高級(jí)英語(yǔ)pubtalkandthekingsenglish中英筆記注釋

1、L3. Pub Talk and the Kings English(酒吧閑談與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)) Henry Fairlie (亨利費(fèi)爾利)1. Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of con

2、versation. 人類(lèi)的一切活動(dòng)中，閑談是最具交際性的sociable（主題句），也是人類(lèi)特有的。而動(dòng)物之間的信息交流，無(wú)論其方式何等復(fù)雜intricate，也是稱(chēng)不上交際的。1. And it is an activity only of humans. (para1) 并且它是人類(lèi)特有的一種活動(dòng)。 And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beingSociable sobl adj.隨和的，好交際的，友善的 friendly or agreeable,eapecially in an easy,in

3、formal way(用書(shū)）intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的；難以理解的，難懂的 Indulge: 任憑自己沉溺于；耽于to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like,eapecially sth that is considered bad for you -indulge in sth, indulge yourself. 例： Women do not in

4、dulge in to the same extent as men.deserve: 值得；應(yīng)得2. The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.” Conversa

5、tion is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a

6、 flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go. 2. 閑談的引人入勝之處就在于它沒(méi)有一個(gè)事先設(shè)定好的主題。它時(shí)而迂回meander前進(jìn)，時(shí)而奔騰leap起伏，時(shí)而火花四射sparkle，時(shí)而熱情洋溢glow，話(huà)題最終會(huì)扯到什么地方去誰(shuí)也拿不準(zhǔn)。感覺(jué)“有話(huà)想說(shuō)”的人是一個(gè)“完美閑談”的最大敵人。閑談不是為了爭(zhēng)論，盡管爭(zhēng)論常常是閑聊的一部分，不過(guò)其目的并不是為了說(shuō)服對(duì)方。閑談之中是不存在什么輸贏勝負(fù)（convince說(shuō)服）的。事實(shí)上，真正的閑聊高手往往是隨時(shí)

7、準(zhǔn)備讓步（lose輸?shù)簦┑摹Ｋ麄円苍S會(huì)偶然間覺(jué)得該把自己最得意的奇聞?shì)W事anecdote選出一件插進(jìn)來(lái)講一講，但一轉(zhuǎn)眼in a flash大家已談到別處去了，插話(huà)的機(jī)會(huì)隨之喪失，他們也就聽(tīng)之任之了。meander: n. (比喻）proceed in an aimless way ; ramble漫談，閑聊 例： The discussion meandered on for hours.討論會(huì)漫無(wú)邊際的進(jìn)行了幾個(gè)小時(shí)。make a point: explain fully what one is proposing. 表明一種看法，證明一個(gè)論點(diǎn) 例： All fight，youve made

8、 your point；now keep quiet and let the others say what they think好 啦，你已經(jīng)把話(huà)說(shuō)清楚了；那就別說(shuō)了，讓別人談?wù)効捶ā?Conversationalist: n. 健談的人Sparkle: v. be full of life and wit活力和才智換發(fā)。 She always sparkles at parties.在聚會(huì)上，他總是神采奕奕。Glow: glow with pride/joy/pleasure.Anecdote: nkdot n.奇聞?shì)W事(關(guān)于真人真事的短小有趣的事）in a flash: suddenly

9、，very quickly瞬間，非常突然。 Without any delay 例： Just wait hereIv be back in a flash就在這兒等我，我馬上就回來(lái)。2. Conversation is not for making a point.(para2)交談并不是為了表明一種看法。 Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view（說(shuō)服 convincing, taking sb. over）3. In fact, the best conversational

10、ists are those who are prepared to lose.(para2) 實(shí)際上，最好的交談?wù)撸悄切?zhǔn)備輸?shù)娜恕?In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of viewmeander (v.) : wander aimlessly or idly；ramble漫步；閑逛 conversationalist (n.) : a person who converses；

11、esp，one who enjoys and is skilled at conversation交談?wù)撸?尤指)健談?wù)遖necdote (n.) : a short，entertaining account of some happening，usually personal or biographical軼事，逸事3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are not deeply i

12、nvolved in each others lives. They are companions, not intimates. The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side

13、by side with each other, did not delve into each others lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings. 3. 或許是從小混跡于(upbringing n. 培養(yǎng)，養(yǎng)育)英國(guó)小酒吧的緣故吧，我覺(jué)得酒館里的閑聊是別有韻味的。酒館里的朋友們對(duì)彼此的生活毫不了解（involve in 使?fàn)砍兜剑?，他們只是臨時(shí)的伙伴，相互之間并無(wú)深交（intimate密友，知己）。這些人之中，也許有人的婚姻面臨破裂（on the rock婚姻的破壞），有人戀愛(ài)受挫，有人碰到別的什么不順心的事兒（go ou

