英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法(10不同文體的句法結(jié)構(gòu))

1、Unit Ten: Sentence Structures in Different Styles of Writing, a brief introduction Issues of this unit:1) Formal vs. informal speech 2) Sentences in very different writings (science, law, advertisement, literature)A、Formal vs. InformalEx. (An American policeman talking about the same thing)：a. 法庭上面對(duì)

2、法官說法庭上面對(duì)法官說：“I apprehended the alleged perpetrator.” (我對(duì)這個(gè)行兇嫌疑人實(shí)施了拘捕我對(duì)這個(gè)行兇嫌疑人實(shí)施了拘捕)b. 酒吧里對(duì)同事說酒吧里對(duì)同事說：“I collared this creep.” (我逮了這惡棍我逮了這惡棍)Another example:(A doctor talking about the patients condition)：a. 病情會(huì)診會(huì)上病情會(huì)診會(huì)上：“I suggest the application of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.” (我建議實(shí)施體外激波碎

3、石術(shù)。我建議實(shí)施體外激波碎石術(shù)。)b. 對(duì)病人說對(duì)病人說：“We shall crash your stones from outside your body.” (我們會(huì)從你體外把結(jié)石碎掉。我們會(huì)從你體外把結(jié)石碎掉。)Informal speechFormal speechsimple syntax complex, compound str.simple daily words technical terms, mincedpersonal tone impersonal toneEx.a. 圖書館的告示：圖書館的告示： Impersonal toneIt has been noted w

4、ith concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.Ex.b. 圖書館

5、的告示：圖書館的告示：personal toneWe find that the number of books in the library has been going down. Please make sure that you know the rules for borrowing, and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience. So from now on, were going to enforce the rules strictly. You have been warned!B、新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)新聞?dòng)?/p>

6、語(yǔ)(a mixture of formal and informal)： 語(yǔ)法特征：長(zhǎng)句，信息濃縮語(yǔ)法特征：長(zhǎng)句，信息濃縮September 12, 1997, US Secretary of State Medeleine Albright says at Alexandria that she told President Hosni Mubarak of Americas resolve to work with Egypt and other friendly states to remain vigilant while also responding to opportunitie

7、s to reduce tension, and then she proceeds to Saudi Arabia, the next stop on her debut regional tour. 詞匯運(yùn)用特征詞匯運(yùn)用特征：1. 新聞習(xí)慣表達(dá)法新聞習(xí)慣表達(dá)法（journalistic jargon），例如例如： people power, zipper-gate, war games, operations 等等。等等。 經(jīng)常使用縮寫，如經(jīng)常使用縮寫，如：NATO, NASA, UNESCO, TMD, AIDS. 2. 新聞?dòng)浾呱煺Z(yǔ)詞（新聞?dòng)浾呱煺Z(yǔ)詞（coinage），表達(dá)新的概）

8、，表達(dá)新的概念或?yàn)榱宋矍蚰罨驗(yàn)榱宋矍?(as an eye-catcher)，例如，例如：technical know-how, hijack, stagflation, no-go area, the village Guru, Wintel 等等。等等。 3. 在報(bào)道中，語(yǔ)言使用靈活多變。例如：在報(bào)道中，語(yǔ)言使用靈活多變。例如： Beijings decision to cancel a port visit to Hong Kong by the U.S. aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk last month could go down in diplom

9、atic history as a watershed in Chinas foreign policy.The high-decibel no to the carrier group and also to the U.S. frigate Reuben James, which wanted to dock at Hong Kong on New Years Eve coincides with a tough stance Beijing has assumed in sovereignty disputes with Vietnam over islets in the South

10、China Sea.China also has reacted with uncharacteristic vehemence to the hospitality that the United States, Canada and especially Germany have shown the Dalai Lama.C、科技英語(yǔ)特征科技英語(yǔ)特征 (typical formal style)：1. 最明顯的是技術(shù)專門語(yǔ)匯：最明顯的是技術(shù)專門語(yǔ)匯：（先看一文學(xué)文本，以作比較）（先看一文學(xué)文本，以作比較） What a piece of work is a man! How noble i

11、n reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals! (by Shakespeare)看看科技文本與文學(xué)文本的巨大差異看看科技文本與文學(xué)文本的巨大差異：Man is metazoan, triploblastic, chordale, vertebrate, pentad

12、actyle, mammalian, eutherian, primate; the main outlines of each of his principal system of organs may be traced back, like those of other animals, to the fishes. (by Borradaile)2. 用大詞，不用日常小詞用大詞，不用日常小詞： We can easily take these machines to pieces and put them together again after we have looked at t

13、hem all over. These machines can be easily dismantled and reassembled after careful examination. (Formal words are more precise in meaning.)3. 偏向于使用名詞來替代動(dòng)詞：偏向于使用名詞來替代動(dòng)詞：A1. You can rectify this fault if you insert a wedge.A2. Rectification of this fault can be done by insertion of a wedge.B1. If we

14、add or remove heat, the state of matter may change.B2. The addition or removal of heat may cause changes in the state of matter. 4. 更多地使用被動(dòng)式更多地使用被動(dòng)式： A blast of hot air is blown into the bottom of the furnace to make the coke burn fiercely. It is forced into the furnace through pipes. These pipes ar

15、e placed around the circumstance of the blast furnace about 8 feet above the bottom. D、法律英語(yǔ)特征法律英語(yǔ)特征 (highly formal in style)：1. 技術(shù)詞匯，定義精確，排除任何歧義：技術(shù)詞匯，定義精確，排除任何歧義： demise = death; force majeure 不可抗力不可抗力alibi = the evidence to show that the subject was not present on the spot when the crime happened.

