新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程4-SA課文翻譯

1、Here we are, all by ourselves, all 22 million of us by recent count, alone in our rooms, some of us liking it that way and some of us not. Some of us divorced, some widowed, some never yet committed. 事實(shí)如此，我們孤獨(dú)無(wú)依地生活著。據(jù)最近的統(tǒng)計(jì)，共有2,200萬(wàn)人單獨(dú)生活在自己的住所里。其中有些人喜歡這種生活，有些卻不喜歡。有些離了婚，有些鰥寡無(wú)伴，也有些從未結(jié)過(guò)婚。Loneliness may

2、be a sort of national disease here, and it's more embarrassing for us to admit than any other sin. On the other hand, to be alone on purpose, having rejected company rather than been cast out by it, is one characteristic of an American hero. The solitary hunter or explorer needs no one as they v

3、enture out among the deer and wolves to tame the great wild areas. Thoreau, alone in his cabin on the pond, his back deliberately turned to the town. Now, that's character for you. 孤獨(dú)或許是這里的一種民族弊病，我們羞于成認(rèn)它，甚于其他任何罪惡。而另一方面，成心選擇獨(dú)處，拒絕別人的陪伴而非為同伴所棄，卻是美國(guó)式英雄的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。孤獨(dú)的獵人或探險(xiǎn)者去鹿群和狼群中冒險(xiǎn)，征服廣袤的荒野時(shí)，并不需要有人陪伴。

4、梭羅獨(dú)居在湖畔的小屋，有意疏離了城市生活?，F(xiàn)在，這成了你的個(gè)性。Inspiration in solitude is a major commodity for poets and philosophers. They're all for it. They all speak highly of themselves for seeking it out, at least for an hour or even two before they hurry home for tea. 獨(dú)處的靈感是詩(shī)人和哲學(xué)家最有用的東西。他們都贊成獨(dú)處，都因能夠獨(dú)處而自視甚高，至少在他們匆忙趕回家喝

5、茶之前的一兩個(gè)小時(shí)之內(nèi)是這樣。Consider Dorothy Wordsworth, for instance, helping her brother William put on his coat, finding his notebook and pencil for him, and waving as he sets forth into the early spring sunlight to look at flowers all by himself. “How graceful, how benign, is solitude, he wrote.就拿多蘿西·華茲

6、華斯來(lái)說(shuō)吧，她幫哥哥威廉穿上外衣，為他找到筆記本和鉛筆，向他揮手辭別，目送他走進(jìn)早春的陽(yáng)光去單獨(dú)對(duì)花沉思。他寫(xiě)道：“獨(dú)處多么優(yōu)雅，愜意。No doubt about it, solitude is improved by being voluntary. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，如果自愿獨(dú)處，感覺(jué)要好得多。Look at Milton's daughters arranging his cushions and blankets before they silently creep away, so he can create poetry. Then, rather than trouble to

7、 put it in his own handwriting, he calls the girls to come back and write it down while he dictates. 看看彌爾頓的女兒們：她們?yōu)樗麥?zhǔn)備好墊子和毯子，然后躡手躡腳地走開(kāi)，以便他能創(chuàng)作詩(shī)歌。然而他并不自己費(fèi)心將詩(shī)歌寫(xiě)下來(lái)，而是喚回女兒們，向她們口述，由她們記下來(lái)。You may have noticed that most of these artistic types went outdoors to be alone. The indoors was full of loved ones kee

8、ping the kettle warm till they came home. 也許你已經(jīng)注意到，這些藝術(shù)家類(lèi)型的人，大多是到戶(hù)外獨(dú)處，而家里那么自有親人備好了熱茶，等著他們回家。The American high priest of solitude was Thoreau. We admire him, not for his self-reliance, butbecause he was all by himself out there at Walden Pond, and he wanted to be. All alone in the woods. 美國(guó)的獨(dú)處代表人物是梭羅

9、。我們欽佩他，并非因?yàn)樗茏粤Ω且驗(yàn)樗律硪蝗嗽谕郀柕呛仙?，他喜歡這樣獨(dú)居在湖畔的樹(shù)林中。Actually, he lived a mile, or 20 minutes' walk, from his nearest neighbor; half a mile from the railroad; three hundred yards from a busy road. He had company in and out of the hut all day, asking him how he could possibly be so noble. Apparentl

