同濟大學蘇小卒版土木工程專業(yè)英語翻譯考試整理秘籍

1、第一單元Fundamentally, engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is innovative, cost-conscious and mindful of human factors. It is concerned with the creation of new entities, devices or methods of solution: a new process, a new material, an improved power source, a more efficient arrangeme

2、nt of tasks to accomplish a desired goal or a new structure. Engineering is also more often than not concerned with obtaining economical solutions. And, finally, human safety is always a key consideration.從根本上，工程是一個以最終產(chǎn)品為導向的行業(yè)，它具有創(chuàng)新、成本意識，同時也注意到人為因素。 它與創(chuàng)建新的實體、 設(shè)備或解決方案有關(guān)：新工藝、新材料、一個改進的動力來源、任務(wù)的一項更有效地安排，

3、用以完成所需的目標或創(chuàng)建一個新的結(jié)構(gòu)。 工程是也不僅僅關(guān)心獲得經(jīng)濟的解決方案。最終，人類安全才是一個最重要的考慮因素。Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are pa

4、rt of the process.工程關(guān)心的是，使用抽象的科學方法思考和定義現(xiàn)實世界的問題。理想化的使用和發(fā)展建立可以確定行為的邊界的程序，是過程的一部分。Many problems, by their very nature, cant be fully describedeven after the fact, much less at the outset. Yet acceptable engineering solutions to these problems must be found which satisfy the defined needs. Engineering,

5、then, frequently concerns the determination of possible solutions within a context of limited data. Intuition or judgment is a key factor in establishing possible alternative strategies, processes, or solutions. And this, too, is all a part of engineering.很多的問題，就其本身的性質(zhì)而言，不能完全被描述 即使這一事實，在其開始之前。然而還必須找

6、到對于這些問題可接受的工程解決方案，來滿足預定的需求。直覺或判斷是建立可能的替代策略、 流程或解決方案的關(guān)鍵因素。而這也是工程的一部分。Civil engineering is one of the most diverse branches of engineering. The civil engineer plans, designs, constructs, and maintains a large variety of structures and facilities for public, commercial and industrial use. These structu

7、res include residential, office, and factory buildings; highways, railways, airports, tunnels, bridges, harbors, channels, and pipelines. They also include many other facilities that are a part of the transportation systems of most countries, as well as sewage and waste disposal systems that add to

8、our convenience and safeguard our health.土木工程是工程的最多樣化的分支機構(gòu)之一。土木工程師計劃、設(shè)計、施工，和維護大量的結(jié)構(gòu)和公共、商業(yè)和工業(yè)使用的設(shè)施。這些結(jié)構(gòu)包括住宅，辦公室和工廠大廈；公路、鐵路、機場、隧道、橋梁、港口、渠道和管道。在其他大多數(shù)的國家它們還包括運輸系統(tǒng)許多其他設(shè)施，以及將為我們的生活帶來便利的和維護我們的健康污水及廢物處理系統(tǒng)。The term “civil engineer” did not come into use until about 1750, when John Smeaton, the builder of fam

9、ous Eddystone lighthouse near Plymouth, England, is said to have begun calling himself a “civil engineer” to distinguish himself from the military engineers of his time. However, the profession is as old as civilization.直到大約1750年，人們才開始使用“土木工程師”這一術(shù)語。約翰.斯密頓在英格蘭普利茅斯附近，建造了著名的埃迪斯通燈塔的建造師，開始自稱為“土木工程師"

10、來將自己與當時的軍事工程師區(qū)分開。然而，土木工程這個職業(yè)卻像文明一樣古老。 In ancient Egypt the simplest mechanical principles and devices were used to construct many temples and pyramids that are still standing, including the great pyramid at Giza and the temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak. The great pyramid, 481 feet(146.6 meters)high, is m

11、ade of 2.25 million stone blocks having an average weight of more than 1.5tons (1.4 metric tons). Great numbers of men were used in the construction of such monuments. The Egyptians also made obelisks by cutting huge blocks of stone, some weighing as much as 1000 tons (900 metric tons). Cutting tool

12、s of hard bronze were used.古埃及人用最簡單的機械原理和裝置建造了許多至今仍矗立的廟宇和金字塔，包括吉薩大金字塔和在卡納克的Amon-Ra的寺廟。這個大金字塔，481英尺（146.6 米）高，由2250000個石塊組成，石塊的平均重量超過1.5噸（1.4 噸）。建造如此的紀念性建筑使用了大量的人力。埃及人也作了一些重達1000噸(900噸)的石頭的大塊切割的方尖塔。硬青銅的切削刀具在其中使用到了。The Egyptians built causeways and roads for transporting stone from the quarries to the

