a，ab意思是away，from等含 “相反、負(fù)面、不好”之意如abnormal 畸形，不正常的（ab+normal 正常的）absent 缺席的（ab+sent 出現(xiàn)沒有出現(xiàn)缺席的）abduct 誘拐（ab+duct 引導(dǎo)引走誘拐）abstract 抽象的；心不在焉的（abs+tract 拉被拉開心不在焉）abuse 虐待，辱罵（ab+use 用用壞濫用） 3、ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同輔音字母的

9、詞根前，表示“一再”等加強(qiáng)意 accelerate加速（ac+celer 速度一再增加速度） accompany陪伴（ac+company 伙伴陪伴） accumulate 積累（ac+cumul 堆積+ate堆積起來積累） accustom 使習(xí)慣（ac+custom 習(xí)俗習(xí)慣習(xí)俗） addict 上癮，入迷（ad+dict 說一再說起對入迷） afford 買得起（af+ford 拿出一再拿出錢買得起） affirm 肯定（af+firm 堅定肯定） aggression 侵略，進(jìn)攻（ag+gress 走+ion一再往前走進(jìn)攻） announce 通告（an+nounce 通知通告） ap

10、plause 鼓掌（ap+plause 喝彩一再喝彩鼓掌） appreciate 欣賞（ap+reci 價值+ate一再給價欣賞） arrange 安排（ar+range 排列安排）4、表示數(shù)量的前綴 （1）haplo, mono, uni :單,一,獨 haploid 單倍體 monoxide一氧化物 monoatomic單原子的 （2 ） bi, di,dipl,twi,du: 二,雙,兩,偶 biocolor 雙色, dichromatic 雙色的, diplobacillus 雙桿菌 dikaryon 雙核體 twin :孿生 dual 雙重的 （3） tri :三,丙 triangl

11、e三角 triacylglycerol三酰甘油 tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循環(huán) （4）quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra:四 quadrilateral四邊的 quadrivalent四價的 quadruped四足動物 tetrode四極管 tetracycline四環(huán)素 （5）pent,penta,quique五 pentose戊糖 pentagon五角形 pentane戊烷 quintuple 五倍的 pentose戊糖 pentomer五鄰粒 （6） hex,hexa,sex 六 hexose已糖 hexapod六足動物 hexap

12、oda昆蟲綱 hexamer六聚體 （7） hepta,sept(i) 七 heptane 庚烷 heptose 庚糖 heptoglobin七珠蛋白 （8） oct八 octpus 章魚 octagon八角形 octane 辛烷 octase 辛糖 （9） enne,nona九 nonapeptide 九肽 enneahedron 九面體 （10）deca,deka 十 : decapod 十足目動物 decahedron 十面體 decagram 十克 （11）hecto, 百 hectometer百米 hectoliter百升 hectowatt 百瓦 （12） kilo,千 kilod

13、alton (KD) 千道爾頓 kilobase 千堿基 kiloelectron volt 千電子伏特 （13） deci,十分之一,分 decimeter 分米 decigram 十分之一克（14） centi,百分之一 sentimeter （15） milli,千分之一,毫 millimole 毫摩(爾) milliliter 毫升 （16） micro,百萬分之一,微,微小,微量 microgram微克 microogranism微生物 microecology微生態(tài)學(xué) micropipet微量移液器 （17） demi,hemi,semi半 demibariel 半桶 hemice

14、rebrum 大腦半球 semiopaque半透明 semi-allel半等位基因 semi-conductor半導(dǎo)體三、EST詞匯構(gòu)詞方法 1、舊詞匯新義 舊詞匯新義就是一個詞匯獲得了新的詞義范疇，是原來表達(dá)形式分化出一個新的詞匯。 virus病毒電腦病毒 library圖書館程序集、信息庫 recycle再循環(huán)（廢物）回收利用 antidote解毒藥（電腦術(shù)語）抗病毒程序2、杜撰新詞大量的科技英語新詞匯是根據(jù)新出現(xiàn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)或者科學(xué)現(xiàn)象而杜撰出來的。quark（夸克） 3、構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)成新詞匯 （1）詞綴法 詞綴法即指派生詞，是利用具有派生能力的前綴或后綴加詞根構(gòu)成新詞匯。 hyper-高于，