10、y the main point of his nobility was that he had neither wife nor servants, used his own axe to chop his own wood, and washed his own cups and saucers. I don't know who did his laundry; he doesn't say, but he certainly doesn't mention doing his own, either. Listen to him: “I never found

11、the companion that was so companionable as solitude. 實(shí)際上，他最近的鄰居離他只有一英里，走路也就20分鐘；鐵路離他半英里；交通繁忙的大路距他300碼。整天都有人進(jìn)出他的小屋，請(qǐng)教他何以能夠如此高潔。顯然，他的高潔之處主要在于：他既沒(méi)有妻子也沒(méi)有仆人，自己動(dòng)手用斧頭砍柴，自己洗杯洗碟。我不知道誰(shuí)為他洗衣服，他沒(méi)說(shuō)，但他也肯定沒(méi)提是他自己洗。聽(tīng)聽(tīng)他是怎么說(shuō)的：“我從未發(fā)現(xiàn)比獨(dú)處更好的伙伴。Thoreau had his own self-importance for company. Perhaps there's a message

12、here. The larger the ego, the less the need for other egos around. The more modest and humble we feel, the more we suffer from solitude, feeling ourselves inadequate company. 梭羅以自尊自重為伴。也許這里的啟示是：自我意識(shí)越強(qiáng)，就越不需要其他的人在周?chē)Ｎ覀冊(cè)绞歉杏X(jué)謙卑，就越受孤獨(dú)的折磨，感到僅與自己相處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。If you live with other people, their temporary absence

13、can be refreshing. Solitude will end on Thursday. If today I use a singular personal pronoun to refer to myself, next week I will use the plural form. While the others are absent you can stretch out your soul until it fills up the whole room, and use your freedom, coming and going as you please with

14、out apology, staying up late to read, soaking in the bath, eating a whole pint of ice cream at one sitting, moving at your own pace. Those absent will be back. Their waterproof winter coats are in the closet and the dog keeps watching for them at the window. But when you live alone, the temporary ab

15、sence of your friends and acquaintances leaves a vacuum; they may never come back. 假設(shè)與別人同住，他們的小別會(huì)使你感到耳目一新。孤獨(dú)將會(huì)于星期四結(jié)束。如果今天我提到自己時(shí)使用的是單數(shù)人稱(chēng)代詞，那么下星期我就會(huì)使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。其他人不在的時(shí)候，你可以放飛自己的靈魂，讓它充滿(mǎn)整個(gè)房間。你可以充分享受自由，隨意來(lái)去而無(wú)需抱歉。你可以熬夜讀書(shū)、大泡浴缸、一口氣吃掉整整一品脫的冰淇淋。你可以按自己的節(jié)奏行動(dòng)。暫別的人會(huì)回來(lái)。他們的冬季防水大衣還放在衣櫥里，狗也在窗邊密切留意他們歸來(lái)的身影。但如果你單獨(dú)居住，那么朋友或熟人的

16、暫時(shí)離別會(huì)使你感到空虛，也許他們永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)回來(lái)了。The condition of loneliness rises and falls, but the need to talk goes on forever. It's more basic than needing to listen. Oh, we all have friends we can tell important things to, people we can call to say we lost our job or fell on a slippery floor and broke our arm. It

17、's the daily succession of small complaints and observations and opinions that backs up and chokes us. We can't really call a friend to say we got a parcel from our sister, or it's getting dark earlier now, or we don't trust that new Supreme Court justice. 孤獨(dú)的感覺(jué)時(shí)起時(shí)落，但我們卻永遠(yuǎn)需要與人交談。這比需要

18、傾聽(tīng)更重要。噢，我們都有朋友，可以把大事要事向他們傾訴。我們可以打 對(duì)朋友說(shuō)我們丟了工作，或者說(shuō)我們?cè)跐窕牡匕迳纤さ沽?，跌斷了胳膊。每日不斷的瑣碎抱怨，?duì)各種事情的看法和意見(jiàn)，積在那兒，塞滿(mǎn)了我們的心。我們不會(huì)真打 給一位朋友，說(shuō)我們收到了姐姐的一個(gè)包裹，或者說(shuō)現(xiàn)在天黑得比較早，或者說(shuō)我們不信任最高法院新來(lái)的法官。個(gè)人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途Scientific surveys show that we who live alone talk at length to ourselves and our pets and the television. We ask the

19、 cat whether we should wear the blue suit or the yellow dress. We ask the parrot if we should prepare steak, or noodles for dinner. We argue with ourselves over who is the greater sportsman: that figure skater or this skier. There's nothing wrong with this. It's good for us, and a lot l