13、 Nile. The large blocks of stone that were erected by the Egyptians were moved by using levers, inclined planes, rollers, and sledges.為了從采石場向尼羅河運輸石材埃及人建造了長堤和道路。由埃及人豎設(shè)的大塊石頭通過使用拉桿、斜平面、滾子和雪橇來移動。The Egyptians were primarily interested in the know-how of construction; They had very little interest in why

14、-for of use .In contrast, the Greeks made great strides in introducing theory into engineering problems during the 6th to 3rd centuries B.C. They developed an abstract knowledge of lines, angles, surfaces, and solids rather than referring to specific objects. The geometric base for Greek building co

15、nstruction included figures such as the square, rectangle, and triangle.埃及人主要對如何建造感興趣；他們對為什么這么使用沒有什么太多的興趣。相反，在公元前六世紀到公元前三世紀希臘人取得了巨大的進步于工程理論的推廣。他們發(fā)展了線、角度、面，和實體的抽象的知識，而不是與特定的對象產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系。 希臘建筑施工的幾何基礎(chǔ)包括數(shù)字如正方形、矩形和三角形。The Greek architekton was usually the designer, as well as the builder, of architectural and

16、engineering masterpieces. He was an architect and engineer. Craftsmen, masons, and sculptors worked under his supervision. In the classical period of Greece all important buildings were built of limestone or marble; the Parthenon, for example, was built of marble.希臘建筑師 通常是建筑工程杰作的設(shè)計師同時也是建造師。 他既是一個建筑師

17、也是工程師。工匠、石匠和雕塑家在他的監(jiān)督下工作。在希臘古典時期所有重要建筑物是由石灰石或大理石建造的；以帕臺農(nóng)神廟為例，由大理石建成的。UNIT 3The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry-brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers（磚層）were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tarlike substance, or some other

18、binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens（雅典的帕臺農(nóng)神廟）, for example, have holes drilled（鉆孔） in them for iron bars that have now rusted away（銹蝕殆盡）. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, m

19、ade from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water. 早期主要的建筑材料是木材和砌體，如磚、石、瓦以及類似的材料。磚層之間通過砂漿、瀝青（一種焦油狀的物質(zhì)）或其他一些粘合劑粘合在一起。希臘人和羅馬人有時用鐵條或夾子來加固他們的房屋。例如，雅典的帕臺農(nóng)神廟柱子中曾鉆孔以便加入鐵條，如今都已銹蝕殆盡。羅馬人也用稱作白榴火山灰的天然水泥，它用火山灰制作，在水中會變得與石頭一樣堅硬。 Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of

20、modern times, were introduced（推廣） in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron （鐵合金）and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time（到那個時候） by a laborious（繁復的） process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades（刀刃）. After the invention of the Bessemer process

21、（貝塞麥煉鋼法）in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength; that is, it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree (適當?shù)? of tension, a force which, as we have seen, tends to （往往）pull apart many materials. New a

22、lloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problems, such as fatigue, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress（連續(xù)的應力變化）. 作為現(xiàn)代兩種最重要的建筑材料，鋼材與水泥在十九世紀得到了推廣。直到那個時候，鋼材才通過繁復的過程制造出來，基本上是鐵合金，并含有少量的碳，因而被限制在一些特殊的用途如刀刃。在1856年發(fā)明了貝塞麥煉鋼法后，鋼材

23、才得以大量低價獲得。鋼材巨大的優(yōu)勢即是它的抗拉強度，也就是當它在適當?shù)睦ο虏粫姸?，正如我們所看到的，該力往往能夠?qū)⒑芏嗖牧侠_。新的合金進一步提高了鋼材的強度，并消除了一些缺點，如疲勞，即在連續(xù)的應力變化下導致強度減弱的趨勢。Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone（石灰石） and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powder（磨成粉末）. It is mixed at or near th

24、e construction site （施工現(xiàn)場）with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients （配料）produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into （噴射成）all ki

25、nds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other（互補）. 現(xiàn)代水泥發(fā)明于1824年，稱為波特蘭水泥。它是石灰石和粘土的混合物，加熱后磨成粉末。在或靠近施工現(xiàn)場，將水泥與砂、骨料（小石頭、壓碎的巖石或礫石）、水混合而制成混凝土。不同比例的配料會制造出不同強度和重量的混凝土。混凝土的用途很多，可以澆筑、泵送甚至噴射成各種形狀。混凝土具有很大

