高考英語(yǔ)概要寫作專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上高考英語(yǔ)概要寫作專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)一、考點(diǎn)分析：     概要寫作，是一道“跨界”題；相信我們對(duì)“跨界” 一詞應(yīng)該不會(huì)陌生了：跨界歌手，跨界喜劇人等綜藝節(jié)目收視率頗高。Summary概要寫作就是在讀的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行寫作，所以是閱讀能力和寫作能力的綜合。簡(jiǎn)單地表達(dá)Summary概要寫作= Reading+ Writing。在日常的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中，教師也經(jīng)常讓學(xué)生就所學(xué)英語(yǔ)課文逐段概括段落大意或者復(fù)述課文，這在一定程度上都為概要寫作打基礎(chǔ)。除此之外，作為考生，還要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：（1）積累常見的同義短語(yǔ)和句型轉(zhuǎn)換，掌握并運(yùn)用單詞、短語(yǔ)和句型?！扒蓩D難為無(wú)米之炊”

2、，即使有再好的寫作技巧，如果沒有相應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)詞匯和句法知識(shí)，也很難寫出概要寫作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基礎(chǔ)詞匯和句法知識(shí)上下功夫，以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。（2） 進(jìn)行適度地專題練習(xí)。有計(jì)劃地進(jìn)行適度練習(xí)有利于考生快速掌握概要寫作的要點(diǎn)，找到概要寫作的感覺，沖破對(duì)概要寫作的不適感。平時(shí)可多關(guān)注往年的高考閱讀文章，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析和主旨概括訓(xùn)練?？砂次捏w和題材，分類訓(xùn)練篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的布局，增強(qiáng)對(duì)文章上下文連貫性的把握。概要寫作首先要掌握各種文體的寫作特點(diǎn)和框架。如：記敘文：what / who / when / where / why / how議論文：opinion / idea + argument

3、(supporting ideas / reasons)說明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)新聞： a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs

4、       就目前出現(xiàn)的考題來(lái)看，以記敘， 說明，議論為主，新聞幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)過。新聞往往只需要通過第一句話就可以得知整個(gè)事件的梗概，這樣就無(wú)法考查學(xué)生的分析能力和概括能力，所以考的可能性較小。綜合以上分析可知，新高考更加重視考查考生高中階段英語(yǔ)基本技能的掌握情況，也注意考查考生進(jìn)入高等學(xué)校繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的潛能，目標(biāo)是利用高考命題的導(dǎo)向功能推動(dòng)新課程的課堂教學(xué)改革。 1.選材特點(diǎn)（1）所需閱讀的短文詞數(shù)在350以內(nèi)；（2）所選材料體裁沒有限制，以說明文、議論文和記敘文為主。2.評(píng)分參考閱卷時(shí)主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：（1）對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；（2）應(yīng)

5、用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；（3）上下文的連貫性；（4）對(duì)各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況。注意：理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要求，完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言，準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，得分相應(yīng)比較高。相反，如果概要寫作部分出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象，得分檔次將會(huì)大大降低；所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)不得分。 3、考查能力           概要寫作，簡(jiǎn)言之就是對(duì)所讀過的文章簡(jiǎn)要概括，寫出文章的中心大意，也可稱之為摘要。寫概要時(shí)，讀者要是把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來(lái)，而不是抄襲文章的原句，更不是把細(xì)節(jié)性信息作為中心，而是要通過對(duì)

6、文章中的單詞、詞組和句子進(jìn)行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，對(duì)文章的具體信息進(jìn)行概括，再用合適的語(yǔ)言表述出來(lái)。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主旨大意的概括和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力，同時(shí)考查學(xué)生用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對(duì)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因此，概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)，是二者的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，是閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁。二、專題詳解1）知識(shí)點(diǎn)1 1.寫作步驟   1）細(xì)讀原文。首先要仔細(xì)閱讀短文，掌握文章主旨和結(jié)構(gòu)，明確各段的大意。2）弄清要求。新高考的概要寫作是寫全文概要，不是寫某一部分的概要，或者就某些問題寫出要點(diǎn)。3）列出原文要點(diǎn)。分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，將內(nèi)容分項(xiàng)扼要表

7、述并注意在結(jié)構(gòu)上的順序。在此基礎(chǔ)上選出與文章主題密切相關(guān)的部分。4）在寫作時(shí)要特別注意下面幾點(diǎn)：（1）概要應(yīng)包括原文中的主要事實(shí)，略去不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要應(yīng)同原文保持協(xié)調(diào)，即用較多的文字寫重要內(nèi)容，用較少的文字寫次要內(nèi)容。（3）注意要點(diǎn)之間的銜接，要用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)貫通全文，切忌只簡(jiǎn)單地寫出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每?jī)删渲g都加關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)，以免顯得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些詞句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的話語(yǔ)表達(dá)，至少對(duì)原文句子做一些同義詞替換，如果結(jié)構(gòu)上也能有一些轉(zhuǎn)換會(huì)更好。（5）計(jì)算詞數(shù)，看是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。五個(gè)基本步驟概括起來(lái)就是：1）、