20、ess embarrassing than the woman in front of us in line at the market who's telling the cashier that her niece Melissa may be coming to visit on Saturday, and Melissa is very fond of hot chocolate, which is why she bought the powdered hot chocolate mix, though she never drinks it herself. 科學(xué)

21、調(diào)查說(shuō)明，獨(dú)居的人會(huì)對(duì)著自己、對(duì)著寵物、對(duì)著電視機(jī)嘮叨不休。我們問(wèn)貓兒今天該穿藍(lán)色套裝還是黃色裙裝，問(wèn)鸚鵡今天晚餐該做牛排還是面條。我們跟自己爭(zhēng)論那個(gè)把戲滑冰選手和這個(gè)滑雪運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)到底誰(shuí)更了不起。這沒(méi)什么不妥，也對(duì)我們有好處，而且不像有些人那么令人為難：在超市付款處，排在前面的女人告訴收銀員，她的侄女梅利莎星期六可能會(huì)來(lái)看她。梅莉莎非常喜歡熱巧克力，所以她買(mǎi)了速溶熱巧克力粉，雖然她自己從來(lái)不喝這東西。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途It's important to stay rational. 重要的是保持理性。It's important to stop waiting and

22、 settle down and make ourselves comfortable, at least temporarily, and find some grace and pleasure in our condition, not like a self-centered British poet but like a patient princess sealed up in a tower, waiting for the happy ending to our fairy tale. 重要的是不再等待，而是安排下來(lái)，使自己過(guò)得舒服，至少暫時(shí)要這樣。要在我們自身的條件下發(fā)現(xiàn)一些

23、優(yōu)雅和樂(lè)趣，不要做一個(gè)以自我為中心的英國(guó)詩(shī)人，而要像一個(gè)被關(guān)在塔樓里的公主，耐心地等待著我們的童話(huà)故事迎來(lái)快樂(lè)的結(jié)局。After all, here we are. It may not be where we expected to be, but for the time being we might as well call it home. Anyway, there is no place like home. 畢竟，事已至此，這或許不是我們所期望的局面，但眼下我們不妨稱(chēng)之為家吧。不管怎么說(shuō)，沒(méi)有什么地方比家更好。Unit 6Text AStudents taking busines

24、s courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries. 商科學(xué)生有時(shí)對(duì)課程里包含商業(yè)道德課略感吃驚。他們通常沒(méi)意識(shí)到在很多國(guó)

25、家，形形色色的賄賂行為正日益增多。在某些國(guó)家，這已成為人們幾百年來(lái)的一種生活方式。Suppose that during a negotiation with some government officials, the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier to get an import license for your goods, and you are also likely to avoid &qu

26、ot;procedural delays", as he puts it. Now, the question is: do you pay up or stand by your principles?It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Some time ago a British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to

27、pay bribes, and of other questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers an exaggerated commission, offering additional discounts, and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland. The company rejected these charges and they were later withdrawn. Nevertheless, at that time, t

28、here were people in the motor industry in Britain who were prepared to say in private: "Look, we're in a very competitive business. Every year we're selling more than a 1,000 million worth of cars abroad. If we spend a few million pounds to keep some of the buyers happy, who's hurt?

29、 If we didn't do it, someone else would." 假定在一場(chǎng)與政府官員的談判中，貿(mào)易部長(zhǎng)向你明確表示如能給他一大筆賄賂，那么你的商品拿到進(jìn)口許可證就會(huì)容易得多，還可能防止他所說(shuō)的“程序上的延誤。現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是：你是被迫掏錢(qián)呢，還是堅(jiān)持原那么？高尚的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說(shuō)起來(lái)容易，但實(shí)際上人們?cè)谶@種情況下究竟會(huì)怎么做呢？早些時(shí)候，一家英國(guó)汽車(chē)制造商被指控利用一筆基金行賄，并進(jìn)行其他一些可疑運(yùn)作，如給代理商和客戶(hù)高額回扣、提供額外折扣、向一些在瑞士銀行開(kāi)的匿名賬戶(hù)匯款等。這家汽車(chē)公司否認(rèn)了這些指控，后來(lái)指控也被撤銷(xiāo)了。然而，當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)汽車(chē)業(yè)里就有人準(zhǔn)備私下里說(shuō)：