14、t of bad on the wrong side），但這些都無(wú)關(guān)緊要。他們就像大仲馬筆下的三個(gè)火槍手（musketeer火槍手）一樣，雖然朝夕相處，卻從來(lái)不過(guò)問(wèn)（delve 發(fā)掘）彼此的私事（recess私事），也不去打探別人內(nèi)心的秘密。4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each others lives. (para3)酒吧友人沒(méi)有深層次地涉及彼此的生活。 People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they

15、 are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each others lives（close friends密友）intimate (n.) : a close friend or companion密友，知己 on the rocks :in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe(婚姻)破壞的，失敗的 例： Tims marriage is on the rocks提姆的婚姻亮起了紅燈。delve (v.) : investigate for information；search發(fā)掘；調(diào)查(研究) reces

16、s (n.) : a secluded，withdrawn，or inner place幽深處 get out the bed on the wrong side: to be cross or grouchy早晨起來(lái)便心情不好 Love affair: n a romantic sexual relationship,usually between two people who are not married to each other.4. It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved des

17、ultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one, that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it she clearly had not come into the b

18、ar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk. 4. 有一天晚上的情形正是如此。當(dāng)時(shí)人們正在漫無(wú)邊際地東拉西扯，從最普通的家?，嵤铝牡糜嘘P(guān)木星的科學(xué)趣聞。完全沒(méi)有一個(gè)特定的主題?？赏蝗婚g中心話(huà)題奇跡般地出現(xiàn)了，大伙的話(huà)題都集中到了一處。我不記得其中一個(gè)伙伴的那句話(huà)是什么情況下說(shuō)出來(lái)的 不過(guò)，顯然她并沒(méi)有特意地準(zhǔn)備什么，那也算不上是什么非說(shuō)不可的要緊話(huà) 那只不過(guò)是隨著大伙兒的話(huà)題十分自然地脫口而出的。desulto

19、rily (adv.) : aimlessly；at random隨意地；無(wú)目的地alchemy (n.) : an early form of chemistry，whose chief aims were to change baser metals into gold：a method or power of transmutation; esp. the seemingly miraculous change of a thing into something better煉金術(shù)；變化物質(zhì)的方法或魔力5. “Someone told me the other day that the

20、phrase, the Kings English, was a term of criticism, that it means language which one should not properly use” 5. “就在前幾天，有人告訴我說(shuō)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)這個(gè)詞是帶貶義色彩的批評(píng)用語(yǔ)，指的是人們應(yīng)該盡量避免使用的英語(yǔ)?！?. The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in a

21、ll such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on. 6. 此語(yǔ)一出，談話(huà)氛圍立即熱烈起來(lái)burst into flames。有人表示贊成affirmation，也有人怒斥protest，還有人則不以為然denial。最后，當(dāng)然少不了像處理所有這種場(chǎng)合下的意見(jiàn)分歧一樣，大家約好次日一早去查證一下。問(wèn)題就這樣解決settle了

22、。不過(guò)，閑聊并不需要解決什么問(wèn)題，大家仍舊可以糊里糊涂地繼續(xù)閑扯下去。5. It could still go ignorantly on(para6)大伙仍舊可以糊里糊涂地扯下去。 The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.burst into: 突然進(jìn)入（某種狀態(tài)）flame: n.火焰affirmation: n.肯定，確認(rèn)protest:n. 反對(duì)，抗議denials: 否定，拒絕接受7. It was an Australian who had given her such

23、a definition of “the kings English,” which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of convicts. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the Kings English in such a society. There is always resistance in the lowe

24、r classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken.” 7. 告訴她“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”應(yīng)做這種解釋的原來(lái)是個(gè)澳大利亞人。知道這個(gè)后，有些人便說(shuō)起刻薄話(huà)來(lái)了，說(shuō)什么囚犯的后代這樣說(shuō)倒也不足為奇。就這樣，不到5分鐘，大家便扯到了澳大利亞。在那個(gè)地方，“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”自然是不受歡迎的。因?yàn)橄聦尤嗣窨偸菚?huì)抵制上流社會(huì)給“規(guī)范英語(yǔ)”制定的條條框框。tart(adj.) : sharp in taste；sour；acid辛辣的；尖酸的；刻薄的 lay down : to a

