機(jī)械工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

1、Lesson1 1、the branch of scientific analysis, which deals with motions, time, and forces, is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems, which cha

2、nge with time. 對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間和作用力作出科學(xué)分析的分支成為力學(xué)。他由靜力學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)兩部分組成。靜力學(xué)對(duì)靜止系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析，即在其中不考慮時(shí)間這個(gè)引述，動(dòng)力學(xué)對(duì)事件而變化的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分析。2、Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular distance between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two

3、lines of action.作用在一個(gè)剛體上的兩個(gè)這樣的的里構(gòu)成一個(gè)力偶。力偶臂是這兩個(gè)條作用線之間的垂直距離，力偶面是包含著兩條作用線的平面。3、Mechanics deal with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, a

4、nd mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.力學(xué)涉及兩種類型的量，標(biāo)量 和矢量。標(biāo)量是那些只有大小的量。在力學(xué)中標(biāo)量的例子有時(shí)間、體積、密度、速率、能量和質(zhì)量。另一方面，矢量既有大小又有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移、速度、加速度、力、力矩、動(dòng)量。Lesson2（此課后面沒翻譯，翻譯的不太

5、準(zhǔn)確諒解）1 、The turning of a part in a lathe is another example of several forces in action.（as shown in figure1） 車床車削是一些力在起作用的另一個(gè)例子。figure1(如圖)。2 、If this workpiece is held between the centers of the lathe, the centers exert a compressive force against the work. 如果這個(gè)工件在放在車床中心之間,中心車床對(duì)工作產(chǎn)生壓力。3、 Rotary mo

6、tion is required to drill holes, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt. 扶輪運(yùn)動(dòng)需要去鉆孔，在車床上轉(zhuǎn)換兩件,表面,或驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)或風(fēng)扇皮帶4 、Harmonic and Intermittent Motion（諧和運(yùn)動(dòng)和間歇運(yùn)動(dòng)）: Any simple vibration, such as the regular back, and forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic mo

7、tion.Lesson41 、Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow. 實(shí)際上，幾乎所有的機(jī)器中都裝有軸。軸的最常見的形狀是圓形，其截面可以是實(shí)心的，也可以是空心的（空心軸可以減輕重量）。有時(shí)也采用矩形軸，例如，螺絲起子的頭部.套筒扳手和控制旋鈕的桿。2、 A shaft must have adequate torisonal strength to transm

8、it torque and not be over stressed it must also be torsional stiff enough so that one mounted component does not deviate excessively from its original angular position relative to a second component mounted on the same shaft. 為了在傳遞扭矩時(shí)不發(fā)生過載，軸應(yīng)該有適當(dāng)?shù)目古?qiáng)度。軸還應(yīng)該具有足夠的抗扭強(qiáng)度，以使在同一軸上的兩個(gè)傳動(dòng)零件之間的相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)角不會(huì)過大。3 、Compo

9、nents such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by means of key. The design of the key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be properly evaluated. For example, stress concentrations occur in shafts due to keyways, and the material removed to from the keyway further weakens the shaft.

10、齒輪和皮帶輪等零件通過鍵連接在軸上。在鍵及軸上與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的鍵槽的設(shè)計(jì)中，必須進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的計(jì)算。例如，軸上的鍵槽會(huì)引起應(yīng)力集中，由于鍵槽的存在會(huì)使軸的橫截面積減小，會(huì)進(jìn)一步減弱軸的強(qiáng)度。4、Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. Devices such as rigid and flexible couplings accomplish this.軸的設(shè)計(jì)工作中的另一個(gè)重要方面是一根軸與另一根軸之間的直接連接方法。這是由剛性或者彈性聯(lián)軸器

11、來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。Lesson51、The term shaft usually refers to a relatively long member of round cross section that rotates and transmits power. One or more members such as gears ,sprockers,pullys,and cams are usually attached to the shaft by means of pins, keys,splines,snap rings,and other devices . These latter m

12、embers are among the "associated parts" consedered in this text,as ate couplings and universal joints , which serve to connect the shaft to the source of power or load.2、It is apparent that shafts can be subjected to various combinations of axial,bending,and torsional loads,and that these

13、loads may be static or fluctuating.3、Torsional defection can affect the accuracy of a cam or gear driven mechanism .Furthermore,the greater the flexibility -either lateral or torsional-the lower the corresponding critical speed.4、A gear can be gripped axially between a shoulder on the shaft and a sp

