博士基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)考試資料

1、科技英語(yǔ)翻譯1.當(dāng)今社會(huì)，選擇的觀念無(wú)孔不入，種種選擇會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們?cè)桨l(fā)感到焦慮不安和力不從心?？傆腥讼蛭覀児噍斶@樣的理念：我們可以選擇自己的生活方式，可以選擇自己的身材，甚至可以選擇子女的未來(lái)。我們因?yàn)檫@種無(wú)所不能的虛假承諾而洋洋得意，同時(shí)卻忘記了，自己做出的選擇往往并不理智要么受到別人選擇（社會(huì)認(rèn)同）的影響，要么受到自己內(nèi)心無(wú)意識(shí)動(dòng)機(jī)的影響。1.The ideology of choice is all-pervasive in todays society, and has contributed to growing feelings of anxiety and inadequacy a

2、mong consumers.Were told that we can choose the type of life we live, the type of body we have, even the way our kids will turn out. But while we bask in the false promise of mastery, we forget that the choices we make are often irrational-either linked to other peoples choices (what is socially acc

3、eptable), or our own unconscious motives.2.鑒于甲方擁有合同產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)及銷售所涉及的技術(shù)信息，包括設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權(quán)；鑒于乙方以生產(chǎn)、使用和銷售合同產(chǎn)品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協(xié)助的許可權(quán)利；鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標(biāo)；雙方茲就下列內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致：2. Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data

4、 useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products; and whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products; and whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks ow

5、ned by Party A. Now Therefore, the parties hereby agree as follows:3.版權(quán)是一種無(wú)形資產(chǎn)。正如其字面所示，它所擁有的是一種權(quán)利。這種權(quán)利包括兩個(gè)方面，即復(fù)制權(quán)和對(duì)復(fù)制權(quán)的使用控制。版權(quán)是對(duì)作品創(chuàng)造者實(shí)行的一種法律保護(hù)。最初僅限于對(duì)書(shū)籍方面，而今已擴(kuò)大到對(duì)各種雜志、報(bào)紙、地圖、戲劇、電影、電視節(jié)目、電腦軟件、繪畫(huà)、圖片、雕塑、音樂(lè)作品、舞蹈動(dòng)作設(shè)計(jì)等類作品的保護(hù)。實(shí)質(zhì)上，版權(quán)保護(hù)的是知識(shí)或藝術(shù)財(cái)產(chǎn)。版權(quán)這種財(cái)產(chǎn)與眾不同，因?yàn)樗荚跒楣娝?，為公眾所享受。如果一個(gè)讀者買(mǎi)一本版權(quán)受保護(hù)的書(shū)，這本書(shū)就歸其所有。但是如果他將此書(shū)復(fù)制

6、或散發(fā)，那便屬違法，因?yàn)檫@種權(quán)利屬出版商、作者或擁有其版權(quán)的人所有。3. Copyright is an intangible form of property. What is owned, as the word suggests, is a right. This right has two aspects-the right to copy and the right to control copying. Copyright is a legal protection extended to those who produce creative works. Originally o

7、nly for books, copyright now extends to magazines, newspapers, maps, plays, motion pictures, television programs, computer program software, paintings, photographs, sculpture, musical compositions, choreographed dances, and similar works. Essentially a copyright protects an intellectual or artistic

8、property.This type of property is unusual because it is normally intended for public use or enjoyment. If an individual buys a copyrighted book, it belongs to him as an object. But making copies of it to sell or give away is illegal. This right belongs to the publisher，author, or whoever holds the c

9、opyright.4.承租人同意將所租建筑保持良好狀態(tài)，并不得任其損壞。如果承租人對(duì)出租房屋作任何調(diào)整或增添任何設(shè)施，事先必須征得出租人的書(shū)面同意。房?jī)?nèi)任何增添和裝修過(guò)的設(shè)施都成為出租人的財(cái)產(chǎn)，而且承租人不得以此向出租人提出補(bǔ)償要求。如果發(fā)生火災(zāi)，本租賃合同立即終止。4.The Lessee agrees to maintain the leased building in good condition and shall not allow it to further deteriorate. Any modifications or additions carried out on the

10、 leased building by the Lessee may be done only with the Lessor's prior written permission. Any new structure resulting from modification, addition or repair to the leased building becomes the property of the Lessor, and the Lessee cannot claim any damages. This lease contract is terminated shou