25、ssert or declare; 聲明，頒布 例：He had already clearly lain down his view in his opening speech. 例： The regulations lay down a rigid procedure for checking safety equipment法令規(guī)定了一套嚴(yán)格的安檢程序。 8. Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from

26、Australian convicts of the 19th century to the English peasants of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The conversation was on wings. 8. 想想撒克遜農(nóng)民 (churl) 與征服他們的諾曼統(tǒng)治者之間的語(yǔ)言隔閡barrier吧。于是閑聊的主題又從19世紀(jì)的澳大利亞囚犯 (convict) 轉(zhuǎn)移到【swung（使）搖擺】了12世紀(jì)的應(yīng)該農(nóng)民 (peasant) 身上。誰(shuí)對(duì)誰(shuí)錯(cuò)，并沒(méi)有關(guān)系。閑聊依舊熱火朝天地進(jìn)行

27、著。barrier: n. 屏障；妨礙 roadblockchurl (n.) : a farm laborer；peasant農(nóng)民；莊稼人，鄉(xiāng)下人 Conqueror: n. 征服者，占領(lǐng)者Swung: v. (使)搖擺convict (n.) : a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court罪犯Peasant: n.農(nóng)夫on wings : in flight；continually moving about像飛一樣地，飄飄然 例： The birds are on wings in the sky鳥(niǎo)兒在空中展翅高飛。

28、She went home on wings.她高高興興地回家。 9. Someone took one of the best known of examples, which is still always worth the reconsidering. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of the animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty; it is po

29、rk (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poultry (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau ). Even if our menus were not written in French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English. What all this tells us i

30、s of a deep class rift in the culture of English after the Norman Conquest. 9. 有人舉了一個(gè)眾所周知但仍值得深思的例子。在談到飯桌上的肉食時(shí)我們用法語(yǔ)詞，而談到提供這些肉食的牲畜是則用盎格魯-撒克遜詞。豬圈里的活豬叫pig，飯桌上吃的豬肉便成了pork（來(lái)自法語(yǔ)pore）；地里放養(yǎng)的牛叫cattle，而桌上吃的牛肉則叫beef（來(lái)自法語(yǔ)boeuf）；小雞叫chicken，用作肉食則變成poultry（來(lái)自法語(yǔ)poulet）；calf（小牛）加工成肉則變成veal（來(lái)自法語(yǔ)vcau）。即便我們的菜單沒(méi)有為了裝洋耍派頭而

31、寫(xiě)成法語(yǔ)，我們所用的英語(yǔ)仍然是諾曼式的英語(yǔ)。這一切向我們昭示了被諾曼人征服之后的英國(guó)文化上所存在的深刻的階級(jí)裂痕。rift (n.) : an open break in a previously friendly relationship分裂；失和Sty: sties Ca place where pigs are kept=pigsty Poultry :n. hens,ducks,geese,turkeys,etc. Kept for eating or for their eggs;domestic fowls 家禽Veal: flesh of a calf used as meat（

32、使用的）小牛肉6. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). (para9)地里放牧著的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉則叫beef。 These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eatWe call their meat beef10. The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and r

33、eared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their field and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into

34、 some rendering of lapin. 10. 撒克遜農(nóng)民peasant種地養(yǎng)殖rear牲畜，自己出產(chǎn)的肉自己卻吃不上，全部送到了諾曼人的餐桌上。農(nóng)民們只能吃在地里亂竄scamper的兔子。因?yàn)橥米拥娜獗阋?，諾曼貴族自然不屑turn up ones noses at去吃它。因此，活兔子和兔子肉共用rabbit這個(gè)詞表示，而沒(méi)有換成由法語(yǔ)lapin轉(zhuǎn)化（rendering翻譯）而來(lái)的某個(gè)詞。scamper (v.) : run or go hurriedly or quickly (兒童及某些小動(dòng)物)奔跑，蹦蹦跳跳 例： The rabbit scampered away in fr

35、ight.兔子驚慌地拋了 rendering (n.) : a translation翻譯turn up ones nose at : to sneer at，scorn嘲笑，輕蔑 例： The children turned up their noses at my home cooking孩子們嘲笑我的廚藝。 11. As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The n

36、ew ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. “The kings English”-if the term had existed then-ha

