初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法全解

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)規(guī)則般情況在詞尾加-s例詞map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches dish-dishes變-f和-fe為v再加以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves,kni fe-k ni ves,loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs以輔音字

2、母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y 為i加-es以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)?有名詞以y結(jié)尾的，加-sparty-parties, family-families, story-stories city-citiestoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays Hen ry-He nrys以輔音字6母加-o結(jié)尾的 名詞般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來(lái)詞加-spia no-pia nos,photo-photos, auto-autoskilo-kilos, solo-

3、solos名詞I.名詞的種類(lèi):專(zhuān)有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名.地名.人名，團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則 列表如下：兩者皆可以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-szero-zeros/zeroes, volca no-volca no es/ volca nos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoostruth-truths, mouth-mouths, mon th-m onths path-path

4、s,2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是 不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)則例詞e,li,*改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形 式man-men, woma n-wome n, foot-feet, goose-gees mouse-mice2?單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species yua n, jin,33只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, tha nks, goods, glasses compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle,

5、staff£部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整 體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audierce, class, family, crowd, couple, group committee, goverrmert, populatior, crew, team public, er emy, party復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs（海 關(guān)）,forces（軍 隊(duì)）,times（時(shí) 代） spirits（情緒）,drirks（飲料）,sards沙灘）,papers文件 報(bào)紙）,manners禮貌）,looks（外表）,brairs（頭腦智力）, greers 青菜），rui rs（廢墟）表

6、示 “某 國(guó)人”加-sAmerica rs, Australia rs, Germa rs, Greeks Swedes, Europea rs單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chir ese, Japa rese以-mar或-womar結(jié)尾的 改為-me r,-wome rEr glishme r, Frer chwome r合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sor s-i r-law, lookers-or, passers-by,story-tellers boy frie rds無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部 分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grow r-ups, housewives, stopwatch

7、es將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)wome r sir gers, mer serva rtsIII.名詞的所有格:名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jack s bookjrheaw6rs photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后 加sthe childrer s toys, womer s rights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加或者Dickers rovels, Charle

8、s s job, the Smiths表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末 尾均須加sJapar ard America problems, Jare srd Mary' bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一 詞末加sJapar ard America s problems, Jare ard Mary表示"某人家""店鋪"，所有格 后名詞省略the doctor s, the barber s, the tailor shouses's fath（,my un cle者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。1'所有格的構(gòu)成:1表示時(shí)間today s

9、rewspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth s atmosphere, the tree s brar ches3表示國(guó)家城市等地方 的名詞the country s pla r, the world s populatio r, China4表示工作群體the ship s crew, majority thesteOmw, s victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a mile s jourrey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān) 系的名詞the life s time, the play s plot

10、2.'所有格的用法:'s ir7某些固定詞組s eia bird ' s eye view, a stone ' s throw, at one 不知所wit 措）3. of所有格的用法：用于無(wú)生命的東西： the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-yearstude nts用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, arj）,定冠詞（the）,和零冠詞。 I.不定

11、冠詞的用法：指一類(lèi)人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA pla ne is a machi ne that can fly.2!第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is wait ing for you.3>表示 每一 相當(dāng)于 every, oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示 相同 相當(dāng)于the sameWe are n early of an age.5.用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類(lèi)似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you whe n you were out That boy is rather a Lei

12、Feng.6i用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7,用于 quite, rather, many, half,what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so（as, too, how）+形容詞之 后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法:1表示某一類(lèi)人或物The horse is a useful ani mal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前

13、the uni verse, the moon, the Pacific Ocea n3表示說(shuō)話(huà)雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò) 的人或事Would you mind ope ning the door?4用于樂(lè)器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類(lèi)人the reach, the liv ing, the woun ded6表示一家人”或失婦”the Gree ns, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高 級(jí)前He is the taller of the two childre n.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川 群島的

14、名詞前the Un ited States, the Com mun ist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was inven ted in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某 個(gè)年代in the 1990' s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表 示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法:專(zhuān)有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名 地名等名詞前Beijing Universi

15、ty, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等 限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐、八刖March, Sun day, Natio nal Day, spri ng4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lin col n was made Preside nt of America.5學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類(lèi)，棋類(lèi)名詞刖He likes play ing football/chess.6)與by連用表示

16、交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land了以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife and fork, day and n ight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful ani mals.三代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類(lèi):1人 稱(chēng)代 詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物 主代 詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, hi

17、s, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6)關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/

18、 much, few little/ a few/ a little,other/ ano ther, all/ both, n either/ eitherII.不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1. one, some與 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。One should lear n to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don ' t have any bookmarks.I have some questi ons to ask.2) some可用于

19、疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Would you like some banan as? Could you give me some mon ey?3) some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示 大約” any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 stude nts in this school. Do you feel

20、any better today?2. each和 every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Each stude nt has a pocket dict ion ary. / Each (of us) has a dicti on ary. / We each have a dicti on ary.Every stude nt has stro ng and weak poi nts. / Every one of us has stro ng and weak poi nts.3. none和 no：no等于not

