高考英語專題復(fù)習(xí) 代詞

1、高考英語專題復(fù)習(xí)-代詞代詞pronoun簡稱pron是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種 一、人稱代詞的基本用法(一)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補語。如: John waited a while but eventually he went home. John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.。 說明：在復(fù)合句中，如果主句和從句主語相同，代詞主語要用在從句中

2、，名詞主語用在主句中，例如：When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.(二)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語，但在口語中也能作主語補語，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語。如：I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.(her做賓語，them做介詞賓語her做主語補語) Who broke the vase? Me.。(me做主語補語,相當(dāng)于Its me.) 說明：在上面兩例句中，her和me分別作主語補語。現(xiàn)代英語中多用賓格，在正文體中這里應(yīng)為she和I。(三)人稱代詞的賓

3、格有：me、him、her、it、us、you、them(四)人稱代詞的賓格在句中作賓語，往往用在動詞或介詞后面。如：Listen to me, Dad. Peter is sitting behind me. Let me go there now. Give me an orange, please.(五)you既是“你”或“你們”的主格，又是它們的賓格；her既是“她”的所有格，又是它的賓格。我們可以根據(jù)它們在句子中的位置來判斷它們屬于主格、所有格還是賓格。(六)and是一個我們常用來連接兩個詞的連接詞。它雖然與介詞with有同樣的意思，但它的前后可以是人稱代詞的主語，也可以是人稱代詞的

4、賓格，而with只能跟人稱代詞的賓格。如： You and I are going to school. You are going to school with me.(七)人稱代詞的主格和賓格 單數(shù)形：Ime, youyou, hehim, sheher, itit(共5對) 復(fù)數(shù)形：weus, youyou, theythem(共3對)(八)人稱代詞在句中的作用 1.主格作主語。如：I am Chinese.2.賓格作賓語，放在及物動詞或介詞之后，有時還可以在口語中用作表語。如: (1)I dont know her.(動詞賓語) (2)Whats wrong with it?(介詞賓語

5、) (3)Open the door, please. Its me.(表語)關(guān)于人稱代詞用法需注意的問題: .在than / as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中常有省略, 注意其中的人稱代詞作主語用主格, 作賓語用賓格. 在這類從句中, 在不引起誤解的情況下, 有時用賓格代詞代替主格代詞 a. He likes Mary better than I ( like Mary ).他比我更喜歡瑪麗 b. He likes Mary better than ( he likes ) me他喜歡我,更喜歡瑪麗 c. He is taller than I / me. .在強調(diào)句中, 若被強調(diào)的部分是代詞, 則

6、其格不變, 如: a. It was I who first opened the door this morning. b. It was me whom they talked about. .人稱代詞單獨使用或是在not之后, 常用賓格 a. “ I like English. ” “ Me too.” b. “ Would you like more wine ?” “ Not me.” .在同位語中, 人稱代詞的格視與之同位的詞在句中的成分而定, 如: a. We, Tom and I, showed her many wonderful pictures. b. She showe

7、d us, Tom and me, many wonderful pictures. . 人稱代詞在代替一些不定代詞, 如: anybody, everybody, anyone, someone, no one, whoever及person等這些無明確對象的代詞或名詞時, 在正式場合用he / his / him代替, 在非正式場合用they / them / their代替, 如: a. Nobody came, did he/they ? b. Whoever comes, tell him / them the news. .在be或to be之后的人稱代詞的格應(yīng)根據(jù)它所指代的名詞或

8、代詞在句中的成分而定 a. I thought it was she. / I thought it to be her. b. I was taken to be she.我被當(dāng)成了她. / They took me to be her.他們把我當(dāng)成了她 .they可指“有關(guān)的人” “人們”, 相當(dāng)于people, 如: a. They say the fire broke out at midnight. = People say the fire broke out at midnight. / It is said that the fire broke out at midnight

9、. 二、代詞主賓格替換 (一)賓格代替主格 1.在簡短對話中，當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨使用或在not后，多用賓語。 I like English. Me too. Have more wine? Not me.。2.在表示比較的非正式的文體中，常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語的謂語保留，則主語只能用主格。如：He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.(二)主格代替賓格 1.在介詞but, except后，有時可用主格代替賓格。2.在電話用語中常用主格。 I wish to speak to Mary. This is she. 注意：在動詞be或to