37、d become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it. 11. 如今，當(dāng)我們聽(tīng)著有關(guān)雙語(yǔ)bilingual教育問(wèn)題的爭(zhēng)論時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該設(shè)身處地into the shoes of替當(dāng)時(shí)的撒克遜農(nóng)民想一想，新的統(tǒng)治階級(jí)ruling用法語(yǔ)來(lái)對(duì)抗撒克遜農(nóng)民自己的語(yǔ)言，從而在農(nóng)民周?chē)鹨坏牢幕趬尽．?dāng)英國(guó)人在像覺(jué)醒者赫里沃德這樣的撒克遜領(lǐng)袖領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下起來(lái)造反時(shí)，他們一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱humiliation。“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”-如果那時(shí)候有這個(gè)名詞的話(huà)-已經(jīng)變成法語(yǔ)了。而九百年后我們

38、在美國(guó)這個(gè)地方仍然繼承了這種影響。bilingual (adj.) : of，in or using two languages(用)兩種語(yǔ)言的in the shoes of : in anothers position站在別人的立場(chǎng)上，設(shè)身處地 例： Im glad Im not in his shoes with all those debts to pay off我慶幸不用像他那樣去償還所有的債務(wù)。Heir :n. (to sth) 繼承人7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by buildin

39、g their French against his own language. (para11) 新的統(tǒng)治階級(jí)用法語(yǔ)來(lái)對(duì)抗其他語(yǔ)言，這樣就建立起了對(duì)抗這些農(nóng)民的文化壁壘。 The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb合并 the culture of the rulers12. So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrase

40、 came into use some time in the 16th century. “Queens English” is found in Nashes “Strange News of the Intercepting of Certain Letters” in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of someone, “thou clipst the Kings English.” Is the phrase in Shakespeare? That would be the confirmation that it was in general

41、use. He uses it once, when Mistress Quickly in “The Merry Wives of Windsor” says of her master coming home in a rage, “here will be an old abusing of Gods patience and the Kings English,” and it rings true. 12. 那晚閑聊過(guò)后的第二天一大早便有人去查閱了資料。這個(gè)名詞在16世紀(jì)已有人使用過(guò)了。納什作于1593年的截獲intercept信函奇聞中就有過(guò)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”（Queens Englis

42、h）的提法。1602年德克寫(xiě)到某人時(shí)有句話(huà)說(shuō)：“你thou把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)（Kings English）簡(jiǎn)化了”。莎士比亞作品中是否也出現(xiàn)過(guò)這一提法呢？如出現(xiàn)過(guò)，那就證明這個(gè)詞在當(dāng)時(shí)既已通用。他用過(guò)一次，在溫莎的風(fēng)流娘們中，女仆Quickly在講到她家老爺回來(lái)后將會(huì)有的盛怒情形時(shí)說(shuō)，“少不了一通臭罵，罵得昏天暗地，“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”不知要給他糟蹋成個(gè)什么樣子啦?！焙髞?lái)的事實(shí)果然被她說(shuō)中了。intercept (v.) : seize or stop on the way，before arrival at the intended place攔截；截?cái)啵唤負(fù)?。例?Reporters intercepte

43、d him as he tried to leave by the rear entrance.他想從后門(mén)溜走，記者把他截住了。abuse (v.) : use wrongly；use insulting，coarse or bad language；scold harshly濫用；辱罵，口出惡言 Thou:人稱(chēng)代詞。汝，你。13. One could have expected that it would be about then that the phrase would be coined. After five centuries of growth, of tussling wit

44、h the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror, English had come royally into its own. 13. 我們有理由認(rèn)為這個(gè)詞就是那個(gè)時(shí)候產(chǎn)生（coin杜撰）的。經(jīng)過(guò)前后五百年的發(fā)展和與諾曼人、安茹王朝(Angevin)及金雀花王朝(Plantagenets)的法語(yǔ)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，英語(yǔ)最終同化absorbing了法語(yǔ)。被統(tǒng)治者成了統(tǒng)治著，英

45、語(yǔ)取得了國(guó)語(yǔ)的地位come into its own。coin (v.) : make up；devise；invent(a new word，phrase，etc)編造；杜撰(新詞、新短語(yǔ)等) tussle (v.) : to fight or struggle without using any weapons，by pulling or pushing someone rather than hitting them. 斗爭(zhēng)，搏斗；競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 詞組Tussle with 例： He was tussling with the other e into ones own : to

46、 receive what properly belongs to one，espacclaim or recognition得到自己該得的東西，如榮譽(yù)或世人的口碑 Royally: adv. 像王族，莊嚴(yán)地8. English had come royally into its own. (para13) 英語(yǔ)取得了國(guó)語(yǔ)的地位。 The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more14. There was a Kings (or Queens) English to be pr