11、ld the leased building be subject to a fire disaster.5.闡述了2000年以來(lái)，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和能源快速增長(zhǎng)的態(tài)勢(shì)，以及能源消費(fèi)構(gòu)成變化情況和石油消費(fèi)形式，探討了2050年前幾種不同情境下的中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)前景、能源消費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)、能源消費(fèi)構(gòu)成變化趨勢(shì)和石油需求總量。5.This paper illustrates the rapid growth of chinas economy and energy consumption, the change of energy consumption structure and the situation o

12、f oil consumption since 2000. It also discussed the prospect of china's economic growth,the increasing trend of energy consumption, the changing trend of energy consumption structure and the total demand of oil in different situations before 2050.6.加速發(fā)展常規(guī)天然氣、頁(yè)巖氣、煤層氣等氣體能源，即能緩解我國(guó)面臨的能源安全、環(huán)境保護(hù)和減排等多重

13、壓力，又能培育新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。為此應(yīng)提升氣體能源在我國(guó)能源戰(zhàn)略中的地位，加快能源領(lǐng)域的市場(chǎng)改革，建立完善準(zhǔn)入和礦業(yè)權(quán)管理制度，放寬氣體能源的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，改革能源價(jià)格形成機(jī)制，并加大對(duì)頁(yè)巖氣開(kāi)采等技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)的支持，從而改變我國(guó)能源供應(yīng)和消費(fèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)，支持可持續(xù)發(fā)展和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)。The accelerating development of gas energy such as natural gas, shale gas and coalbed methane can relieve pressures from energy security, environmental protection a

14、nd emission reduction as well as create new economic growth points.Therefore, methods such as promoting the position of gas energy in energy strategy, accelerating the market reform in energy field, establishing and perfecting the management system of access and mining right, relaxing the industry s

15、tandard of gas energy, reforming energy price forming mechanism and increasing the support of key shale gas extraction technologies should be taken to change the structure of energy supply and consumption in our country and support the sustainable development and ecological civilization construction

16、.7.本刊只接受全部用英文寫(xiě)成的稿件。來(lái)稿在5000字左右為宜。論文必須另頁(yè)附200字以內(nèi)的中文摘要、100詞以內(nèi)英文摘要和不少于3個(gè)的主題詞。正文格式應(yīng)符合以下要求：1、英文12磅字體；2、雙倍行距；3、左右兩邊空白各不少于3.5厘米；4、單面打??；5、段落第一行行首縮進(jìn)四個(gè)字符；6、加入頁(yè)碼；7、文內(nèi)引語(yǔ)和參考書(shū)目采用美國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)（APA）的論文格式。7. This journal only accepts English papers. Keep the paper about 5000 words, with an abstract of 200 words in Chinese an

17、d 100 words in English with at least 3 keywords in a separate page. The following is the format of the text submitted: 1. Use font size 12 in English; 2. Write on double-space; 3. Leave margins at least 3.5 cm on the right and left sides; 4. Type on only one side of the paper. 5. Indent the first li

18、ne of every new paragraph with 4 spaces; 6. Number the paper with the pages. 7. Adopt the format of APA for the quotations and references.課后題答案Unit 2（P19）1.對(duì)于許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，在當(dāng)今計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代還需要由人來(lái)作翻譯似乎不合情理。既然現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)能裝入詞典和語(yǔ)法，為什么不讓計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)作翻譯呢?計(jì)算機(jī)是可以作一些非常簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)際轉(zhuǎn)換工作，條件是事前和事后都要進(jìn)行大量的編輯。但是無(wú)論廣告小冊(cè)子還是抒情詩(shī)都絕不可能歸結(jié)為計(jì)算機(jī)所要求的那種邏輯。計(jì)算機(jī)打印出來(lái)的譯