10、be后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。 I thought it was she.(主格主格) I thought it to be her.(賓格賓格) I was taken to be she.(主格主格) They took me to be her.(賓格賓格)三、代詞的指代 (一)that的指代作用 that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of，如： Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with tha

11、t of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role. No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.(二)one的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones. the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：A good writer is_ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. A.that B.he

12、 C.one D.this Key:C(三)do的替代作用 do代替動詞，注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如：or him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.四、代詞指代一致 代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面是否保持一致。如： Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a ser

13、ious disease from its effect.這里he指代前面的person。 It was during the 1920s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship. Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形。 代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規(guī)律：(一)鄰近和靠近

14、原則 由either.or, neither.nor, not only.but(also)連接先行詞的時候，如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一致的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。 Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her. Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination. If either David or Janet comes, he or she will want a drink.(

15、二)當(dāng)each, everyone, everybody, no one, none, anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞的時候,或者anything, nothing, something, everything等不定代詞作主語的時候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形。如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it, can he? Everything is ready, isnt it?(三)當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形，后跟each作同位語時，如果eac

16、h位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形；如果each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形。如： They each have two coats. We are each responsible for his own family.(四)由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如： The tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accidentThey are not long, the days of wine and roses.鮮花美酒的日子不會很長。五、并列人稱代詞的排序 (一)單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語時，其

17、順序為:第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱即：youhe/she; itI 如： You, he and I should return on time. (二)復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語時，其順序為:第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱即：weyouthey 注意：在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。 1.在承認錯誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時，如： It was I and John that made her angry. 2.在長輩對晚輩，長官對下屬說話時，如長官為第一人稱， 如：I and you try to finish it. 3.并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時, 4.當(dāng)其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。六、物主代詞的雙重

18、所有格 物主代詞不可與a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等詞一起前置，修飾一個名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。公式為：a, an, this, that+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。如： a friend of mine, each brother of hiss所有格和of所有格兩種所有格形結(jié)合在一起，構(gòu)成“of所有格”形，即雙重的所有格。它通常表示部分觀念，即全體中的一部分，在意義上與“one of.”相似，它主要修飾of短語之前的那個名詞。此外，雙重所有格與指示代詞連用時，常帶

19、有感情色彩，如贊賞、不滿、厭惡等。它的主要形如下: (一)名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。如： a good friend of mine an interesting story of his (二)名詞+of+s所有格。如：He is a friend of my sisters.(one of my sisters friends)。Look at that long nose of Jacks.(感情色彩) 試比較: a picture of Xiao Zhang a picture of Xiao Zhangs 此外，不定冠詞、數(shù)詞、某些不定代詞(some, any, many, no,

20、 few等)以及which等限定詞，一般不與形容詞性物主代詞或s所有格等一起放在名詞前修飾名詞，而采用of所有格或雙重所有格形。如: most of the students three of them I have read some books of his. Which book of Qiong Yaos have you read?物主代詞用法應(yīng)注意的問題: .動名詞的邏輯主語如果位于句首, 則多用物主代詞, 如: a. His coming late made everyone angry. .在介詞后, 表示身體某部位或身上某位置的名詞前, 用the而不用物主代詞, 如: a.

21、Ive hurt him in the finger. b. He hit me on the back. c. He caught me by the hair. d. The man pulled me by the sleeve.揪住了我的衣袖. 七、反身代詞的用法 (一)作賓語 1.有些動詞需有反身代詞。如： absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave, seat, lose等 We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. Please help yo

22、urself to some fish.2.用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞。如： take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth. I could not dress(myself) up at that time.注：有些動詞后不跟反身代詞,如： get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。 Please sit down.請坐。(二)作表語、同位語，如：be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important.事情本身并

23、不重要。(三)在不強調(diào)的情況下，but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如: No one but myself(me) is hurt. 注意： 1.反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。 I myself drove the car. 2.但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中，第二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself作主語。如： Charles and myself saw it.(四)第二人稱作賓語，要用反身代詞。如： You should be proud of yourself。 1.這類代詞有myself,yourself,himself,her

24、self,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves。 2.動詞所表示的行為施加到施動者自己身上時，也就是主語和賓語同為一人時，用myself，yourself等詞作動詞的賓語。如： I cut myself. He cant shave himself.It is not always easy to amuse oneself on holiday.。 Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. This refrigerator defrosts itself. 請注意，如果把反身代詞換成相互代詞eac