30、“瞧，我們這一行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)劇烈，每年我們汽車(chē)的海外銷(xiāo)售額超過(guò)10億英鎊。如果花幾百萬(wàn)英鎊能讓一些客戶(hù)快樂(lè)，誰(shuí)會(huì)有損失呢？我們不這樣干，別人也會(huì)這樣干的。文檔來(lái)自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索It is difficult to resist the impression that bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. Indeed, they seem to have become a fact of commercial life. To take just one example, the Chrysler Corpora

31、tion, third largest of the U.S. car manufacturers, revealed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 and 1976. By announcing this, it joined more than 300 other U.S. companies that had admitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that they had made payment

32、s of one kind or another bribes, extra discounts, etc. in recent years. For discussion purposes, we can divide these payments into three broad categories. 很容易產(chǎn)生這樣的印象：賄賂以及其他可疑開(kāi)支正日漸增多。確實(shí)，這似乎已成為商界的一個(gè)事實(shí)。僅舉一例：美國(guó)第三大汽車(chē)制造企業(yè)克萊斯勒汽車(chē)公司透露，它在1971至1976年間共發(fā)生了250萬(wàn)美元的可疑開(kāi)支。這一事實(shí)的披露，使克萊斯勒與其他300多家美國(guó)公司一樣，向美國(guó)證券交易委員會(huì)成認(rèn)自己近年曾

33、有過(guò)某種形式的支出，像賄賂、額外打折等。為方便討論起見(jiàn)，我們可將這些支出分為三大類(lèi)。文檔來(lái)自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts. For example, one U.S. corporation offered a large sum of money in support of a U.S. presidential candidate at a time when the company was u

34、nder investigation for possible violations of U. S. business laws. This same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance secret U.S. efforts to throw out the government of Chile. 第一大類(lèi)是那些為政治目的或?yàn)楂@得大宗合同所付出的大筆款項(xiàng)。比方，有一家美國(guó)企業(yè)曾因可能違反美國(guó)商業(yè)法規(guī)而受調(diào)查，當(dāng)時(shí)它捐出一大筆款項(xiàng)支持一位總統(tǒng)候選人。后來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這家公司也打算資助美國(guó)推翻智利政府的秘密行動(dòng)。In this catego

35、ry, we may also include large payments made to ruling families or their close advisers in order to secure arms sales or major petroleum or construction contracts. In a court case involving an arms deal with Iran, a witness claimed that 1 million had been paid by a British company to a "negotiat

36、or" who helped close a deal for the supply of tanks and other military equipment to that country. Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts. 這一大類(lèi)也包括為得到武器銷(xiāo)售或重大的石油、建筑等工程的合同而向權(quán)勢(shì)家族及其身邊的參謀所付出的大筆款項(xiàng)。在一樁涉及對(duì)伊朗武器銷(xiāo)售的案子中，一位證人聲稱(chēng)一家英國(guó)公司曾

37、付給某“洽談人100萬(wàn)英鎊。此人幫助做成了一筆向伊朗提供坦克和其他軍事裝備的交易。據(jù)聞其他國(guó)家也是如此，向外國(guó)公司施壓，要他們向黨派組織的賬戶(hù)捐款The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project, to speed up the wheels of government. An interesting example of this kind of payment is provided by the story of a sales manager who

38、had been trying for some months to sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean country. Finally, he hit upon the answer. Discovering that the minister collected rare books, he bought a rare edition of a book, slipped $20,000 within its pages, then presented it to the minister. This m

39、an examined its contents, then said: "I understand there is a two-volume edition of this work." The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied: "My company cannot afford a two-volume edition, sir, but we could offer you a copy with a preface!" A short time later, the deal was a

40、pproved.The third category involves payments made in countries where it is traditional to pay people to help with the passage of a business deal. Some Middle East countries would be included on this list, as well as certain Asian countries. 第二大類(lèi)包括旨在促使政府加快對(duì)某些工程工程的正式批準(zhǔn)而作的支出。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)有個(gè)有趣的例子：有個(gè)銷(xiāo)售經(jīng)理幾個(gè)月來(lái)一直試圖