14、acer ,with torque being transmitted through a keyways.Lesson71、Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and ,hence,they are involved in almost all designs . The acceptability of any product depends not only on the selected components , but also on the means by which

15、they are fastened together. The principal purposes of fasteners are to provide the following design features;緊固件是將一個(gè)零件與另一個(gè)零件進(jìn)行連接的零件。因此，幾乎在所有的設(shè)計(jì)中都要用到緊固件。人們對(duì)于任何產(chǎn)品的滿意程度不僅取決于其組成部件，還取決于其連接方式。2、The importance of fasteners can be realized when referring ro any complex product,In the case of the automobile,

16、there are literally thousands of parts which are fastened together to produce the total product.The failure or loosening of a single fastener could result in a simple nuisance such as a door rattle or in a serious situation such as a wheel coming off.Such possibilities must be taken into account in

17、the selection of the type of fatener for the specific application.通過任何一個(gè)復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品，都可以認(rèn)識(shí)到緊固件在其中的重要性。以汽車為例，它是由數(shù)千個(gè)零件連接在一起而成為一輛車。一個(gè)緊固件的失效或松脫可能會(huì)帶來(lái)像車門嘎嘎響這類小麻煩，也可能造成像車輪脫落這種嚴(yán)重的后果。因此，在為一個(gè)特定的用途選擇緊固件時(shí)，應(yīng)該考慮到上述各種可能性。Lesson81、Threaded fasterners perform the function of locating ,clamgping ,adjusting ,and transmiting

18、force from one machine member to another .They are thoroughly standardized and generally designed for use in mass production of machines.2、 Matching external and internal threads so that they are may be assembled is the key to all thread fasteners.3、 A particular SAE grade specilication can be met b

19、y a number of different steels, thus faster manufacturers have some latitude in selecting the materials best suited to their specific production faclities.4、 For moderate loads and speedes the correct selection of a standard of the bearing on the basis of load rating will usually secure satisfactory

20、 performance. 對(duì)于中等載荷和轉(zhuǎn)速，根據(jù)額定負(fù)荷選擇一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軸承，通常都可以保證其具有令人滿意的工作性能。5、The deflection of less magnitude than that of the shafts or other components associated with the bearing .當(dāng)載荷較大時(shí)，軸承零件的變形，盡管它通常小于軸和其它與軸承一起工作的零部件的變形，將會(huì)變得重要起來(lái)。Lesson91、Where speeds are high special cooling arrangements become necessary which

21、may increase frictional drag .在轉(zhuǎn)速高的場(chǎng)合需要有專門的冷卻裝置，而這可能會(huì)增大摩擦阻力。2、It is not surprising that ,owing to the high stresses involved,a predominant form of failure shouls be metal fatigue,and a good deal of work is currently in progress intended to improve the reliability of this type of bearing . 滾動(dòng)軸承由于在工作中

22、會(huì)產(chǎn)生高的應(yīng)力，其主要失效形式是金屬疲勞，這一點(diǎn)并不奇怪，目前正在進(jìn)行大量的工作以求改進(jìn)這種軸承的可靠性。3、 The fit of the bearing races onto the shaft or onto the housing is of critical importance because of their combined effect on the internal clearance of the bearing as well as preserving the desired degree of interference fit.軸承套圈與軸或軸承座的的配合非常重要，

23、因?yàn)樗鼈冎g的配合不僅應(yīng)該保證所需要的過盈量，而且也應(yīng)該保證軸承的內(nèi)部間隙。4、The inner race is frequently located axially by abutting against a shoulder .Aradius at this point is essential for the avoidance of stress concentration and ball races rae providede with a radius or chamfer to allow space for this .內(nèi)圈通常是通過緊靠在軸肩上進(jìn)行軸向定位的。軸肩出的圓弧

24、半徑主要是為了避免應(yīng)力集中。在軸承內(nèi)圈上加工出一個(gè)圓弧或者倒角，用來(lái)提供容納軸肩處圓弧半徑的空間。5、Where life is not the determing factor in design ,it is usual to determine maximum loading by the amount to which a bearing will deflect under load .在使用壽命不是設(shè)計(jì)中的決定因素的場(chǎng)合，通常根據(jù)軸承受載荷時(shí)產(chǎn)生的變形量來(lái)確定其最大載荷。Lesson131、One of the primary considerations in designing