15、超過 hypertext超鏈接 hyperaccess超級訪問軟件 hypertext超文本 cyber-表示“與電腦有關(guān)的” cyberculture電腦文化 cyberscope電腦時空 cyber-friend網(wǎng)友 -rama 前景；大型 telerama大型電視機(jī) cinerama全景電影 例如： Force applied equals mass times acceleration. Weakness in the metal caused it to fracture under tension. Basically, the theory proposed among othe

16、r things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light, that mass appears to increase with speed, that 出翻譯題：What is really required therefore is a safe, reliable, and inexpensive device, which can be inserted between the transmission line and the consuming apparatus, to convert t

17、he high voltage（電壓） and low current（電流） of the economical transmission line into the low voltage and high current required by the consuming apparatus, that is, a piece of apparatus to perform the same function in electrical transmission as a pair of reduction gears（傳動） does in mechanical transmissio

18、n, in which, a high torque（轉(zhuǎn)矩） and low speed are readily and effectively converted into a low torque and high speed, or vice versa. 例如：施動者屬于某種動物、植物或物質(zhì) The water is absorbed by the plant. 施動者為某一組織或機(jī)構(gòu) Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. 施動者是一種自然過程 The growth was affected by radiation

19、（輻射）. 施動者為某種情況或原因 The work was unaffected by the extent of the damage. 施動者為賴以進(jìn)行動作的手段或方法，施動者除了by外，還可以由by means of引出： The machine is powered by means of a small electric motor.ETS中使用被動語態(tài)的情況 強(qiáng)調(diào)動作對象或結(jié)果 As the hole is being drilled, a steel（鋼鐵） pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. 避免

20、提到人時 The information about each characteristic was carried to the next station. 使句子更簡練 When the radiant（輻射的） energy of the sun falls on the earth, it is changed into heat energy, and the earth is warmed. 出于行文需要時 At the power plant（發(fā)電廠） the output voltage is stepped up by a transformer, which may rai

21、se it as high as 220,000 volts（伏特） or more. 例如： 轉(zhuǎn)化條件狀語從句 You can rectify（改正） this fault if you insert a wedge. Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge. 轉(zhuǎn)化時間狀語從句 After it is separated After separation 轉(zhuǎn)化原因狀語從句 The steam pressure falls because it condenses on the cylinder. The

22、steam pressure falls because of its condensation on the cylinder. 轉(zhuǎn)化目的或結(jié)果狀語從句 The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled for great reduction of friction. 轉(zhuǎn)化讓步狀語從句 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, al

23、though its form can be changed. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed in spite of file changeability of the form of energy. 轉(zhuǎn)化名詞從句 The engineer has told us where we shall drill another oil well. The engineer has told us where to drill another oil well. 把形容詞加以名詞化，以簡化一些以whether、how等開頭的名詞從句 It is

24、 necessary to examine whether these results are accurate. It is necessary to examine the accurate of the results. 簡化定語從句 Any student who wishes to follow a program that involves a major departure from an approved curriculum must obtain permission from his or her faculty（系） counselor（輔導(dǎo)員） during the

25、junior year in order to assure that such substitutions（替換） are well thought out and not carelessly chosen. Any student wishing to follow a program involving a major departure from an approved curriculum must obtain permission from his or her faculty counselor during the junior year in order to assur

26、e that such substitutions are well thought out and not carelessly chosen. The general layout of the illumination system and lenses of the electron microscope corresponds to the layout of the light microscope. The electron “gun” which produces the electrons is equivalent to the light source of the op

27、tical microscope. The electrons are accelerated by a high-voltage potential (usually 40,000 to 100,000volt),and pass through a condenser lens system usually composed of two magnetic lenses. The system concentrates the beam onto the specimen, and the objective lens provides the primary magnification.

28、 The final images in the electron microscope must be projected onto a phosphor-coated screen so that it can be seen. For this reason, the lenses that are equivalent of the eyepiece in an optical microscope are call “projector” lenses. The burning of coal is very wasteful of energy. This can be reali

29、zed when we remember that one pound of coal burned in the furnace of a power station will raise enough steam to drive a generator that will produce enough current to light a one-bar electric fire for three hours. On the other hand, if all the energy in the atoms of a pound of coal could be released,

30、 there should be energy to drive all the machinery in all the factories in Britain for a mouth. 六、邏輯性強(qiáng) 科技文章的邏輯性強(qiáng)主要表現(xiàn)在概念明確，判斷合理、恰當(dāng)，推理嚴(yán)密等。例如 Naturally, a great deal of thought has been given to possible ways of preventing the emergence of resistance. One suggestion has been the use of mixtures of two