25、h other，其意思就會發(fā)生變化: Tom and Ann blamed each other. 3.myself，yourself等也可用于動詞+介詞之后，如： He spoke to himself. Did she pay for herself? Look after yourself. Take care of yourselves. Im annoyed with myself. He sat by himself.他獨自坐著。 She addressed the envelope to herself. 但是,如果介詞是用來指明位置的，一般要用代詞而不用反身代詞: Did yo

26、u take your dog with you? They put the child between them. Had heDid he have any money on him?八、相互代詞 (一)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個詞組。他們表示句中動詞所敘述的動作或感覺涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的。如: It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.(二)相互代詞的句法功能: 1.作動詞賓語，如： People should lo

27、ve one another. We should help each other.2.可作介詞賓語，如： Dogs bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.犬吠，雞鳴，蛙兒對唱。 They had to be separated from each other.3.相互代詞加上s表示所有關(guān)系，可作定語，如： We should point out each others shortcomings. They sat there for hours, talking about each others/one anothers study and

28、 work. The students borrowed each others notes. 有時each和other可分開使用，如： We each know what the other thinks.(Each of us knows what the other thinks.) 但不可改成：We know what each other thinks.因為相互代詞不可以作主語。九、指示代詞 this，that，these，those等 (一)指示代詞分單數(shù)(this/that)和復(fù)數(shù)(these/those)兩種形，既可作限定詞又可做代詞。 1.this / these常指時間,

29、空間或心理上較近的人或物, that / those常指時間, 空間或心理上較遠的人或物 2.this / these常指后面要提到的事物, 有啟下的作用; 而that / those常指前面講到過的事物, 有承上的作用 a. What I want to tell you is this: The meeting is put off until Friday. b. He had a bad cold. That is why he didnt attend the meeting.3.that / those還可用來代替上文出現(xiàn)過的名詞.作此用法時, 它們的用法及與one / ones的

30、對比見下表 代替什么詞 替換成 定語問題 one C單數(shù) 某名詞 有前置定語或后置定語 ones C復(fù)數(shù) 某名詞 有前置定語或后置定語 that C單數(shù)或U the + 某名詞 必?zé)o前置定語, 必有后置定語 those C復(fù)數(shù) the + 某名詞 必?zé)o前置定語, 必有后置定語 a. The weather in Beijing is not so hot as that ( = the weather ) in Shanghai. b. The population of China is a quarter of that ( = the population ) of the world.

31、 c. The students in class one work harder than those ( = the students ) in class two. d. The question is an easy one. e. Which pencils do you want ? The red ones. f. He has a new coat and several old ones. g. I have lost my pen. I am going to buy one(二)指示代詞的句法功能 1.作主語，如： This is the way to do it. Is

32、 that your father? These are your pencils. Those arent our teachers. 注意：指示代詞作主語時，指人或物都可以，但是作其他成份時，只指物。2.作賓語如： I like this better than that. We should always keep this in mind. He bought these in Shanghai.3.作主語補語如： My point is this.4.作介詞賓語如： I dont say no to that. There is no fear of that.。5.作表語如: My

33、 idea is this. Oh, its not that.6.作定語如: I know this boy. Is he really going to marry that girl? Who are those people? For these reasons, weve decided to put off the meeting.(三)指示代詞such在句中的作用 1.作定語如: I have never seen such a beautiful picture.。 I dont like such weather.2.作主語如: Such is life.生活就是如此。 Su

34、ch are the results.結(jié)果就是這樣。3.作賓語如:The murderer was arrested, and was sentenced as such. Any correction is all a progress.注意：.such代替或修飾可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞都可 a. He is such a man. b. I dont like such words. c. Such is our plan. .such應(yīng)位于no, one, another, some, many, all等詞之后 a. One such grammar book is enough. .such

35、 + a(n) + adj. + n結(jié)構(gòu)等同于so + adj. + a(n) + n, 如: a. It is such a good chance. =It is so good a chance. .如果名詞為U, 則只能用such而不能用so, 如: a. He has made such great progress. b. It was such good weather. .如果名詞被many / much / little / few四個詞修飾, 則要用so而不用such, 如: a. He has made so much progress.十、不定代詞不定代詞的使用要注意以