25、 any machine or structure is that the strength must be sufficiently greater that the stress to assure both safety and reliability. To assure that mechanical parts do not fail in service, it is necessary to learn why they sometimes do fail. Then we shall be able to relate the stresses with the streng

26、ths to achieve safety.在設(shè)計(jì)任何機(jī)器或者結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，所考慮的主要事項(xiàng)之一是其強(qiáng)度應(yīng)該比它所承受的應(yīng)力要大得多，以確保安全與可靠性。要保證機(jī)械零件在使用過程中不發(fā)生失效，就必須知道它們?cè)谀承r(shí)候會(huì)失效的原因，然后，才能將應(yīng)力與強(qiáng)度聯(lián)系起來(lái)，以確保其安全。2、Ideally, in designing any machine element, the engineer should have at his disposal the results of a great many strength tests of the particular material chosen. T

27、hese tests should have been made on specimens having the same heat treatment, surface roughness, and size as the element he proposes to design, and the tests should be made under exactly the same loading conditions as the part will experience in service.設(shè)計(jì)任何機(jī)械零件的理想情況為，工程師可以利用大量的他所選用的這種材料的強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。這些試驗(yàn)

28、應(yīng)該在與所設(shè)計(jì)的零件有相同的熱處理，表面粗糙度和尺寸大小的試件進(jìn)行，而且試驗(yàn)應(yīng)該在與零件使用過程中承受的載荷完全相同的情況下進(jìn)行。3、Most hardness-testing systems employ a standard load which is applied to a ball or pyramid in contact with the material to be tested. The hardness is then expressed as a function of the size of the resulting indentation. This means t

29、hat hardness is an easy property to measure, because the test is nondestructive and test specimens are not required. Usually the test can be conducted directly on an actual machine element.大多數(shù)硬度試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)是將一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的載荷加在與被試驗(yàn)材料相接觸的小球或者棱錐上。因此，硬度可以表示為所產(chǎn)生的壓痕尺寸函數(shù)。這表明由于硬度是非破壞性試驗(yàn)，而且不需要專門的試件，因而硬度是一個(gè)容易測(cè)量的性能。通?？梢灾苯釉趯?shí)際的機(jī)

30、械零件上進(jìn)行硬度試驗(yàn)。Lesson171、The first step in the manufacture of any product is design, which usually takes place in several distinct stages: (a) conceptual; (b) functional; (c) production design. During the conceptualdesign stage, the designer is concerned primarily with the functions the product is to fu

31、lfill. 制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)通?？梢苑譃閹讉€(gè)明確的階段；（a）概念設(shè)計(jì)；b 功能設(shè)計(jì) c 生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。在概念設(shè)計(jì)階段，設(shè)計(jì)者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。2、Often a prototype or working model is made that can be tested to permit evaluation of the product as to function, reliability, appearance, serviceability, and so on. 通常要制造出樣機(jī)或著實(shí)物模型，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等3

32、、As manufacturing progresses, it is inevitable that situations will arise that may require modifications of the materials being used. Experience may reveal that substitution of cheaper materials can be made. 在制造過程中，不可避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可以采用某些便宜材料作為代替。24/27課Working drawings are the drawings f

33、rom which a design is implemented. All principles of orthographic projection and techniques of graphics can be used to communicate the details of a project in working drawings. A detail drawing is a working drawing of a single part (or detail) within the set of working drawings. 工作圖是將設(shè)計(jì)變?yōu)閷?shí)際產(chǎn)品所依據(jù)的圖樣。

34、所有的正投影原理和繪圖技術(shù)都可以用來(lái)在工作圖中表達(dá)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的細(xì)節(jié)。零件圖是在一整套工作圖中關(guān)于一個(gè)零件（或細(xì)節(jié)）的工作圖。Title Blocks In practice, title blocks usually contain the title or part name, drafter, date, scale, company, and sheet number. Other information, such as tolerances, checkers, and materials, also may be given. Any modifications or change

35、s added after the first version to improve the design is shown in the revision blocks. 標(biāo)題欄 在實(shí)踐中，標(biāo)題欄中通常包括標(biāo)題或零件名稱、制圖員、日期、比例、公司和圖號(hào)。另外，還可以包含公差、審核人員和材料等信息。在第一次制圖之后，任何為了改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)方案而作的修改和更正都應(yīng)該在修改欄中標(biāo)明。The allocation of proper production tolerances is therefore a most important task if the finished product is to