47、oud of. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. “The Kings English” was no longer a form of what would now be regarded as racial discrimination. 14. 這樣便有了一種英國(guó)人值得引以為傲的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”。伊麗莎白時(shí)代的人沒(méi)費(fèi)吹灰之力便使其影響日盛（multiplied（使）增加、相乘），遍及全球（ble

48、w吹）?！皹?biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”再也不帶有今天所謂的種族歧視r(shí)acial discrimination的性質(zhì)了。dandelion (n.) : any of several plants of the composite family，common lawn weeds with jagged leaves，often used as greens，and yellow flowers蒲公英(屬) 15. Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australian. The phrase has always been used a litt

49、le pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. One feels that even Mistress Quickly-a servant-is saying that Dr. Caius-her master-will lose his control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If the Kings English is “English as it should be spoken,” the claim is often mocked by the un

50、derlings, when they say with a jeer “English as it should be spoke.” The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. 15. 不過(guò)，那個(gè)澳大利亞人的解釋也有一定道理。下層階級(jí)在使用這一名詞時(shí)總帶著一點(diǎn)輕蔑pejorative、譏諷facetious的味道。我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，就連Quickly這樣一個(gè)婢女（servant傭人）也會(huì)說(shuō)她的主子凱厄斯大夫管不住自己的舌頭，而講起平民百姓ordinary folk們所講的那種粗話(huà)。如果說(shuō)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)”就是所謂“規(guī)范英語(yǔ)”，這

51、種看法常常會(huì)受到下層人民的嘲笑mock譏諷jeer，他們有時(shí)故意開(kāi)玩笑地把它稱(chēng)做“規(guī)反英語(yǔ)”。下層人民對(duì)于文華上的專(zhuān)制還是頗有（抵制rebellion反抗）心理的。pejorative (adj.) : disparaging or derogatory輕蔑的；貶低的 facetious (adj.) : (usu derog通常作貶義）joking or trying to be jocular，espat an imappropriate time滑稽的；詼諧的；(尤指在不適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候)開(kāi)玩笑的 例： a facetious young man 耍貧嘴的小伙子underling (n.) :

52、 a person in a subordinate position；inferior disparaging(通常作蔑詞)下屬；jeer: n. Jeering remark; taunt揶揄的言語(yǔ)；嘲諷；例： He ran off ,their jeers ringing in his ears.他一跑了之，耳邊仍回響著他們的冷嘲熱諷。mock: ( at sb/sth) make fun of,eap by mimicking him/it contemptuously; ridicule取笑（某人、某物）；尤其指模仿嘲弄，愚弄 mocking smile,voice ,laugh 嘲

53、弄的微笑、聲音、大笑9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. (para15) 下層階級(jí)使用這個(gè)短語(yǔ)時(shí)，常帶有貶義，甚至譏諷的味道。 The phrase，the Kings English，has always been used disrespectfully 無(wú)禮地；不恭地and jokingly開(kāi)玩笑地by the lower classes.（or: The working people very often make fun

54、of the proper and formal language of the educated people）10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. (para15) 對(duì)文化支配的對(duì)抗仍然存在。 There still exists in the working people，as in the early Saxon peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.在勞動(dòng)人民中仍然存在著，就像早期

55、的撒克遜農(nóng)民一樣，反對(duì)統(tǒng)治階級(jí)文化權(quán)威的精神。16. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that “words will harden into things for us.” Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the Kings English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. Perhaps it

56、 is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below. 16. 正如卡萊爾所說(shuō)，“對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，詞語(yǔ)會(huì)變成具體harden的事物”是一種始終存在的危險(xiǎn)。詞語(yǔ)本身并不是現(xiàn)實(shí)，它不過(guò)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的一種反應(yīng)形式representation而已。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)和諾曼人的盎格魯法語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)一樣，也只是一個(gè)階段用來(lái)表達(dá)現(xiàn)實(shí)的一種形式。讓人們學(xué)著去講也許不錯(cuò)，但既不應(yīng)該把它作為法令edict，也不應(yīng)該使它完全不接受immune來(lái)自下層的改變。edict (n

57、.) : an official public proclamation or order issued by authority；decree法令；命令；布告 Immune：(adj.) : exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or harmful不受影響的；可避免的 harden: v. (cause sth to) become hare,strong,etc(使某物）變硬；變堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，變鑒定 11. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, thatwords will harden into things for us. (para16) 正如卡萊爾提出的，“對(duì)我們而言，詞語(yǔ)會(huì)變成具體的事物”，這始終會(huì)有極大的危險(xiǎn)。 There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to representFor example，the word“dog”is a symbol representing a kind