31、different types of insecticides, with the idea that one of them should eliminate the individuals resistant to other. This principle has been found useful in preventing resistance to antibiotics in bacteria. Unfortunately, the few practical trials have not been encouraging, for the mixtures have mere

32、ly developed a double resistance to the two insecticides. 翻譯閱讀中英Youve got to find what you love I dropped out（退學(xué)） of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in（順便訪問） for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? 我在Reed大學(xué)讀了六個月之后就退學(xué)了,但是在后來的十八個

33、月中,我真正的作出退學(xué)決定之前，我還經(jīng)常去學(xué)校。我為什么要退學(xué)呢？ I slept on the floor in friends rooms, I returned coke bottles for the five-cent deposits to（存入） buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumble

34、d into（卷入） by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. 我只能在朋友房間的地板上面睡覺,我去撿5美分的可樂瓶子，僅僅為了填飽肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程，穿過這個城市到Hare Krishna寺廟,只是為了能吃上飯這個星期唯一一頓好一點的飯。但是我喜歡這樣。我跟著我的直覺和好奇心走, 遇到的很多東西,此后被證明是無價之寶。 Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when

35、I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later. 當(dāng)然我在大學(xué)的時候，還不可能把從前的當(dāng)然我在大學(xué)的時候，還不可能把從前的點點滴滴串連起來點點滴滴串連起來,但是當(dāng)我十年后回顧這但是當(dāng)我十年后回顧這一切的時候一切的時候,真的豁然開朗了。真的豁然開朗了。 So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devast

36、ating. 所以在三十歲的時候所以在三十歲的時候, 我被炒了。在這么多我被炒了。在這么多人的眼皮下我被炒了。在而立之年，我生人的眼皮下我被炒了。在而立之年，我生命的全部支柱離自己遠(yuǎn)去命的全部支柱離自己遠(yuǎn)去, 這真是毀滅性的這真是毀滅性的打擊。打擊。 I didnt see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by

37、 the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. 我當(dāng)時沒有覺察, 但是事后證明, 從蘋果公司被炒是我這輩子發(fā)生的最棒的事情。因為，作為一個成功者的沉重感被作為一個創(chuàng)業(yè)者的輕松感覺代替: 對任何事情都不再那么確定。這讓我覺得如此自由, 進(jìn)入了我生命中最有創(chuàng)造力的一個階段。 If you live each day as if it was your last, someday

38、 youll most certainly be right. “如果你把每一天都當(dāng)作生命中最后一天去如果你把每一天都當(dāng)作生命中最后一天去生活的話生活的話,那么有一天你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你是正確那么有一天你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你是正確的。的?！?If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today? And whenever the answer has been No for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. “如果今

39、天是我生命中的最后一天如果今天是我生命中的最后一天, 你會不你會不會想要完成你今天要做的事情呢？會想要完成你今天要做的事情呢？”當(dāng)答當(dāng)答案連續(xù)很多天都是案連續(xù)很多天都是“不是不是”的時候的時候, 我知道我知道自己需要改變某些事情了。自己需要改變某些事情了。 Remembering that Ill be dead soon is the most important tool. Ive ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything all external expectat

40、ions, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no re

41、ason not to follow your heart. “記住你即將死去”是我一生中遇到的最重要箴言。它幫我指明了生命中重要的選擇。因為幾乎所有的事情, 包括所有的榮譽(yù)、所有的驕傲、所有對難堪和失敗的恐懼,這些在死亡面前都會消失。我看到的是留下的真正重要的東西。你有時候會思考你將會失去某些東西,“記住你即將死去”是我知道的避免這些想法的最好辦法。你已經(jīng)赤身裸體了, 你沒有理由不去聽從你內(nèi)心的召喚。 This was the closest Ive been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more d

42、ecades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: 那是我最接近死亡的時候, 我還希望這也是以后的幾十年最接近的一次。從死亡線上又活了過來, 死亡對我來說，只是一個有用但是純粹是知識上的概念的時候，我可以更肯定一點地對你們說： Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. 求知若饑，虛心若愚。幽默一下 pregnant 懷孕 -撲來個男的 ambu