19、文常常是可以看懂的如果有關(guān)人員早就知道原文的大概。但是機(jī)器翻譯出來(lái)的東西，其語(yǔ)言形式通常是不自然的，而且有時(shí)候簡(jiǎn)直令人不可思議。再者，僅僅修改程序或者增加規(guī)則也不會(huì)使譯文有真正的改觀。人的大腦不僅具有數(shù)字功能和模擬功能，而且還有內(nèi)存價(jià)值系統(tǒng)，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)在語(yǔ)言成分分析上比起計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)有著不可估量的優(yōu)勢(shì)。對(duì)于任何文體引人入勝、語(yǔ)義復(fù)雜的文本包括大多數(shù)值得在另一種語(yǔ)言中表達(dá)出來(lái)的東西，非得由人來(lái)進(jìn)行翻譯不可。2.Translation means the conversion of an expression into another languageTo say plainly it is an ar

20、t to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty

21、of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author's idea. Words selected and sentences constructed m

22、ust be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author's idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and

23、 exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.Unit 3（P25）19.獨(dú)立宣言包括三個(gè)部分：第一部分闡明政治哲學(xué)民主與自由哲學(xué)，內(nèi)容深刻動(dòng)人；第二部分列舉若干具體的不平事例，以證明喬治三世破壞了美國(guó)的自由；第三部分宣布獨(dú)立，并宣誓支持該項(xiàng)政策。20.接到來(lái)函后，不到十分鐘，我騎馬動(dòng)身了。到達(dá)坎特布里，換乘四輪馬車進(jìn)鎮(zhèn)，但一場(chǎng)雨把我渾身淋濕，患了重感冒，一時(shí)不能痊愈。大約中午到達(dá)財(cái)務(wù)委員會(huì)，要做的第一件事，就是刮臉換衣。不久，打聽(tīng)到在委員會(huì)前樹(shù)碑的內(nèi)情。可是我尚未接到通知，不過(guò)從送信者

24、口里獲悉翌日上午會(huì)有通知的。我一回到小旅館就吃了晚飯，然后就上床睡覺(jué)。第2天一早，吃過(guò)早飯，換好衣服，我就及時(shí)出發(fā)去打聽(tīng)有關(guān)紀(jì)念碑的事情。一得到消息，我就坐上馬車，在3點(diǎn)之前回到了坎特布里。沒(méi)給你帶來(lái)什么，再見(jiàn)吧。Unit 11（P94）作為一種重要的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備手段，各類文獻(xiàn)已成為寶貴的資源寶藏，大大促進(jìn)了人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步。專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)一向被認(rèn)為是全世界的“無(wú)形財(cái)產(chǎn)”。因?yàn)橐环矫嫠鼈兪菍?duì)前人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或研究成果的總結(jié)、概括和發(fā)展；另一方面，又是人類長(zhǎng)期積累、世代相傳的遺產(chǎn)。因此，從這種意義上講，一切文獻(xiàn)都是前人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)和學(xué)術(shù)成就的寶貴記載，是人類文明的結(jié)晶。Unit 12（P105）1版權(quán)是一種合法權(quán)力

25、，旨在保護(hù)創(chuàng)造性作品在未得到允許的情況下不得加以復(fù)制、演出、展出或傳播。版權(quán)擁有者具有這樣一些專有權(quán)：復(fù)制版權(quán)受保護(hù)的作品；根據(jù)版權(quán)保護(hù)的作品制作其他作品將保護(hù)作品的拷貝出售、出租或借給公眾使用在公眾場(chǎng)合演出以及公開(kāi)展出版權(quán)受保護(hù)的作品。版權(quán)擁有者的以上種種基本專有權(quán)也有例外的情況，這往往要根據(jù)作品的種類以及他人怎樣使用作品而定。版權(quán)法中“作品”一詞指的是以固定形式存在于有形媒介的原作者的創(chuàng)作物。這樣，能受版權(quán)保護(hù)的作品就包括文學(xué)作品、音樂(lè)作品、戲劇選集、舞蹈、照片、繪畫(huà)、雕刻、圖形、廣播、地圖、電影、電臺(tái)和電視節(jié)目、錄音以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟件程序等。版權(quán)不保護(hù)某種想法或概念，只對(duì)作者表達(dá)想法或概念的

26、方法加以保護(hù)。例如，要是某科學(xué)家發(fā)表了一篇文章，闡述生產(chǎn)某種藥品的新的制作過(guò)程，那么版權(quán)可以阻止他人抄襲該文章，但不能制止任何人用上述過(guò)程配備藥品。要想保護(hù)上述制作過(guò)程，該科學(xué)家就必須獲得專利。Unit 13（P116）3.對(duì)于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)議，本合同雙方應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商無(wú)法解決爭(zhēng)議，則應(yīng)將爭(zhēng)議提交中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（北京），依據(jù)仲裁規(guī)則仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對(duì)雙方都有約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用應(yīng)由敗訴方承擔(dān)，但仲裁委員會(huì)另有裁定的除外。4. If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all suc