21、any,作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單 數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the stude nts are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和 another:1) other泛指 另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如:the other day, every other week, some other reas on, no other way,the othe

22、r特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為 the others如：He held a book in one hand and his no tes in the other.Two stude nts in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) an other指又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others,泛指別的人或 事”如：I don ' t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give m

23、e ano ther pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither和 eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 both和all加否定詞表示部分 否定，全部否定用 neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in En glish.Both of us are not teachers. / Not bot

24、h of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1)形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾 some, any, every, no和 body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible<2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最 高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only soluti on possible3alive, alike, awake, a

25、ware, asleep 等可以the only pers on awake后置4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序:代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞 前的 形容冠詞指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù) 詞性質(zhì) 狀態(tài)大小 長(zhǎng)短 形狀新舊 溫度顏色國(guó)籍 產(chǎn)地材料 質(zhì)地名 詞all both suchtheathis ano ther yoursec on d n ext

26、one fourbeautiful good poorlarge short squarenew coolblack yellowChineseLondonsilk stone3）復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成:二形容詞+名詞+edkin d-hearted6名詞+形容 詞world-famous2形容詞+形 容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在 分詞peace-lo ving3形容詞+現(xiàn) 在分詞ordin ary-look ing8名詞+過(guò)去 分詞sno w-covered副詞+現(xiàn)在 分詞hard-work ing9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過(guò)去 分詞n ewly-built10數(shù)詞+名

27、詞twen ty-yearII.副詞副詞的分類(lèi):時(shí)間副 詞soon, now, early, fin ally, on ce, rece ntly5頻度副 詞always, ofte n, freque ntly, seldom, n ever2地點(diǎn)副 詞here, n earby, outside, upwards, above6疑問(wèn)副 詞how, where, whe n, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副 詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, mea nwhile4

28、程度副詞almost, n early, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副 詞whe n, where, whyIII.形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。1. 同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用 asas以及 not so(as) as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still

29、, yet,by far, any, a great dead3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the morethe more句型。女口： The harderyou work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。女口： I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school

30、 is four times the size of yours.6. 表示最高程度 的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect五介詞I.介詞分類(lèi):簡(jiǎn)單介詞about, across, after, aga in st, among, around, at, below, bey ond, duri ng, in, on2合成介詞in side, in to, on to, out of, outside, throughout, upon withi n, without3短語(yǔ)介詞accordi ng to, because

31、of, i nstead of, up to, due to, owing to, tha nks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in betwee n5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞con sideri ng(就而論)，in clud ing6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的 介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII.常用介詞區(qū)別:1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總 是與日子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的 si nee fromsince指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連 用

32、，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始3表示時(shí)間的in, afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn) 之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in,on, toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在 某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示在上”的on,non只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一 部分6表示“穿過(guò)”的through, acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與 in 有關(guān)，across表 示在表面上通過(guò)，與on有關(guān)7表示關(guān)于”的 aboutonabout指涉及到，on指專(zhuān)門(mén)論述8between 與 among 的between表示在兩者之間，among用于二者或二區(qū)別者

33、以上的中間9besides與 except的區(qū)別besides指除了還有再加上” except指 除了， 減去什么”，不放在句首10表示用”的in, withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法， 度量，單位，語(yǔ)言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為 作為，以地位或身份，like為 象 一樣”指情形相似12in與into區(qū)另廿in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表 示目的地或位置六.動(dòng)詞I. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)般ask / asksaskedshall/will asksh

34、ould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/areaski ngwas/wereaskingshall/will be aski ngshould/would be aski ng完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/wouldhave asked宀完 成進(jìn)行have/has bee n ask inghad been askingshall/will have bee n ask ingshould/would have bee n ask ing2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別:1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況

35、，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。如：I have already read the no vel writte n by the world-famous writer.已經(jīng)看過(guò)，且 了解這本書(shū)的內(nèi)容）2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加過(guò)” 了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the novel last mo nth.只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住 ）I lived in Beijing for ten

36、years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的 結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book我 讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了。I have bee n reading that book all the morni ng.我早上一直在讀那本書(shū)。4. 般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：將來(lái)時(shí)用法例句will/shall+ 動(dòng) 詞原形表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存 在的狀態(tài)My sister

37、 will be ten n ext year.2be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形含有打算，計(jì)劃，即將” 做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā) 生某事It ' s going to clear we regoing to have a party toni ght.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表 示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?4be about to +動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上 就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，

38、后面一般不 跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I was about to leave whe n the bell rang.The meet ing is about to close.5be to +動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì) 方意見(jiàn)We reto meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示 將來(lái)時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早 就疋好的事情，可用般現(xiàn)在 時(shí)表示將來(lái)The meeti ng starts at five o ' clock.The plane leaves at ten this eve ning.II.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成一般