43、lance 救護(hù)車-俺不能死 ponderous 肥胖的-胖的要死 pest 害蟲 -拍死它 ambition 雄心 -俺必勝 agony 痛苦 -愛過你 bale 災(zāi)禍 -背噢 hermit 隱士 -何處覓他 strong 強(qiáng)壯 -死壯 sting 蟄 -死盯 abyss 深淵 -額必死 admire 羨慕 -額的媽呀 flee 逃跑 -飛離 gauche 粗魯?shù)?-狗屎 morbid 病態(tài) -毛病 putrid 腐爛 -飄臭 obtuse 愚笨 -我不吐死 lynch 私刑處死 -凌遲 shun 閃躲 -閃 tantrum 脾氣發(fā)作 -太蠢 bachelor學(xué)士/單身漢-白吃了 tempe

44、r 脾氣 -太潑 addict 上癮 -愛得嗑它 economy 經(jīng)濟(jì) -依靠農(nóng)民 ail 疼痛 -哎喲 coffin 棺材 -靠墳 appall 驚駭 -我跑Flying car詞匯分析 vehicle n. 交通工具, 車輛 例句：No vehicles are permitted into the park. 2. turn n. 轉(zhuǎn)變;變化;轉(zhuǎn)折(點) 例句：The sick man has taken a turn for the better. 3. publish v. 出版；公布 例句：The only daily newspaper in the city did not p

45、ublish yesterday because of a strike. 4. characterize vt. 是的特征, 以為特征 例句：A mister is characterized by greed. 5. practical adj. 實用的 例句：Your invention is clever, but not practical. 6. garage n. 車庫 例句：Outside this door is the garage. 7. convertible adj. (汽車等)有折篷的，可折疊的 例句：That new white convertible is to

46、tally awesome. 8. weigh v. 重達(dá) 例句：This marble ramp weighs one ton. 9. permission n. 允許, 許可, 準(zhǔn)許,批準(zhǔn) 例句：I have obtained a written permission from the chairman. 10. climb v. 上升；增值；升值 例句：The price of grain climbed back. 11. takeoff n. (飛機(jī)的)起飛;(航天器的)升空 例句：The plane crashed shortly after takeoff. 12. apprec

47、iable adj. 可預(yù)見的, 可估計的 例句：I can find no appreciable differences in the witnesses descriptions of the accident, they seem the same. 短語講解： 1.fill with (使)充擠滿 例句：The sky filled with stars. 2.close to離近 例句：His house is close to mine. 3.fold up (把)折疊起來 例句：She folded up some shirts. 4.drive down向下南開趕 例句： T

48、he car was driving down. 5.instead of (用)代替, (是)而不是, (用)而不用 例句：Taking exercise every day makes him look younger instead of older. 6.take place發(fā)生; 舉行 例句：The evening party will take place on New Years Eve. 7.agree to同意, 贊成, 同意照辦 例句：He agreed to our sending Jack to Hong Kong. 8.for example例如, 譬如 例句：I k

49、now many women who have a career and a familyKehr for example. 9.by the end of到為止 例句：The project had been completed by the end of 1990. 10.sign up跟簽訂合同 例句：They manage to sign up all the best performers. 11.in the near future不久 例句：We hope to move to the country in the near future. 1) heading home 回家

50、What are you up to this weekend? 你這周末有什么計劃？ Im heading home for the Mid-Autumn Festival! 我要回家過中秋節(jié)！ Oh cool! Me too! 哦，好棒！我也要回家！ 2) going home 回家 Are you going home for the Moon Festival？你中秋節(jié)回家嗎？ No, I cant! I have to work! 我不能回家，我得上班！ 3) heading back to 回到 Are you heading back to Hanzhou to celebrat

51、e the Mooncake Festival with your family? 你要回杭州和家人過中秋節(jié)嗎？ Yeah! Im so stoked to go home and see everybody! 對啊！我要回家了好興奮！可以看到所有人！第四章科技英語翻譯英中 嚴(yán)復(fù)提出了三字翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：“信、達(dá)、雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance） 信，要求譯者忠實原文的思想內(nèi)容，使譯文具有一定的科學(xué)性。 達(dá)，要求的是譯文的可讀性，強(qiáng)調(diào)譯文語言規(guī)范，通順易懂。 雅，要求保留原作的風(fēng)姿，包括原文的風(fēng)格。語言修辭特色等。例如： The differenc

52、e in energy level between the substrates and products is termed the change in Gibbs free energy (G).譯文1：在底物與產(chǎn)物之間能量水平的差異稱為Gibbs自由能(G)的變化。譯文2：底物與產(chǎn)物之間的能級差叫做吉布斯自由能(G)的變化。例如：Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision（修改） at short intervals（間隔） if their authors wish to k