8、通讀全文，理解大意；2）、研讀文本，理清主次；3）、圍繞中心，擬寫初稿；4）、梳理整合，靈活表達(dá)；5）、修改潤(rùn)色，完美呈現(xiàn)。        例題分析：    Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.    In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt

9、on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England i

10、n 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.    Tho

11、ugh the belief in the merit (好處) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that sta

12、ndards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?    Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many fi

13、rst-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫學(xué)家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is g

14、aining some ground.One possible version：    People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要點(diǎn) 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要點(diǎn) 2 ) However, people began to change th

15、eir attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要點(diǎn) 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要點(diǎn) 4)【范文點(diǎn)撥】 (一)要點(diǎn)分析     1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點(diǎn)：However

16、, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 換句話說：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再結(jié)合下文談到的主題可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要點(diǎn)1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精煉。     

17、2第二段主要談到了在16世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法兩國(guó)的貴族為代表。結(jié)合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世紀(jì)之前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt是很“友好的”，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點(diǎn)2 “For a long time in history, p

18、eople of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地總結(jié)了這些要點(diǎn)。     3. 第三段用Though引出人們對(duì)dirt觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變“since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再結(jié)合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the

19、idea可得出要點(diǎn)3“However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”     4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，On the contrary引出專家的觀點(diǎn)，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點(diǎn)獲得了一些支持。范文中的要點(diǎn)4“However, some

20、 scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表達(dá)很恰切。(二) 要點(diǎn)連接文章概要，在寫完了要點(diǎn)之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點(diǎn)用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞進(jìn)行連接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)是總分的結(jié)構(gòu)，要點(diǎn)2和要點(diǎn)3在觀點(diǎn)上截然相反，因此，之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞，范文用了However恰到好處。要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4在觀點(diǎn)上又存在不同，因此，還是用表轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞However。不過小編認(rèn)為，此處用Nevertheless可以避免三句話內(nèi)出現(xiàn)兩次However。(三) 關(guān)鍵

21、詞匯     第一段：fixed (確定的；不變的)   第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (擋住), open up (打開), upon (之后；立即)   第三段：long-lived (長(zhǎng)期存在的), sell the idea (說服某人接收某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)) 第四段：warn sb off (警告某人不要靠近), position (觀點(diǎn)), gain some ground (取得優(yōu)勢(shì))    以上這些關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)于整篇文章的理解與轉(zhuǎn)化成自己的語(yǔ)言都很關(guān)鍵，如果不能準(zhǔn)確

22、領(lǐng)會(huì)其用意，語(yǔ)篇理解的效果會(huì)大打折扣。所以，概要寫作的基礎(chǔ)是理解語(yǔ)篇，而讀懂語(yǔ)篇的基礎(chǔ)是詞匯，尤其是對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞匯的掌握與運(yùn)用。在此基礎(chǔ)上，綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法與句法結(jié)構(gòu)，按照行文邏輯組織語(yǔ)言，形成概要。2） 知識(shí)點(diǎn)2：1. Techniques of a summary Paraphrasing注意：使用Paraphrasing需要換詞、簡(jiǎn)化；使用general words而不是detailed wordse.g.His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. è He was very brave.e

23、.g.She brought home several Chinese and English novels, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. è She brought home a lot of books to read during the vacation.寫摘要時(shí)可以采用下列幾種小技巧： 1) 刪除細(xì)節(jié)。只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。 2) 選擇一至兩個(gè)例子。原文中可能包括5個(gè)或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個(gè)例子。 3) 把長(zhǎng)段的描述變成短小、簡(jiǎn)單的句子

24、。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個(gè)句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。 4) 避免重復(fù)。在原文中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)主題，可能會(huì)重復(fù)論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。 5) 壓縮長(zhǎng)的句子。如下列兩例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括為：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括為：“He

25、 was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。請(qǐng)看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought t

26、hem within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括為：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” （如果需要結(jié)合模考題中的例子，則推薦2017年虹口一模“A

27、re You Ready for Your Exam?”， 是典型的將句子轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞短語(yǔ)的考例）7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括為：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vo

28、cation.” 8） 使用最短的連接詞。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長(zhǎng)的連接詞。通常，使用分號(hào)就能夠達(dá)成使用連接詞的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在摘要中轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱，從而把大段的對(duì)白簡(jiǎn)化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not goo

29、d for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:“Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wante

30、d to persuade him. She said firmly:” But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人稱概括為： Kat

31、e suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. (Task1: Please follow the example to choose the proper skill

32、from the above ones.)1, Then, you can think of a way to make both sides happy. Here are some tips1) Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future.2).Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.3). Show your parents you are g

33、rowing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.Which skill: _Summary:_2. Sometimes, kids dont think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mum doesnt like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether youre sp

34、eaking to a boy or a girl.Which skill: _Summary: _3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, “You use too much salt on your food, Paul. Its not at all good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned, “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awfullike eating wood or sandju

35、st imagine bread without salt in it!”Which skill:_Summary:_4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.Which skill: _Summary: _1.Skill1: Omit the detailsThere are some tips

36、for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents.2. Skill2: Omit the examples.It is quite natural that we children look at the same problem differently from our parents.3. Skill3: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt

37、. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.4. Skill4: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific (具體的) words.She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.2. Types of Summaries1）記敘文 串聯(lián)要素 （who, when, where, what, how, why）要求：a. 誰(shuí)做了什么？b. 結(jié)果如何？2）

38、 說明文 根據(jù)不同類型a. 描寫事物性質(zhì)功用。“對(duì)象+性質(zhì)功用+利好”(In the passage) the writer introduces (對(duì)象) to us, especially its (性質(zhì)或功用), from which we know (對(duì)象帶有的利好).b. 針對(duì)某個(gè)問題提出的解決方案或措施，“問題+解決方法”The passage tells us (問題), including (方法1), (方法2), and (方法3).c. 介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果，“現(xiàn)象+原因+結(jié)果”。(The author/ writer said/ talks about) (現(xiàn)象)

39、of., because / but (原因/本質(zhì)1), and (原因/本質(zhì)3）議論文 論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論；找出主題句，支撐句和結(jié)論句。積累模板Some Summary Models for You要注意歸納和積累summary中常用的句式或模板。A.如議論文的概要通常可以如此開頭：The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.The essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that The essay/passag

40、e/author argues that we must not only value those who come firstor are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.The essay/passage/author compares friendship with the comfort of home.The essay/passage/author outlines

41、 the harmful effects of smoking.B.而記敘文的概要?jiǎng)t可以從以下模板中選擇：The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.The author tells us a story about a _.The passage is a story about _.According to the passage, the hero in the story _.C.通用型模板：According to the passage, we knowThis arti

42、cle is mainly aboutThe writer states thatAs can be learn this passage, - - -The passage says thatIn this passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of另外，更具體一點(diǎn)：(1) 記敘文概要模板a.點(diǎn)明寫作目的類：The writer tells us（主題）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情節(jié)）.b.作者經(jīng)歷類：In the passage, the writer mainly te

43、lls us hisexperience of doing sth, whichc. 他人經(jīng)歷類：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.(2) 議論文概要模板The article gives the view thatshould/shouldnt（主題）.（補(bǔ)充論據(jù)）.The passage highlights(強(qiáng)調(diào)) the importance of sth.The author argues that(3) 說明文概要模板a. 現(xiàn)象揭示類：This article points out the common

44、 phenomenon -（主題), which.（補(bǔ)充解釋）.b. 利弊對(duì)比類：The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. Awhile BThe passage discusses the impact(影響)of sth. On the positive side, but it may also.c. 研究顯示類：The study reveals(揭露) thatThe purpose of the report is to show that練習(xí)：初級(jí)：找準(zhǔn)主題句Passage 1 A terrible

45、earthquake broke out in Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, on the early morning of September 14, 2006, at 4 oclock. As most people were still in deep sleep when the earthquake was happening, all the people were in a panic, which led to a disastrous result about 200 people were killed in the earthquake

46、, and many more were seriously injured, with hundreds of thousands homeless. The local government is organizing the rescue and the international aid has also come from many countries, including China.Which of the following is the topic sentence?1. A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul.2. About

47、 200 people were killed in the earthquake.3. The international aid has also come from many countries, including China.4. All the people were in a panic during the earthquake.Passage 2 Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and danger

48、ous. Today the picture has changed. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take people where their dreams lie, whether within ones country or abroad. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical. So we can say transportation has been improved a great deal.Which of

49、the following is the topic sentence?1. Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another.2. Today the picture has changed.3. Transportation has been improved a great deal.4. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical.中級(jí)：1. 改寫訓(xùn)練Rewrite the following se

50、ntences - (each with one sentence).1. Kate looked at Paul and said angrily, “You put too much salt on your food.”è Kate said to Paul angrily he put too much salt on his food. _.2. She bought a lot of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes and some eggs. She intended

51、to invite all his friends for her birthday party at the weekend.è She bought various vegetables to hold herself a birthday party with all her friends._.3. Nowadays more and more teenagers try to be more independent from their parents and sometimes become very rebellious. They always want to wea

52、r long and strange hairstyle, which their parents complain about a lot. They also spend too much time on the Internet and playing computer games.è Nowadays teens try to show their independence by doing strange things or wasting time online, thus some becoming rebellious. _4. It is better to pre

53、vent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.è Prevention is better than cure._ 2. 縮寫練習(xí)1). Read the following passage and fill in the blanks.It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but s

54、he was fast asleep. So I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the l

55、adder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, “I enjoy cleaning windows at night.” “So do I,” answered the policeman in the same tone. “Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when hes busy working, but would you mind coming with me to th

56、e station?” “Well, Id prefer to stay here,” I said. “You see, Ive forgotten my key.” “You what?” he called. “My key,” I shouted. Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me.點(diǎn)撥：這是一篇記敘文，請(qǐng)從原文中劃出時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事情的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果。填充下面所給的summary, 注意如何借用詞法，語(yǔ)法簡(jiǎn)化句子。Summary:On arriving home early in the morning, the writer failed to _ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _, but was found by _. Soon _.On arriving home early in the morning, the writer failed to wake