26、的抗壓強度，而鋼材具有很大的抗拉強度。這樣，兩種材料可以互補。 They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where（在情況下） both compression and tension are factors（主要因素）. Steel rods（鋼筋） are embedded in（埋入）concrete to make r

27、einforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop（出現(xiàn)）. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond - the force that unites（粘合） them - that the steel cannot slip（滑移） with the concrete. Still（還有） another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid（酸） corrode

28、s steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid. 它們也以另外一種方式互補：它們幾乎有相同的收縮率和膨脹率。因此，它們在拉、壓為主要因素時能共同工作。在出現(xiàn)拉力的混凝土梁或結(jié)構(gòu)中，將鋼筋埋入混凝土而成鋼筋混凝土?；炷僚c鋼筋形成如此強大的結(jié)合力這個力將它們粘合在一起以致于鋼筋在混凝土中不會滑移。還有另一個優(yōu)勢是鋼筋在混凝土中不會銹蝕。酸能腐蝕鋼筋，而混凝土會發(fā)生堿性的化學反應，與酸相反。 The adoption of structural steel and reinforce

29、d concrete caused major changes in traditional construction practices（施工作業(yè)）. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors（防火地面）. Both these changes served to（有利于） reduce the cost of construction. I

30、t also became possible to erect（建造）buildings with greater heights and longer spans. 結(jié)構(gòu)鋼與鋼筋混凝土的采用使傳統(tǒng)的施工作業(yè)發(fā)生了明顯的變化。對多層建筑，再也沒必要采用厚的石墻或磚墻，且施工防火地面變?yōu)槿菀椎枚唷＿@些變化有利于降低建筑的成本。它也使建造高度更高和跨度更大的建筑物成為可能。 Since the weight of modern structures is carried（承受） by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the

31、 building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls（承重墻）. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materi

32、als such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations. 由于現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)的重量由鋼或混凝土框架承受，墻體不再支承建筑物。它們成為幕墻，將日曬風吹雨打阻擋在外，而讓光線進入。在較早的鋼或混凝土框架建筑中，幕墻一般由砌體構(gòu)成；它們具有承重墻的結(jié)實外觀。但是今天，幕墻通常由輕質(zhì)材料組成，如玻璃、鋁或塑料，并形成不同的組合。 Another advance in steel construction（結(jié)構(gòu)） is the method of fastening together（連在一起） the beams. For many

33、years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw（圓頭螺絲釘） without threads（螺紋）. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel（鋼構(gòu)件）, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering（錘擊）it to hold it in place（固定就位）. Riveting has now

34、largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting（熔化） a steel material between them under high heat. 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)中的另一個進步是梁的連接方式。在很多年里，連接的標準方式是鉚接。鉚釘是個有頭的螺栓，看上去象個沒有螺紋的圓頭螺絲釘。鉚釘加熱后穿過鋼構(gòu)件之間的孔洞，并通過錘擊另一端而形成第二個鉚釘頭，從而將其固定就位。如今鉚接已大量地被焊接所替代，鋼構(gòu)件間的連接通過在高熱下熔化它們之間的鋼材料（即焊條）進行。 Prestressed c

35、oncrete is an improved form of reinforcement（加強方法）. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength. They are then used to prestress （對.預加應力）concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond

36、to（相應于） the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more common) method, the prestressed steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form（模板） that

37、 corresponds to the shape of the finished structure（成品結(jié)構(gòu)）, and the concrete is poured around them. Prestressed concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is so economical, it is a highly desirable（非常理想） material. 預應力混凝土是加強法的改進形式。將鋼筋彎成一定的形狀以使它們具有必要的抗拉強度，然后用該鋼筋對混凝土施加預應力，通?？刹捎脙煞N不同方法中的任何一種。第

38、一種方法是在混凝土梁中按鋼筋的形狀留下孔道，當鋼筋穿過孔道后，通過在孔道內(nèi)灌注薄砂漿（一種稀薄的砂漿或粘合劑）將鋼筋與混凝土粘結(jié)在一起。另一種（更常用的）方法是將預應力鋼筋置于按成品結(jié)構(gòu)的形狀設(shè)置的模板的較低部位，然后將混凝土倒入（模板）而包圍著鋼筋。預應力混凝土使用了較少的鋼筋和混凝土，由于它是如此的經(jīng)濟，因此是一種非常理想的材料。 Prestressed concrete has made it possible to develop（建造） buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern sports arenas, with