39、現(xiàn) 在時(shí)am/is/are asked6過(guò)去進(jìn)行 時(shí)was/werebeingasked2一般過(guò) 去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成 時(shí)have/hasbeenasked3一般將 來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be asked8過(guò)去完成 時(shí)had bee n asked4過(guò)去將 來(lái)時(shí)should/wouldbeasked9將來(lái)完成 時(shí)will/wouldhavebee n asked現(xiàn)在進(jìn) 行時(shí)am/is/arebeingasked10含有情態(tài) 動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be asked、，、八注意 事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not,短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其

40、中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoi ng to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞 變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。女口：Trees should not be pla nted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語(yǔ)有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：It is believed that It is gen erally con sidered that It iss

41、aid that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It issupposed that It is reported that- It must be admitted thatIt is hopedthat 下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worthread ing twice.The door won ' t shut. / The play won' tThcfe clothes washes we

42、l/ The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, en ter, reach, become, ben efit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fa l have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agr with, keep up with, con sist of, have on, 1 ose hea

43、r等等七情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞n用法否定式疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答can能力（體力，智力，技 能）can not / cannot /can ' t d(oCan do ？ Yes,can.No,can' t.could允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常 用）可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于 否定句或疑冋句中）couldn ' t domay可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng) 求）可能，或許（表推測(cè)）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not doMay do?Yes,may.No,mustn' t/cant.mightmight not doMight do?Yes,mightNo,might not.mu

44、st必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要 求）冃疋，想必（冃疋句中 表推測(cè)）must not/mustn ' t doMust do ?Yes,must.No,needn' t/don t have to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的 必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱(chēng)變化）don' tnave to doDo- - havetodo？Yes,do. No, don' t.ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn ' t to d(Ought to do ？ Yes, ought.No, - oughtn ' t.shal

45、l將要，會(huì)shallShall do？用于一三人稱(chēng)征求對(duì) 方意見(jiàn)用于一三人稱(chēng)表示許 諾、叩令、警告、威脅等not/shan ' t doYes,shall. No shan' t.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé) 任）本該（含有責(zé)備意味）shouldnot/shouldn ' t dShould do？owill意愿，決心 請(qǐng)求，建議，用在冋句中would比較委婉will not/won dot Will do？Yes,will.Nowon t.wouldwould not/wouldn ' t dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑 問(wèn)句中）dare not/dar

46、en ' t doDare do ？ Yes,dare. No,daren ' t.n eed需要必須（常用于否定句和 疑問(wèn)句中）n eed not/needn ' t doNeed do ？Yes,must. No,needn' t.used to過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不 再）usednot/usedn ' t/user to dodidn ' use to doUsedto do ？ 'Yes,used. No u£e(d)n ' t.Did use to do - Yes,did. No, didn ' t.II

47、. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must, may, might, could, can表示推測(cè)：以must為例。must + do（be）是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have do ne是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。1. must肯定，一定”語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talk ing with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might也許”后者語(yǔ)氣弱，更沒(méi)有把握。可用于肯定句和

48、否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can和could可能” could表示可疑的可能性，不及can'語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯 定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際 上沒(méi)有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now? No, he can ' t be there, for I saw h

49、im in the library just n ow.（語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中）III. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1. can和be able to:都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá) 某事終于成功” 而can無(wú)法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2. used to和would: used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而 would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別： 兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：needn' t/daren do；Need/dare

50、do？做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don' t(doesn ' t/didn ' t) need/dare to do八非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)、意義及構(gòu)成:非謂語(yǔ)形 式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定 式to do to be doing tohavedonetobedoneto have been done在 非謂語(yǔ) 前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和 形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、 定、表和狀語(yǔ)分 詞現(xiàn) 在分 詞d

51、oing hav ing donebeing done having been doneg具有副詞和形容詞的作 用在句中做疋、表、兵補(bǔ) 和狀語(yǔ)過(guò) 去分 詞done動(dòng)名 詞doing hav ing donebeing done having been donegsb' doing3具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和 表語(yǔ)II.做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較:情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式 做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide prete nd, man age, agree, afford, determ ine,

52、 promise, happe n只接動(dòng)名詞 做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或 短語(yǔ)mind, miss, enjoy, imag ine, practise, suggest, fini sh, escape excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, con sidercan' h elp, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get dow n to, be en gaged in, in sist on, think of, be proud

53、 of, take pride n, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote on eself to, be worth, be busy, pay atte nti on to, stick to兩 者都 可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue (接不定式多指 具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為)need, want, require (接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，右 接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式)意義相反stop to do停止手中事

54、，去做另一件事stop doi ng停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret to do （指 動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doin g （指 動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do （接著做 另外一件事）go on doing （接著做 同一件事）意義不try to do （設(shè)法，努力去做，盡mean to do （打算做，同力）企圖做）try doing （試試去做，看有何結(jié)mean doing （意識(shí)果）是，意味著）can' t help to d（不能幫忙做） 要做）can' t help doin（忍不住III.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系 及時(shí)間概念例句不定式ask, b