36、achieve its intended purpose and yet be economical to produce. The size of the tolerances, as specified by the designer, depends on the many conditions pertaining to the design as well as on past experience with similar products if such experience is available.要使產(chǎn)品能夠以較低的價(jià)格被生產(chǎn)出來(lái)并且能夠滿足設(shè)計(jì)的要求，規(guī)定適當(dāng)?shù)募庸す钍?/p>

37、最為重要的工作。公差的大小是由設(shè)計(jì)人員所確定的，它取決于許多與設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的條件以及過去在設(shè)計(jì)類似產(chǎn)品時(shí)所獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)（如果有這方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)的話）。A part is said to be at the least material condition (LMC) when the dimensions are all at the limits that give a part with the smallest amount of material. 當(dāng)所有的尺寸都處在允許零件含有的材料量為最小的極限狀態(tài)時(shí)，就稱這個(gè)零件處于最小實(shí)體狀態(tài)（LMC）。If the variations due to c

38、hance causes are too great, it is usually necessary to move the operation to more accurate equipment rather than spend more effort in trying to improve the process. 如果隨機(jī)原因?qū)Τ叽缱兓挠绊戇^大，一般來(lái)說采用更精密的加工設(shè)備，要比花費(fèi)更多精力來(lái)改變生產(chǎn)過程更為有效Lesson291、The technique of dimensioning parts within a require range of variation to

39、 ensure interchangeability is called tolerancing. Each dimension is allowed a certain degree of variation within a specified zone ,or tolerance .for example, a parts dimension might be expressed as 20+-0.50,which allows a tolerance (variation in size ) of 1.00 mm.給零件標(biāo)注尺寸使其在一個(gè)規(guī)定的區(qū)間內(nèi)變動(dòng)，以保證他們具有互換性的技術(shù)稱為

40、公差技術(shù)。允許每個(gè)尺寸在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)具有一定的變動(dòng)量，稱為公差。例如，一個(gè)零件的尺寸可以被表示成20+-0.50，其公差（尺寸變動(dòng)量）為1.00mm。單詞 basic hole system 基孔制 basic shaft system 基軸制Leesson331Engineering and technology students must became computer literate, to understand the applications of computer and their advantages. Not to do so will place students at a

41、 serious disadvantage in pursuing their careers.工程技術(shù)專業(yè)的學(xué)生們應(yīng)該通曉計(jì)算機(jī)，了解計(jì)算機(jī)的用途和它們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。不這樣做，就會(huì)使學(xué)生們?cè)趯?lái)的職業(yè)生涯中處于非常不利的地位。2、Engineers gene rally agree that the computer does not change the nature of the design process but is a significant tool that improves efficiency and productivity工程師們通常認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)不會(huì)改變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)過程的性質(zhì)。3、C

42、omputer of applications in engineering and other technical fields. Most graphical solutions that are possible with a pencil can be done on a computer and usually more productively. Applications vary from 3D modeling and finite element analysis to 2D drawings and mathematical caiculation.計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)在工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)

43、域的應(yīng)用幾乎沒有任何限制，大部分可以鉛筆完成的圖解方法都可以用計(jì)算機(jī)完成，而且通常效率更高。其應(yīng)用從建立三維模型和有限元分析，直到繪制平面圖和進(jìn)行數(shù)字計(jì)算。4、These systems offer many advantagees over traditional design and manufacturing systems, ineluding less design effort, more efficent material use, reduced lead tine, greater accuracy, and improved inventory controi.包括減少時(shí)間

44、工作量，提高材料利用率，縮短產(chǎn)品研制周期，提高精度和改善庫(kù)存管理。graphics has an aimost limitless number Lesson361、engin lathes ,of course ,are general-purpose machines used in production and maintenance shops all over the world.普通車床是全世界的生產(chǎn)車間和維修車間里廣泛使用的通用機(jī)床。2、The tracer or duplicating lathe is designed to produce irregularly shape

45、d parts automatically. 靠模車床或仿形車床被設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)對(duì)形狀不規(guī)則的零件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)加工。3、machines with a wide variety of power accessories.Theprincipal feature of all turret lathes, however, is that the tools can perform a consecutive serials of operations in proper sequence. Once the tools have been set and adjusted ,little skill i