39、 large space unbroken by any obstructing supports（阻礙的支撐物）. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed（不斷地擴大）. 預應力混凝土使建造獨特形狀的建筑物成為可能，象一些現(xiàn)代的運動場，它具有不受任何支撐物阻擋視線的大空間。這種較新的結(jié)構(gòu)方法的使用正在不斷地被擴大。 The current tendency is to develop（采用） lighter materials, aluminum, for exampl

40、e, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. 目前的趨勢是采用較輕的材料。例如，鋁的重量比鋼輕得多，但具有很多相同的性能。鋁材梁已經(jīng)用于橋梁建筑和一些建筑的框架。 Lightweight concretes, another example, are now rapidly developing（發(fā)展

41、） throughout the world. They are used for their thermal insulation(絕熱性). The three types are illustrated below（舉例說明如下）: (a) Concretes made with lightweight aggregates; (b) Aerated concretes (US gas concretes) foamed（起泡） by whisking（攪拌）or by some chemical process during casting; (c) No-fines concrete

42、s. 另一個例子是輕質(zhì)混凝土，如今已在全世界快速地發(fā)展，因它們的絕熱性而被采用，其三種類型舉例說明如下：(a)輕質(zhì)骨料制成的混凝土；(b)通過澆筑時攪拌或一些化學方法起泡而成的加氣混凝土（US加氣混凝土）；(c)無細骨料混凝土。 All three types are used for their insulating properties（絕熱性）, mainly in housing, where they give high（非常） comfort in cold climates and a low cost of cooling（降溫成本）in hot climates. In ho

43、using, the relative weakness of lightweight concrete walls is unimportant, but it matters（有重大關(guān)系） in roof slabs, floor slabs and beams. 這三種類型的混凝土都是由于它們的絕熱性而被使用，主要用于房屋，使其在寒冷的氣候中非常舒服，在炎熱的氣候中降溫的成本不高。在房屋中，墻采用較薄弱的輕質(zhì)混凝土不重要，但是屋面板、樓面板和梁（采用輕質(zhì)混凝土）則有重大關(guān)系。 In some locations, some lightweight aggregates cost litt

44、le more than（幾乎等于） the best dense（致密） aggregates and a large number of （大量） floor slabs have therefore been built of lightweight aggregate concrete purely for its weight saving, with no thought of（沒考慮） its insulation value. 在某些地區(qū)，一些輕質(zhì)骨料的費用幾乎等于最致密的骨料，因此大量的樓面板采用輕骨料混凝土制作純粹是節(jié)約重量，而沒考慮它的絕熱價值。 The lightwei

45、ght aggregate reduces the floor dead load（恒載） by about 20 per cent resulting in（導致）considerable savings in the floor（樓蓋結(jié)構(gòu)） steel in every floor and the roof, as well as in the column steel and (less) in the foundations. One London contractor（承包商）prefers to use lightweight aggregate because it gives

46、him the same weight reduction in the floor slab as the use of hollow tiles, with simpler organization and therefore higher speed and profit. The insulation value of the lightweight aggregate is only important in the roof insulation, which is greatly improved（改進）. 輕質(zhì)骨料使樓面的恒載減少了約20%，因而大量的節(jié)約了每層樓面以及屋面的樓

47、蓋結(jié)構(gòu)中的鋼材和柱子與基礎(chǔ)中（較少）的鋼材使用量。一位倫敦的承包商寧愿使用輕質(zhì)骨料，因為這使樓面板上減少的重量與用空心磚相同，且組織更簡單，因而速度和利潤更高。輕質(zhì)骨料的絕熱價值只在屋面絕熱時顯得重要，它已被大大地改進了。UNIT 4 Mechanics of Materials deals with（研究）the response of various bodies, usually called members（構(gòu)件）, to applied forces（施加力）. In Mechanics of Engineering Materials the members have shapes

48、 that either exist in actual structures or are being considered for their suitability（根據(jù)其需要）as parts of proposed（擬建的）engineering structures. The materials in the members have properties that are characteristic of commonly used（常用的）engineering materials such as steel, aluminum, concrete, and wood. 材料