16、tort = any wrongful act, damage, or injury done willfully, negligently, or in circumstances involving liability, but not involving breach of contract, for which a civil suit can be brought; (民事侵權(quán)行為，民事侵權(quán)行為，不包括毀約不包括毀約)amende honorable =公開道歉并賠償損失公開道歉并賠償損失2. 古語(yǔ)詞，已經(jīng)不再使用的詞古語(yǔ)詞，已經(jīng)不再使用的詞 (archaic words)： her

17、einafter = in this document and after this point; thereof = of it thereby = by means of which3. 語(yǔ)法特征：要求語(yǔ)句必須完整，與其他文體語(yǔ)法特征：要求語(yǔ)句必須完整，與其他文體不同的是，法律文本語(yǔ)句要求所有的結(jié)構(gòu)，不同的是，法律文本語(yǔ)句要求所有的結(jié)構(gòu)，包括短語(yǔ)、分句等等都盡量組合成一個(gè)單一包括短語(yǔ)、分句等等都盡量組合成一個(gè)單一的獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)句，把各個(gè)意義成分綜合在一起，的獨(dú)立的語(yǔ)句，把各個(gè)意義成分綜合在一起，以表達(dá)完整獨(dú)立的含義：以表達(dá)完整獨(dú)立的含義：例如：例如：I hereby give and conv

18、ey to (賦予) you, all and singular, my estate and interests, right, title, claim, and advantages of and in the orange, together with all rind (果皮), juice (果汁), pulp (果肉) and pits (果核), and all rights and advantages therein, anything hereinbefore or hereinafter, or in any other deed or deeds, instrumen

19、t or instruments of whatever nature or kind whatsoever, to the contrary, in any wise, notwithstanding.What does this passage say:Well,The passage that you have read says just this: “I let you eat my orange.”E、廣告英語(yǔ)特征廣告英語(yǔ)特征 (informal in many cases)：1. 生造詞生造詞： 例如：例如： “Windex” 是一窗玻璃清潔是一窗玻璃清潔劑 的 名 稱劑 的 名

20、 稱 , 由由 “ w i n d o w ” 和和 “excellent”組和而成；組和而成；“washing machine” 加加 “automatic” 構(gòu)成新的形容詞：構(gòu)成新的形容詞： “washmatic”；轉(zhuǎn)換詞：轉(zhuǎn)換詞： “Xerox” “Please xerox this paper for me.” “Today Ill give you a xeroxed copy of the material.” 2. 口語(yǔ)化風(fēng)格，使用日常用詞：口語(yǔ)化風(fēng)格，使用日常用詞： 例如：例如：一種名為一種名為 “Guiness” 的啤酒廣告語(yǔ)：的啤酒廣告語(yǔ)： “My Goodness! My

21、 Guiness!”We have taken our whisky in many ways, but always seriously. 威士忌酒的廣告3. 簡(jiǎn)單句型：簡(jiǎn)單句型： 有人統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，廣告語(yǔ)的句子平均有人統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，廣告語(yǔ)的句子平均每句只有每句只有10個(gè)單詞，例如：個(gè)單詞，例如： “Cool!” “Think once. Think twice. Think bike.” Go well, go Shell. Go to work on an egg.4. 修辭手法：押韻及押頭韻：修辭手法：押韻及押頭韻： 頭韻頭韻 (alliteration)“Sea, sun, sand, se

22、clusion and Spain!”“Better late than the late.”尾韻尾韻 (rhyming)Youll wonder where the dirt has went,When you clean your teeth with Pepsy-dent. Lose ounces, Save pounds.F、文學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句文學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句 (variable styles)： Literature does not have a fixed pattern in writing style. The style of writing depends on who is wr

23、iting and what is written about. Therefore, literary writings are as diversified as life itself is.However, one thing is certain: literary writing resorts to image creation in order to make the readers feel as if they were in the situation of the story. Ex. 長(zhǎng)句、完整句型：長(zhǎng)句、完整句型：An individual human existe

24、nce should be like a river small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and p

25、ainlessly lose their individual being. (From “How to Grow Old” by B. Russell) Ex. 短句，不完整句：短句，不完整句：She kissed me. My youth. Never again. Only once it comes. Or hers. Take the train there tomorrow. No. Returning not the same. . The new I want. Nothing new under the sun. . Think you are escaping and ru

26、n into yourself. Longest way round is the shortest way home. . All changed. Forgotten. The young are old. (From “Ulysses” by James Joyce) Ex. 甚至不合語(yǔ)法句甚至不合語(yǔ)法句：You dont know about me, without you have read a book by the name of “The Adventure of Tom Sawyer,” but that aint no matter. That book was made

27、by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly. There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth. That is nothing. I never seen anybody but lied, one time or another, without it was Aunt Polly. (From “Huckleberry Finn” by Mark Twain)An understanding of styles in writings in Englis

28、h might help you a lot. Hope you better familiarity with them in the days to come.Finally:Some tips for yourEnglish grammar learning由于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的特性：由于英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的特性：famous for having the smallest number of rules;notorious for having at least one exception to almost every rule.所以，專讀語(yǔ)法書、記背語(yǔ)法所以，專讀語(yǔ)法書、記背語(yǔ)法條目是效率十分低下的學(xué)習(xí)方法。條目是效率十分低下的學(xué)習(xí)方法。好的學(xué)習(xí)方法應(yīng)該將語(yǔ)法書作好的學(xué)習(xí)方法應(yīng)該將語(yǔ)法書作為工具書，有必要時(shí)查閱為工具書，有必要時(shí)查閱。語(yǔ)法的掌握最好與其他技能結(jié)合進(jìn)行。語(yǔ)法的掌握