36、下幾個方面 .不定代詞作主語時, 要明確其究竟是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù), 如: both是復(fù)數(shù), either / neither是單數(shù), all則根據(jù)情況可作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù) a. Both of them are students. b. All were present at the meeting. c. All goes well. .不定代詞作定語時, 要明確其修飾可數(shù)與不可數(shù)的問題, 如: many / few修飾可數(shù)名詞; much / little修飾不可數(shù)名詞; some / any既修飾可數(shù)也修飾不可數(shù) .all / both / each / everybody / everythin

37、g等含有“全部”或“每個”意義的詞與否定詞not連用時, 通常表示部分否定. 全部否定時通常采用否定代詞none, no one, nobody, neither, nothing等 a. Not all ants go out for food. = All ants dont go out for food.并不是所有的螞蟻出去找食物 b. None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. 2.some / any的用法: .some常用于肯定句中. some在下列情況下也用于疑問句: 表示請求或邀請; 期待肯定回

38、答,或認為對方肯定回答的可能性很大時; 表建議時 a. Could you lent me some money? b. Will you have some milk? c. Are you waiting for some friends? d. Would you lend me some books please ? .any常用于疑問句和否定句中; any用于肯定句中表示 “任何”; 與一些否定含義的詞如: hardly, never, not, without等連用多用any a. I dont have any ink. b. Do you have any ink? c. Yo

39、u can come and see me at any time. d. Any student can solve the problem. 3.no / none / no one的用法: .no =not any, 通常用作定語, 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù) a. There is no milk in the glass. b. He has no brother. .none代替可數(shù)名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可(參看“主謂一致”); none代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù) a. None of the stories are / is interesting. . no

40、 one只泛指人, 不與of連用; none指人, 事, 物皆可, 可與of連用 4.many / much的用法: many用來修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞; much用來修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞 a. Many students, many of the students. b. Much has been done. / He has much to do. / He has much work to do. 5.few / little, a few / a little的用法: ( a ) few修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞; ( a ) little修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞 a. Few of them ar

41、e good at skating. b. I met a few of my friends at the party. c. There is still a little milk in the bottle. d. Little remains to be said. 6.each / every的用法: .each指 “每個”的個別的情況, 相當(dāng)于漢語的 “各個” .every雖有“每個”的意思, 但常從整體出發(fā), 強調(diào)共同性, 相當(dāng)于“每個都” a. Every one of us has strong and weak points.(強調(diào)所有人都) b. Each of us

42、has strong and weak points.(強調(diào)每個都) .主語中有each / every, 構(gòu)成反意問句時, 多用復(fù)數(shù)變化., 如: a. Every student like the film, dont they ? b. Each of us takes part in the activity, dont we ? .every可以和not連用, each不可以 a. Not every worker can do it. 7.one的用法: .表示“一個”, 如: one hour, one man .泛指不確定的人, 可譯為“人們” “一個人”, 表此意時, 它的所

43、有格是ones, 反身代詞是oneself a. One should be strict with oneself. b. One should serve his country wholeheartedly. .one / ones代替上文出現(xiàn)過的可數(shù)名詞, 以避免重復(fù) a. He has a washer. I want to buy one too. b. Which shirt do you like? I like the red one. 8.all 的用法: 作主語時, 謂語動詞根據(jù)情況采取單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù); 作定語時,修飾 U/C a. All are here.大家都到了 b.

44、 All is going on well. 9.both表示“兩者都”, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù); 作定語時, 修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞 10.either 表示“兩者之中任何一個”, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù); 作定語時, 修飾單數(shù)名詞 a. Here are two pens. You may use either of them. b. There are shops on either side of the street. c. Either of them is going there. 11.neither表示“兩者都不”, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù); 作定語時, 修飾單數(shù)名詞 a

45、. Neither is right. b. Neither film is interesting. 12.other的用法: the other表示兩者中的另外一個; the others =the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 表示“其余的一些”; others =other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 表示 “別的人或事物” a. He has two sons. One is a teacher. The other is a worker. b. Some went to the Great Wall, the others went to the lake. 13.another 指不定數(shù)目中的另