49、力學用以研究不同物體（通常稱為構(gòu)件）對施加力的響應。在工程材料力學中，構(gòu)件的形狀可以是實際結(jié)構(gòu)中存在的，也可以根據(jù)其需要而進行考慮（設(shè)計），作為擬建工程結(jié)構(gòu)的部件。構(gòu)件中材料的性能即是常用的工程材料如鋼材、鋁材、混凝土和木材的特性。 As you can see already from the variety of materials, forces, and shapes mentioned, Mechanics of Engineering Materials is of interest to（對.有價值）all fields of engineering. The engineer

50、uses the principles of Mechanics of Materials to determine if the material properties and the dimensions of a member are adequate to（足以）ensure that it can carry its loads safely and without excessive distortion. In general（通常）, then, we are interested in both the safe load that a member can carry an

51、d the associated（相關(guān)的）deformation. Engineering design would be a simple process if the designer could take into consideration（考慮）the loads and the mechanical properties of the materials, manipulate（利用）an equation, and arrive at（得到）suitable dimensions. Design is seldom that simple. Usually（通常）, on the

52、 basis of（根據(jù)）experience, the designer selects a trial（試算） member and then does an analysis to see if that member meets the specified requirements. Frequently（常常）, it does not and then a new trial member is selected and the analysis repeated. This design cycle（設(shè)計周期） continues until a satisfactory sol

53、ution is obtained. The number of cycles（循環(huán)次數(shù)） required to find an acceptable design diminishes as the designer gains experience. 正如你已經(jīng)從提到的各種各樣的材料、力和形狀所看到的，工程材料力學對所有的工程領(lǐng)域都有價值。工程師利用材料力學的原理來確定是否該材料的性能和構(gòu)件尺寸足以保證它能安全地承受荷載且沒有過多的變形。通常，我們關(guān)心的是構(gòu)件能承受的安全荷載及其相應的變形。如果設(shè)計者能通過考慮荷載和材料的力學性能，并利用公式得到合適的構(gòu)件尺寸，那么工程設(shè)計將是一個簡單的

54、過程。然而設(shè)計很少那么簡單。通常，根據(jù)經(jīng)驗，設(shè)計者選擇一個試算構(gòu)件，然后進行分析，看它是否滿足規(guī)定的要求。它常常不會滿足要求，則再選擇一個新的試算構(gòu)件，再進行分析。這樣的設(shè)計不斷重復，直至得到一個滿意的結(jié)果。當設(shè)計師擁有一定的經(jīng)驗后，為得到一個可接受的設(shè)計所需要的循環(huán)次數(shù)會減少。 Design of Axially Loaded Members 軸向力構(gòu)件的設(shè)計 To give you some insight into （使.有一些了解）the design cycle, an extremely simple member will be dealt with first. That me

55、mber is a prismatic bar with a force, P, acting along its longitudinal axis in the direction（縱軸向）such that it tends to elongate the bar. Such a force is referred to as（稱為）an axial tensile load（軸向拉力）, and we can readily imagine it trying to（努力.）pull the fibers apart and to cause failure on a transver

56、se plane（橫向平面）. It is safe to assume that all fibers of the bar, in regions remote from（遠離）the point of application of the load, are being pulled apart with the same load intensity（荷載強度）. With this assumption, the load intensity or stress is uniform on a transverse plane and is given by 為了使你對設(shè)計周期有一些

57、了解，首先研究一個非常簡單的構(gòu)件。構(gòu)件是個棱形的桿件，其上沿著它的縱軸向作用一個力P，這樣往往使桿件在該方向上伸長。這樣的力稱為軸向拉力，我們能容易地想象它在努力地將纖維拉開，導致橫向平面的破壞。安全地假定桿件的所有纖維在遠離荷載施加點的區(qū)域以相同的荷載強度被拉開。在此假定下，荷載強度或應力在橫向平面上是均勻的，為 when P is in（以.為單位）Newtons and A is in square metres, stress,s ,is in Newtons per square metre (N/m2), which is by definition（根據(jù)定義）Pascals (P

58、a).當P的單位為牛頓、A的單位為平方米時，應力的單位為牛頓每平方米（N/m2），根據(jù)定義為帕斯卡（Pa）。 For a given axial load and given dimensions, the stress can be calculated from (4-1) and compared with（與.相比）the stress that can be safely carried by the material. The safe stress, known as（稱為）the design stress or allowable stress（許用應力）, is determined by tests performed on material made to（按照） the same specifications as the part being considered. A safety factor（安全系數(shù)）, frequently imposed by a legally established code（法規(guī)）, is applied to the stren