27、h drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Pro

28、ducts.Unit 14（P120）以上定義中提到的指定的管理計(jì)劃通常稱為“管理建議”。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，管理建議向預(yù)期的客戶準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)確確地解釋整個(gè)項(xiàng)目將如何進(jìn)行管理，以及管理人員的姓名等，并為完成該項(xiàng)目提出一個(gè)時(shí)間進(jìn)度表。管理建議的重要目的之一是讓客戶相信，該項(xiàng)工作在每個(gè)階段都將由能勝任的人員來(lái)完成，這就是說(shuō)，如果是“硬件”項(xiàng)目，就要從原型設(shè)計(jì)研究到整個(gè)制造階段；如果是“軟件”項(xiàng)目，則要從初始的探索性研究到最終解決方案（“軟件”一詞在此上下文中指的是一份能解決某一基本問(wèn)題或若干問(wèn)題的可行性報(bào)告）。此外，建議中有關(guān)管理的部分應(yīng)當(dāng)在質(zhì)量和可靠性問(wèn)題上分清職責(zé)，措辭要盡量清晰果斷，便于客戶與供應(yīng)商交換意見(jiàn)。

29、2013-2014科技英語(yǔ)作業(yè)漢譯英部分（作業(yè)）對(duì)農(nóng)民工的管理和服務(wù)要到位雇工要給工錢(qián)，古今皆然，中外同理。但是，就在國(guó)務(wù)院已經(jīng)下發(fā)了用工單位不得以任何名目拖欠和克扣農(nóng)民工工資的通知后，有些急于拿到工錢(qián)返鄉(xiāng)過(guò)春節(jié)的農(nóng)民工仍拿不到錢(qián)。忙碌了一年的血汗錢(qián)，農(nóng)民工要把每個(gè)前掰成兩瓣兒花的：蓋新房、娶媳婦、備耕買(mǎi)種子、化肥、子女來(lái)年的學(xué)費(fèi)都指望著它呢。拿不到工錢(qián)，已經(jīng)夠讓農(nóng)民工煩心的了，但鬧心的事遠(yuǎn)不止這一件。諸如受了工傷，老板不予治療，欲訴諸法律，有打不起官司；受了老板或包工頭的侮辱，想討個(gè)說(shuō)法卻又擔(dān)心丟了飯碗只好忍氣吞聲；勞動(dòng)環(huán)境惡劣，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度超負(fù)荷，有毒有害物質(zhì)和氣體嚴(yán)重戕害身體，卻投告無(wú)門(mén)；各

30、種名目的管理費(fèi)多如牛毛，是個(gè)穿制服的就敢向農(nóng)民工收費(fèi)，不交就可能被驅(qū)逐出城。凡此種種，都發(fā)出了一個(gè)訊號(hào)：各地政府對(duì)農(nóng)民工的管理和服務(wù)要盡早到位，不然就有可能出亂子甚至是大亂子。Do a good job in administering and serving laborers from the countrysideYou have to pay the people you hire. There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times, athome or abroad. However, some of the hired

31、laborers havent got their pay though they are anxious to go home for the spring Festival despite the fact that the State Council has issued a notice forbidding employers dock laborers wages in whatever name. the laborers plan to spend their money sparingly as so many things hang on the money earned

32、with their blood and sweat: to build new houses, to get married, to buy seeds, chemical fertilizer, and pesticides to get ready for the spring plough, and to pay for their childrens education of the next year.It was already bothering them that they fail to get the money due to them. But there are fa

33、r more troubles. For example, their bosses refuse to pay for their medical treatment when some of the laborers get injured during work, and they simply cannot afford to launch any lawsuit even if they want to. Sometimes they really want to seek justice when they are bullied by the boss or the forema

34、n, but very often they have to swallow it lest they should lose their jobs. They suffer from adverse working environment, unbearable labor intensity, and toxic and harmful material and gases which seriously affecting their health, but there is no place where they can complain about these. Miscellane