53、eep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.譯文1：現(xiàn)代科技書籍，特別是教科書要求作者不定時地修改內(nèi)容，如果他們希望與新概念、觀察到的事實和發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話。譯文2：對于現(xiàn)代科技書籍，特別是教科書來說，要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話，那么就需要每隔較短的時間，將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。 Irrespective of（不論） the approach, it is important to agree tariffs before investments proceed.譯文1：不論采用哪種方

54、法，在投資前達(dá)成一致同意的價格是重要的。譯文2：不論方法如何，重要的是投資前達(dá)成一致同意的價格。例如： The pressure of increasing population leads to the vertical（垂直的） growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion（擁擠） in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values.譯文：人口增長的壓力造成城市向高空發(fā)展，從而人為地提高

55、地價，其結(jié)果是人們被迫適應(yīng)城市的擁擠狀況，住進(jìn)了高樓。1、詞匯的翻譯（1）新造詞及術(shù)語的翻譯 音譯clone 克隆 hacker 黑客 bit 比特 意譯Maglev = magnetic levitation磁懸浮列車modem = modelator demodulator 調(diào)制解調(diào)器 音譯加意譯hula hoop 呼啦圈 nanometer 納米 象形譯X-ray X射線 V-neck V領(lǐng)L-electron L層電子 （2）根據(jù)不同的上下文來確定詞義 伴隨著普通詞匯專業(yè)化傾向的是同一詞語詞義的多專業(yè)化，即同一英語單詞被不同的專業(yè)采用來表達(dá)各自的專業(yè)含義。一個詞在不同領(lǐng)域中的運(yùn)用，意思

56、可能大相徑庭。 如“end”的常用含義是“末端”、“結(jié)束”，但在科技英語中有更多的專業(yè)意義，如soluble end “溶解范圍”（化學(xué)）。Variable short end “可變短路器”（電工學(xué)），the overseas end of Bell Telephone Corp. “美國貝爾電話公司的海外業(yè)務(wù)部”（商務(wù)）。 “詞無定義，隨文而釋”。按各學(xué)科或?qū)I(yè)的特定詞義與措辭確定譯詞。 例如下面四個句子中均含有“facility”（設(shè)施、設(shè)備）一詞。Modern communication facilities were equipped in each fishing boat, so

57、 the fishermen could get in touch with each other at any place.譯文：每條漁船都裝有先進(jìn)的通訊設(shè)備，因此漁民們可以在任何地方都能保持聯(lián)系。Regulations（條例） regarding the handing of hazardous wastes have become more stringent（嚴(yán)厲的） and complex. Facilities can no longer ignore their wastes.譯文：有關(guān)有害廢物處理的條例已經(jīng)更加嚴(yán)厲、更復(fù)雜，廠家再也不能對其產(chǎn)生的廢物置之不理了。All the

58、facilities in this lab should not be taken out without permission.譯文：未經(jīng)允許，所有器材不能帶出實驗室。The site ideally should have sufficient lands to provide a buffer zone（隔離區(qū)、緩沖區(qū)） between the facility and the public surrounding it.譯文：理想的處理現(xiàn)場在設(shè)施及周圍公共環(huán)境之間應(yīng)有足夠的隔離區(qū)域。The theory greatly facilitated（幫助） the interpretati

59、on and prediction of properties（性質(zhì)） of organic compounds.譯文：這一理論，在很大程度上有助于解釋和預(yù)測有機(jī)化合物的性質(zhì)。 省譯法：為提高譯文的可讀性，翻譯時譯者可將原文中冠詞、代詞、介詞、連詞、動詞、同位語和復(fù)合名詞等進(jìn)行省譯。 例如：The expenditure（消耗） of energy of one kind in any process involves the production of an equivalent（相等的） amount of energy of other kinds.譯文：任何過程中，一種形式的能量損耗都

60、會產(chǎn)生其他形式的相等的能量。增補(bǔ)法：是指補(bǔ)充語義上和修辭上需要的詞，使原文中的省略成分和隱含義在譯文中清楚地表達(dá)出來，讀者更容易理解。例如：The temperature needed for this processing（加工） is lower than that needed to melt the metal.譯文：這種加工方法所需的溫度低于熔化該金屬的溫度。 2.1.1分清主從 例1:Russia remained largely self supporting but the rest of the world became more and more dependent on