46、s required to turn out duplicate parts.高生產(chǎn)率的磚塔車床是裝有許多動(dòng)力附件的非常復(fù)雜的機(jī)器。然而，所有磚塔車床的主要特點(diǎn)是刀具能按適當(dāng)順序完成一系列的加工工序。一旦這些刀具被安裝調(diào)整好后只只需要很低的技術(shù)就可以車削加工很多相同的零件。4、The first screw machine were designed to feed bar stock and wire used in making small screw parts.單軸自動(dòng)螺絲車床，顧名思義，一次僅能加工一根棒料。With the single spndle machine, the tu

47、rret indexes around the spindle.在單軸車床上，磚塔圍繞主軸轉(zhuǎn)位。With a multiple spindle maching , however ,the spindle itself indexes.然而，在多軸自動(dòng)車床上，主軸自己轉(zhuǎn)位。6、A vertical turret lathe is basically a turret lathe that has been stood on its headstock end.立式磚塔車床基本上就是將其從床頭箱一端向下而豎立起來(lái)的一臺(tái)磚塔車床。7、 Many of todays more sophisticat

48、ed lathes are called machining centers since they are capable of performing, in addition to the normal turning operations, certain milling and drilling operations.當(dāng)前許多技術(shù)更為先進(jìn)的車床叫做加工中心。因?yàn)樗麄兂送瓿沙Ｒ?guī)的車削工作之外，還可以完成某些銑削鉆削工作單詞：turret 磚塔，六角刀架，六角頭 general purpose 多方面的，多種用途的Lesson651.According to the Tool &

49、Manufacturing English Handbook , process planning is the systematic determination of the methods by which a product is to be manufactured economically and competitively .根據(jù)工具與制造工程師手冊(cè)，工藝設(shè)計(jì)就是系統(tǒng)地確定能夠經(jīng)濟(jì)地和有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力地將產(chǎn)品制造出來(lái)的方法。2.A planner must manage and retrieve a great deal of data and many documents , inclu

50、ding established standards , machinability data ,machine specifications ,tooling inventories, stock availability ,and existing process plans.工藝人員應(yīng)該管理和檢索大量的數(shù)據(jù)和很多文件。其中包括已建立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可加工性數(shù)據(jù)，機(jī)器的規(guī)格，工藝裝備的清單，原材料庫(kù)存量和一些目前正在應(yīng)用的工藝文件。3.This is primarily an information-handing job ,and the computer is an ideal compani

51、on.這主要是一些信息處理工作，而計(jì)算機(jī)是完成這項(xiàng)工作的一個(gè)理想助手。4.Most important for CIM ,computer-aided process machine readable data instead of handwritten plans . Such data can readily be transferred to other systems within the CIM hierarchy for use in planning.對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造最為重要的是，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)可以生成機(jī)器可以閱讀數(shù)據(jù)，而不是手寫的規(guī)程。這種數(shù)據(jù)可以傳遞到計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造體系

52、中的另一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，用以編制工藝規(guī)程。5.In the variant approach ,a set of standard process plans is established for all parts families that have been identified through group technology.在派生法中，對(duì)采用成組技術(shù)確定的一個(gè)零件族中的所有零件，編制一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的加工工藝規(guī)程。6.Again ,GT helps to place the new part in an appropriate family .The standard plan is then

53、edited to suit the specific requirements of a particular job.成組技術(shù)可以幫助把新零件歸類于適當(dāng)?shù)牧慵逯?。通過對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工藝規(guī)程的編輯，可以滿足對(duì)特定工作的專門要求。7.In the generative approach ,an attempt is made to synthesize each individual plan using appropriate algorithms that define the various technological decisions that must be made in the co

54、urse of manufacturing.在創(chuàng)成法中，通過采用確定加工制造過程中各種工藝決策的適當(dāng)算法，將各個(gè)單獨(dú)的工藝規(guī)程綜合起來(lái)。Lesson661、One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled . 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)中的一個(gè)最基本的概念是數(shù)字控制（N

55、C）。在數(shù)控技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前，所有的機(jī)床都是有人工操作和控制的。 2、Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tolls, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills . 在與人工可控制的機(jī)床有關(guān)的很多局限性中，操作者的技術(shù)大概是最突出的問題。 3、 Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs lower. 數(shù)字控制的機(jī)器比人工操縱的機(jī)器的精度更高、生產(chǎn)零件的一致性更好、生產(chǎn)速度更快，而且長(zhǎng)期的工藝裝備成本更低。 4 、The development of a concep