35、ous fees are imposed on them in various names and excuses-anyone wearing a uniform or even an armband can levy fees from them and refusal may result in the laborers being driven out of the city. All these are sending out warnings to us: there will be troubles, even big troubles unless governments at

36、 different levels do a good job in administering and serving laborers from the countryside.近幾年來(lái)，國(guó)債資金重點(diǎn)用于水利、交通、通信、能源、環(huán)保等方面的建設(shè)，取得了重大成效。 在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施落后的狀況已有改變的情況下，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化升級(jí)應(yīng)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的首要任務(wù)。要用現(xiàn)代技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，加快發(fā)展高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，改變第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展明顯滯后的狀況。能不能完成這一階段性任務(wù)，關(guān)系到加入世貿(mào)組織后我國(guó)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的提高，關(guān)系到經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展和第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的目標(biāo)，技術(shù)是最大的制約因素。許多符合

37、產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)要求的好的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目，由于缺乏技術(shù)，雖然有資金也無(wú)法進(jìn)行。所以，打破技術(shù)這一瓶頸制約，是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵。當(dāng)前，必須加大對(duì)科研開(kāi)發(fā)的投入，繼續(xù)引進(jìn)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)技術(shù)和裝備，加強(qiáng)消防、吸收和創(chuàng)新。Great results have been achieved in recent years through giving priority in the allocation of funds gathered through governmental bonds to the construction of water conservancy , transportation, comm

38、unication , industries of energy resources ,and environmental protection. Now the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure have become the most important task as the backward infrastructure has been remarkably improved. We should reform traditional industries by adapting modern techniques,

39、 speeding up industries with advanced new techniques, so as to change the situation that the tertiary industry lags behind. The successful fulfillment of this task has a direct bearing on whether China can raise her international competitiveness, maintain the continuous , rapid and healthy developme

40、nt of her national economy, and realize the targets set ird for her third strategic plan.The greatest restrictive factor in achieving the target of this industrial structural readjustment is technology. Many fine projects cannot be upgraded because of lack of technique , though they meet the demands

41、 for upgrading and there is no lack of funds. Therefore, it has become a key to the realization of such upgrading to break through this technical bottleneck. At present, it is imperative to put in more in scientific research, continue to introduce in advanced foreign techniques and equipment, and do

42、 a better job in digesting and absorption of such techniques and at the same time blaze new trails. 英譯漢部分（作業(yè)）Until recently, scientists knew little about life in the deep sea, nor had they reason to believe that it was being threatened. Now, with the benefit of technology that allows for deeper expl

43、oration, researchers have uncovered a remarkable array of species inhabiting the ocean floor at depths of more than 660 feet, or about 200 meters. At the same time, however, technology has also enabled fishermen to reach far deeper than ever before, into areas where bottom trawls can destroy in minu

44、tes what has taken nature hundreds and in some cases thousands of years to build. Many of the world's coral species, for example, are found at depths of more than 200 meters. It is also estimated that roughly half of the world's highest seamounts areas that rise from the ocean floor and are

45、particularly rich in marine life are also found in the deep ocean. These deep sea ecosystems provide shelter, spawning and breeding areas for fish and other creatures, as well as protection from strong currents and predators. Moreover, they are believed to harbor some of the most extensive reservoir

46、s of life on earth, with estimates ranging from 500,000 to 100 million species inhabiting these largely unexplored and highly fragile ecosystems. Yet just as we are beginning to recognize the tremendous diversity of life in these areas, along with the potential benefits newly found species may hold

47、for human society in the form of potential food products and new medicines, they are at risk of being lost forever. With enhanced ability both to identify where these species-rich areas are located and to trawl in deeper water than before, commercial fishing vessels are now beginning to reach down w

48、ith nets the size of football fields, catching everything in their path while simultaneously crushing fragile corals and breaking up the delicate structure of reefs and seamounts that provide critical habitat to the countless species of fish and other marine life that inhabit the deep ocean floor. B

49、ecause deep sea bottom trawling is a recent phenomenon, the damage that has been done is still limited. If steps are taken quickly to prevent this kind of destructive activity from occurring on the high seas, the benefits both to the marine environment and to future generations are incalculable. And

