初中英語語法九種時(shí)態(tài)(精講)

1、時(shí)態(tài)1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語：often, usually, sometimes, always, every (day等), once/twice, a (week等), on (Sunday等),never, in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)

2、句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語。如：The earth turns round the sun. (地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快) 表示十分確定會(huì)發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句子中可以有將來時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning. (開往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開車) 在時(shí)間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if, unless

3、引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),句子可以有將來時(shí)間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany. (你一到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)【主將從現(xiàn)】 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midf

4、ield player catches the ball and he keeps it. 人的心理活動(dòng)和感官動(dòng)作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),常見動(dòng)詞有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認(rèn)為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow. (我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)2、一般

5、過去時(shí) 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。表示過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning. (我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room, he saw a stranger

6、 talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話)表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)表示過去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：last, in, fromto, for (10 years), often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr. Jackson usually went to eveni

7、ng schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.講故事、對過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street. (我正好在街上遇到露西)3、一般將來時(shí) 表示將來某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：tomorrow, this (afternoon),next (year),one day, now, soon, someday, som

8、etime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。用will構(gòu)成的將來時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)。“shall”用于第一人稱,“will”用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon. (我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過了)“am/is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事。Its going to rain soon. (天快要下雨了)表示一個(gè)人臨時(shí)決定要做某事,可以用will表達(dá)

9、。如：I will go to the lab to get some chemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return. (我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來。(見相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài))shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday? (我們下周六去動(dòng)物園好嗎？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎？) “be to +

10、動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel comes to tell her that she is to have this special boy.4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：now, this , these等, 但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇

11、小說) 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：Im coming now. (我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later. (他老是向我借錢,過一

12、些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)5、過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday. (昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing w

13、ith her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具) 用于賓語從句或時(shí)間狀語從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past. (她路過時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林里走時(shí)唱了很多歌) 也可以表示過去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如

14、：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的、對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開始在過去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。表示發(fā)生在過去的對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice, ever, never, three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures

15、 before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?表示在過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工

16、作)口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library. (他們圖書館有上萬本書)have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這里。如：-Where is Mr. Li? He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國。)/ -Do you know something about Beijing? Yes, I have been to Beijing

17、three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過那里三次。)在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。具體變化見下表：瞬間性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)have(already)gone tohavebeen in / at for (two years)hascome tohasbeen heresince (1990)(had)left(had)been away fromarrivedbeen indiedbeen deadbegunbeen onendedbeen overbought.ha

18、dborrowedkeptjoinedbeen in 或者使用下面這個(gè)句型：It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主語(人)+謂語(過去時(shí))+過去時(shí)間狀語注意 在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類似問題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)7、過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡言之, 過去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。過去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語有：by (ye

19、sterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when, before等引出狀語從句。有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會(huì)有for 或since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了)過去完

20、成時(shí)常用于賓語從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat, I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)8、過去將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)表示在過去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國英語中,過去將來時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞一律用“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。過去將來時(shí)常由于賓語從句中,時(shí)間狀語有：later, soon, the next (day).在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí)。如：He promised that he would pay me