41、向加勒比地區(qū)一個(gè)國(guó)家的建工部長(zhǎng)推銷(xiāo)道路工程機(jī)械。后來(lái)，他想到了方法。了解到建工部長(zhǎng)收藏珍本書(shū)，他買(mǎi)了一本書(shū)的珍藏版，在書(shū)里夾了兩萬(wàn)美元，將其送給部長(zhǎng)。部長(zhǎng)看了書(shū)的內(nèi)容后說(shuō)：“我知道這書(shū)有兩卷本的。機(jī)敏的銷(xiāo)售經(jīng)理答道：“先生，我們公司買(mǎi)不起兩卷本，不過(guò)可以給你弄一本帶前言的！不久，這筆生意獲準(zhǔn)了。第三大類(lèi)指某些國(guó)家按照傳統(tǒng)做法付給在交易中起作用的人的費(fèi)用。中東的一些國(guó)家和某些亞洲國(guó)家的做法都屬此類(lèi)。資料個(gè)人收集整理，勿做商業(yè)用途Is it possible to devise a code of rules for companies that would prohibit bribery in

42、 all its forms? The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) favors a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. This code would try to distinguish between commissions paid for real services and exaggerated fees that really amount to bribes. A council has been proposed to manage

43、 the code.是否有可能制訂一套公司法規(guī)，防止各種類(lèi)型的賄賂呢？國(guó)際商會(huì)ICC贊成用一套行為準(zhǔn)那么來(lái)制止行賄索賄。這一準(zhǔn)那么試圖區(qū)分哪些是真正為效勞所付的傭金，哪些是等同于賄賂的過(guò)高費(fèi)用。已經(jīng)成立了一個(gè)委員會(huì)來(lái)實(shí)際操作這一準(zhǔn)那么。Unfortunately, opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. The British members would like the system to have enough legal power to make companies beh

44、ave themselves. However, the French delegates think it is the business of governments to make and impose law; the job of a business community like the ICC is to say what is right and wrong, but not to impose anything. 可惜的是，國(guó)際商會(huì)委員們就如何實(shí)行這一法規(guī)的意見(jiàn)不一。英國(guó)委員們希望這一體系有充分的法律效力以使公司標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行事。而法國(guó)代表認(rèn)為制定和實(shí)施法律是政府的事。像國(guó)際商會(huì)這樣

45、的商業(yè)團(tuán)體該做的是說(shuō)明孰對(duì)孰錯(cuò)，而非強(qiáng)制實(shí)行什么。In a well-known British newspaper, a writer argued recently that "industry is caught in a web of bribery" and that everyone is "on the take". This is probably an exaggeration. However, today's businessman, selling in overseas markets, will frequently

46、meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience. 在一家知名英國(guó)報(bào)紙上，最近有位作者指出“企業(yè)已陷入賄賂網(wǎng)，人人都“貪贓枉法。這一說(shuō)法可能有些夸張。然而，如今做海外銷(xiāo)售的商人們常常難以做到既確保自己的商業(yè)利益，又無(wú)愧于道德良心。Unit 7Text AResearch into Population GeneticsWhile not exactly a top selling book, The History and Geography of H

47、uman Genes is a remarkable collection of more than 50 years of research in population genetics. It stands as the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes. The book's firm conclusion: once the genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discoun

48、ted, the "races" are remarkably alike under the skin. The variation among individuals is muchgreater than the differences among groups. In fact, there is no scientific basis for theories pushing the genetic superiority of any one population over another. ?人類(lèi)基因的歷史與地理分布?盡管不是嚴(yán)格意義上的暢銷(xiāo)書(shū)，卻是一本聚集了

49、50多年人類(lèi)遺傳學(xué)方面研究成果的好書(shū)。它對(duì)人類(lèi)在基因?qū)用嫔系牟町愖髁似駷橹棺顬閺V泛的調(diào)查，得出了明確的結(jié)論：如果不考慮影響膚色、身高等外表特征的基因，不同的“種族在外表之下相似地令人吃驚。個(gè)體之間的差異遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于群體之間的差異。實(shí)際上，那種認(rèn)為某一種群比另一種群的基因更優(yōu)越的理論是毫無(wú)科學(xué)根據(jù)的。個(gè)人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途The book, however, is much more than an argument against the latest racially biased theory. The prime mover behind the project, Luca Caval

50、li-Sforza, a Stanford professor, labored with his colleagues for 16 years to create nothing less than the first genetic map of the world. The book features more than 500 maps that show areas of genetic similarity much as places of equal altitude are shown by the same color on other maps. By measurin

51、g how closely current populations are related, the authors trace the routes by which early humans migrated around the earth. Result: the closest thing we have to a global family tree. 然而，此書(shū)還不僅僅是對(duì)目前的種族偏見(jiàn)理論的反駁。這一工程的主要倡導(dǎo)者，斯坦福大學(xué)教授路卡?卡瓦里-斯福爾扎，與同事一起經(jīng)過(guò)16年的努力，繪制了這一世界上首幅人類(lèi)基因分布圖譜。此書(shū)的一大特點(diǎn)是提供了500多幅圖，顯示了相同的遺傳基因所