46、外一個; another +復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示“再一些, 又一些” a. This skirt is too long. Please show me another. b. I want to have another cup of coffee. c. I will finish the work in another ten minutes. 14. 復(fù)合不定代詞是由some, any, no, every和body, thing, one構(gòu)成的, 如: somebody, something, someone. 帶some的不定代詞一般用于肯定句, 帶any的不定代詞一般用于否定句及疑問句中

47、, 它們的用法與some / any的用法相似復(fù)合不定代詞的用法與考點這類不定代詞有everything(一切事，最重要的事), everyone =everybody (每個人，所有人); something(某事，重要的人或事物), someone =somebody(某 / 有人，重要的人); anything(什么事物，任何事物，無論什么事物), anyone =anybody(任何人，無論誰，重要的人); nothing(沒有東西，什么也沒有，不重要的人或事), no one=nobody(沒有人，不重要的人)等。它們還與別有詞構(gòu)成很多習(xí)語，如for nothing(徒勞，免費)，n

48、othing but(僅僅，只不過)，Its nothing. (不用謝，不必在意)，anybody else(別人)等等。如：1. Is _ here? No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave. (全國卷)A. anybody B. somebody C. everybody D. nobody【分析】答案選C。由答語可知問的是“到齊了嗎？”所以用everybody。請比較：Is anybody here? 這里有人嗎？2. One weeks time has been wasted. I cant believe we did all that work

49、 for _. (重慶卷)A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything【分析】答案選B。for nothing是習(xí)語，意為“徒勞，沒有好結(jié)果”“免費”?？键c注意 作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。代替與-thing構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，用it；代替與-body, -one構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，一般用they，在正式文體中可用he。如：Everyone knows what they have / he has to do, dont they / doesnt he?修飾它們的形容詞或不定式一定要位于它們的后面，如：This is something

50、special. Havent you got anything to do? 除與-thing構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞外，都有所有格形式；當(dāng)其后有else時，s要加在else后面。如：Grammar isnt everybodys idea of fun. That must be somebody elses coat; it isnt mine. everyone=everybody, anyone=anybody, 只指人，不能與of短語連用；every one, any one可指人也可指物，一定要與of連用才可以。如：Is anybody here? You can take any o

51、ne of these. 與some-，any-構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞的用法與some, any的用法相同。與any-構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞一般用于否定句或疑問句中，notany-構(gòu)成完全否定，但沒有any-not的說法；與some-構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞用于肯定句、預(yù)料作肯定回答的疑問句、建議或請求的疑問句中。如：2. Playing tricks on others is _ we should never do. (湖南卷)A. anything B. something C. everythingD. nothing【分析】答案選B。something某事，一般用于肯定句。與no-構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代

52、詞本身就是否定意義，所以一定要與肯定的動詞連用。not與由every-構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞是部分否定。如：1. She doesnt know anyone here. She has got _ to talk to. (廣東卷) A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one【分析】答案選D。no one = nobody = notany one沒有一個人。由前句句意可知。2. I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with _. (全國卷)A. everything B. anyth

53、ing C. something D. nothing【分析】答案選A。noteverything是否定，意為“我并非同意你講的一切”，與前一分句意思相符。而notanything=nothing與前一分句意思矛盾。3. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will _. (江蘇卷)A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else【分析】答案選B。表示后者與前者“一樣不”，nor本身就是否定的，后面要用肯定的，排除C和D；又因為用else才可排除“I”，所以選B。 易混

54、代詞辨析1.anyone和any one anyone僅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。2.no one 和none a)none后跟of短語，既可指人又可指物，而no one只單獨使用，只指人。 b)none作主語，謂語動詞用單，復(fù)數(shù)均可，而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數(shù)，如： None of you could lift it.。 Did any one call me up just now? No one.3.every和each (1)every 強調(diào)全體的概念，each強調(diào)個體概念，如： Every student in our school works hard.

55、Each student may have one book. (2)every指三個以上的人或物(含三個)，each指兩個以上的人或物(含兩個)。(3)every只作形容詞，不可單獨使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。如： Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動詞之后，行為動詞之前或第一助動詞之后。 (1)both(兩者都)，either(兩者中任何一個)，neither(兩者都不)。以上詞使用范圍為兩個人或物。如： Neither of the two boys is clever. (2)both，either both與復(fù)數(shù)連用，either與單數(shù)連用。如： Both the boys are clever. Either of the two boys is clever.。 There are flowers on both sides of the street.(兩岸) There are flowers on either sid