50、 they far outweigh the short-term costs to the fishing industry. 前不久，科學(xué)家們對(duì)深海生物還知之甚少，也不太相信它們正受到威脅?，F(xiàn)在，隨著深海探測(cè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)660多英尺，即200米深的海底生存著大量多種多樣的物種。但與此同時(shí)，捕魚(yú)人員也可以依靠技術(shù)到達(dá)比以前更深的地方，進(jìn)行海底拖網(wǎng)捕撈，而此種深海捕撈則可在幾分鐘內(nèi)就把大自然幾百年乃至幾千年的積累毀滅。例如，世界上的許多種珊瑚在二百多米深的海底才能找到。此外，據(jù)估計(jì)世界上一些最高的海底山約有一半位于深海海底。這些海底隆起的地方，海洋生物特別豐富。這些深海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為魚(yú)

51、類和其它生物提供生存、產(chǎn)卵、繁殖的場(chǎng)所，從而保護(hù)它們免遭大海流和獵食者的侵襲。此外，據(jù)信這些深海生態(tài)系統(tǒng)蘊(yùn)藏著世界上最豐富的生命寶庫(kù)，估計(jì)有五十萬(wàn)至一億種生物生活在這些大體上未經(jīng)勘探并且極脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中。 當(dāng)我們現(xiàn)在剛剛開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)這些地區(qū)極其豐富的生物多樣性，并發(fā)現(xiàn)這些新物種可能為人類社會(huì)帶來(lái)好處時(shí)如新食品和新藥品，這些地區(qū)卻面臨著永遠(yuǎn)消失的危險(xiǎn)。由于確定物種豐富地區(qū)的能路增強(qiáng)，由于拖網(wǎng)捕撈能到達(dá)比過(guò)去更深的區(qū)域，商業(yè)漁船可把足球場(chǎng)大小的拖網(wǎng)撒入海中，碰上什么捕撈什么，同時(shí)損壞了脆弱的珊瑚，破壞礁石和海底山的脆弱結(jié)構(gòu)，而正是這些東西為生活在深海海底的無(wú)數(shù)魚(yú)類和其它海洋生物提供了賴以生存的場(chǎng)所。

52、因?yàn)樯詈：５淄暇W(wǎng)捕撈是最近才出現(xiàn)的一種現(xiàn)象，它所造成的損害還是有限的。如能趕緊采取措施防止這些在公海上的破壞活動(dòng)，它為海洋環(huán)境和子孫后代帶來(lái)的好處將是無(wú)法估量的。這些好處將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)漁業(yè)短期內(nèi)需承擔(dān)的花費(fèi)。The first outline of The Ascent of Man was written in July 1969 and the last foot of film was shot in December 1972. An undertaking as large as this, though wonderfully exhilarating, is not entered

53、lightly. It demands an unflagging intellectual and physical vigour, a total immersion, which I had to be sure that I could sustain with pleasure; for instance, I had to put off researches that I had already begun; and I ought to explain what moved me to do so. There has been a deep change in the tem

54、per of science in the last 20 years: the focus of attention has shifted from the physical to the life sciences. As a result, science is drawn more and more to the study of individuality. But the interested spectator is hardly aware yet how far-reaching the effect is in changing the image of man that

55、 science moulds. As a mathematician trained in physics, I too would have been unaware, had not a series of lucky chances taken me into the life sciences in middle age. I owe a debt for the good fortune that carried me into two seminal fields of science in one lifetime; and though I do not know to wh

56、om the debt is due, I conceived The Ascent of Man in gratitude to repay it. The invitation to me from the British Broadcasting Corporation was to present the development of science in a series of television programmes to match those of Lord Clark on Civilisation. Television is an admirable medium fo

57、r exposition in several ways: powerful and immediate to the eye, able to take the spectator bodily into the places and processes that are described, and conversational enough to make him conscious that what he witnesses are not events but the actions of people. The last of these merits is to my mind

58、 the most cogent, and it weighed most with me in agreeing to cast a personal biography of ideas in the form of television essays. The point is that knowledge in general and science in particular does not consist of abstract but of man-made ideas, all the way from its beginnings to its modern and idi

59、osyncratic models. Therefore the underlying concepts that unlock nature must be shown to arise early and in the simplest cultures of man from his basic and specific faculties. And the development of science which joins them in more and more complex conjunctions must be seen to be equally human: discoveries are made by men, not merely by minds, so that they are alive and charged with individuality. If television is not used to