52、處的區(qū)域，這很像其他地圖上用同樣的顏色標(biāo)示同樣海拔高度的地區(qū)。通過(guò)測(cè)定當(dāng)前人類(lèi)種群間的親緣關(guān)系，作者們勾繪了地球上早期人類(lèi)遷徙的路線。他們的研究結(jié)果相當(dāng)于一份全球家譜。個(gè)人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途The information needed to draw that tree is found in human blood: various proteins that serve as markers to reveal a person's genetic makeup. Using data collected by scientists over decades, the auth

53、ors assembled profiles of hundreds of thousands of individuals from almost 2,000 groups. And to ensure the populations were "pure", the study was confined to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492, before the first major movements from Europe began in effect, a genetic phot

54、o of the world when Columbus sailed for America. 他們?cè)谌祟?lèi)血液中找到了繪制這一家譜所需的信息：不同的蛋白質(zhì)就是顯示一個(gè)人的基因構(gòu)成的標(biāo)志。作者們利用幾十年來(lái)科學(xué)家們收集的數(shù)據(jù)，匯編成了近2,000個(gè)群體中成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)個(gè)體的數(shù)據(jù)圖。為了確保種群的“純粹，這項(xiàng)研究將對(duì)象限定于自1492年起，即歐洲最初的大規(guī)模遷徙之前就一直居住在現(xiàn)生活區(qū)域的那些群體。這實(shí)際上就是一幅哥倫布駛向美洲時(shí)期的世界人口基因分布圖。Collecting blood, particularly from ancient populations in remote areas, w

55、as not always easy; potential donors were often afraid to cooperate, or raised religious concerns. On one occasion, when Cavalli-Sforza was taking blood samples from children in a rural region of Africa, he was confronted by an angry farmer waving an axe. Recalls the scientist: "I remember him

56、saying, If you take the blood of the children, I'll take yours. He was worried that we might want to do some magic with the blood." 收集血樣，特別是到偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的古老人群中收集血樣，并非總是易事。潛在的供血者通常不敢合作，或存在宗教上的擔(dān)憂(yōu)。有一次在非洲農(nóng)村，正當(dāng)卡瓦里?斯福爾扎要從兒童身上采血時(shí)，一個(gè)憤怒的村民手執(zhí)斧頭出現(xiàn)在他面前。這位科學(xué)家回憶道：“我記得他說(shuō)，如果你從孩子們身上抽血，我就要放你的血。那個(gè)人是擔(dān)憂(yōu)我們可能用這些血來(lái)施魔法。Des

57、pite the difficulties, the scientists made some remarkable discoveries. One of them jumps right off the book's cover: a color map of the world's genetic variation has Africa at one end of the range and Australia at the other. Because Australia's native people and black Africans shar

58、e such superficial characteristics as skin color and body shape, they were widely assumed to be closely related. But their genes tell a different story. Of all humans, Australians are most distant from the Africans and most closely resemble their neighbors, the Southeast Asians. What the eye sees as

59、 racial differences between Europeans and Africans, for example are mainly a way to adapt to climate as humans move from one continent to another.The same map, in combination with ancient human bones, confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanity and thus the starting point of the original hum

60、an movements. Those findings, plus the great genetic distance between present-day Africans and non-Africans, indicate that the split from the African branch is the oldest on the human family tree. 盡管有困難，科學(xué)家們還是取得了一些引人注目的發(fā)現(xiàn)。其中之一就醒目地印在此書(shū)封面上：人類(lèi)基因變異彩圖說(shuō)明，非洲與澳洲分別位于變化范圍的兩端。因?yàn)榘闹尥林头侵藓谌酥g有一些共同的外表特征，如膚色、體型等，所以被普遍認(rèn)為有密切的親緣關(guān)系。但是他們的基因卻說(shuō)明并非如此。在所有人種中，澳洲人與非洲人的關(guān)系最遠(yuǎn)，而與其鄰居?xùn)|南亞人非常接近。我們所看到的人種差異，例如歐洲人與非洲人的差異，主要是人類(lèi)從一個(gè)大陸向另一個(gè)大陸遷徙時(shí)為適應(yīng)氣候所