第1章圖形學(xué)概論

1、計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)課程介紹授課教師：郭芬紅授課教師：郭芬紅Email: Email: 辦公室辦公室: : 四教西四教西204204北方工業(yè)大學(xué)理學(xué)院數(shù)學(xué)系北方工業(yè)大學(xué)理學(xué)院數(shù)學(xué)系2012014 42第一講：圖形學(xué)概論Conspectusn1. 基本概念 ConceptsConceptsn2. 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域Application AreaApplication Arean3. 當(dāng)前研究動(dòng)態(tài)Hot problems and Hot problems and DevelopmentDevelopment(chapter 1, 2 )1. ConceptsConcepts4Graphics ConceptnIn

2、 narrow sensen位圖(bitmap)-圖像Image，n矢量圖(vectorgraph)GraphicnIn general, graphics can be any object w h i c h i s a b l e t o g i v e v i s i o n impression in mans vision system. It include various geometry graphics, views,pictures,patterns,and images.5n凡是能夠在人的視覺系統(tǒng)中形成視覺印象的客觀對(duì)象都稱為圖形圖形。n(1)自然景物n(2)照片和圖片

3、n(3)工程圖、設(shè)計(jì)圖和方框圖n(4)人工美術(shù)繪畫、雕塑品n(5)用數(shù)學(xué)方法描述的圖形（包括幾何圖形、代數(shù)方程、分析表達(dá)式或列表所確定的圖形）什么是圖形？6Vectorgraph and bitmap(1).vectorgraph(1).vectorgraphAny curves are approached with many short linesAny curves are approached with many short lines(2).bitmap(2).bitmapEvery curve must be consist of several pixelsEvery curve

4、 must be consist of several pixels789n幾何要素幾何要素：刻畫對(duì)象的輪廓、形狀等(幾何模型)n非幾何要素非幾何要素:刻畫對(duì)象的顏色、材質(zhì)等(物理屬性)計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)中的圖形要素10What is Computer Graphics ？nThe technology for generating the images on the computer screen with algorithms and programs is called the computer graphics.n計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)(Computer Graphics, CG)是。 1

5、1Graphics processingInput：DataOutput：Graphics Circle drawingCirclecenterradius12Comparison with image processing13Relationship with other subjects數(shù)字圖像數(shù)字圖像Digital Images數(shù)據(jù)模型數(shù)據(jù)模型Data Models圖像生成 Image Rendering（計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)（計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué) Computer Graphics）模型/特征的提取 Model/Feature Extraction（計(jì)算機(jī)視覺計(jì)算機(jī)視覺 Computer Vision

6、, 模式識(shí)別模式識(shí)別 Pattern Recognition）模型變換 Model Transformation（計(jì)算幾何計(jì)算幾何 Computer Geometry）圖像變換 Image Transformation（圖像處理（圖像處理 Image Processing）研究?jī)?nèi)容（學(xué)科）學(xué)科）14第一講：圖形學(xué)概論Conspectusn1. 基本概念 ConceptsConceptsn2. 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域Application AreaApplication Arean3. 當(dāng)前研究動(dòng)態(tài)Hot problems and Hot problems and DevelopmentDevelopment

7、(chapter 1, 2 )15Computer Graphics Applicationsn圖形用戶界面(GUI)n計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造（CAD/CAM）n娛樂游戲及計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫(entertainment/game/animation) n計(jì)算機(jī)藝術(shù)(computer art)n地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)n科學(xué)技術(shù)與信息可視化(Visualization)n虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)(Virtual Reality)n圖形用戶界面(GUI)n16圖表顯示Charts and Graphs17圖表顯示Charts and Graphs18Computer Graphics Applicationsn圖形用戶界面(

8、GUI)n計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造（CAD/CAM）n娛樂游戲及計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫(entertainment/game/animation) n計(jì)算機(jī)藝術(shù)(computer art)n地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)n科學(xué)技術(shù)與信息可視化(Visualization)n虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)(Virtual Reality)n圖形用戶界面(GUI)n19計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造n奧迪的線框圖和效果圖20計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造nCAD: Computer Aided DesignnCAD 已廣泛應(yīng)用于飛機(jī)、汽車、船舶的外形設(shè)計(jì)、超大規(guī)模集成電路設(shè)計(jì)，以及建筑、服裝、印染、玩具設(shè)計(jì)等領(lǐng)域。 nCAD技術(shù)使得工程、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和施工圖紙不必再

9、由人工繪制，可大大縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期。n軟件：AutoCAD, GHCAD, SolidWorks, Pro/E, UG, CATIA, MDT21三維CAD系統(tǒng)舉例n草圖設(shè)計(jì)：2D到3D，參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)，n特征設(shè)計(jì)：（曲面，實(shí)體）特征參數(shù)，工藝 與幾何的結(jié)合n裝配設(shè)計(jì)：大量零部件的復(fù)雜裝配關(guān)系，順 序，關(guān)聯(lián)，支持零部件的修改n鈑金設(shè)計(jì)：復(fù)雜外形設(shè)計(jì)與制造流程n公差分析：加工公差參數(shù)，可制造性n3Dscan 模型數(shù)據(jù)處理2223CAD應(yīng)用典范：波音777n從1990年10月開始啟動(dòng)波音777設(shè)計(jì)。首次實(shí)現(xiàn)了“無(wú)紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)無(wú)紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)”。整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、試飛周期共4年半，耗資50億美元，整個(gè)波音777客機(jī)有24萬(wàn)

10、多個(gè)零部件, 幾何模型多達(dá)5億個(gè)面片。24Computer Graphics Applicationsn計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造（CAD/CAM）n娛樂游戲及計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫(entertainment/game/animation) n計(jì)算機(jī)藝術(shù)(computer art)n地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)n科學(xué)技術(shù)與信息可視化(Visualization)n虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)(Virtual Reality)n25娛樂應(yīng)用26娛樂應(yīng)用27娛樂應(yīng)用 - 電影中的特效Pirates of the Caribbean Dead mans chestILM captured data from actors in gray c

11、ostumes during principal photography (at left below), applied the data to “manikins” (middle below), and then fitted the manikins to specified creatures (at right below) to create a final performance (at left)28計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫Animations29計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫Animations303132Computer Graphics Applicationsn計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造（CAD/CAM）n

12、娛樂游戲及計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫(entertainment/game/animation) n計(jì)算機(jī)藝術(shù)(computer art)n地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)n科學(xué)技術(shù)與信息可視化(Visualization)n虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)(Virtual Reality)n33藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域343536Mathematics is not so abstract373839 FractalArts40Arts414243Computer Graphics Applicationsn計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造（CAD/CAM）n娛樂游戲及計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫(entertainment/game/animation) n計(jì)算機(jī)藝術(shù)(compute

13、r art)n地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)n科學(xué)技術(shù)與信息可視化(Visualization)n虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)(Virtual Reality)n44地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)n地理信息系統(tǒng)記錄著關(guān)于人口、城鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)村、高山平原地形、礦藏、森林、旅游等大量信息。n利用地理系統(tǒng)中的圖形軟件可繪制出地理、地質(zhì)的以及其他自然現(xiàn)象的高精度勘探、測(cè)量圖形，如地理圖、人口分布圖、水資源分布圖等。45地理學(xué)應(yīng)用GIS464748Computer Graphics Applicationsn計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與制造（CAD/CAM）n娛樂游戲及計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)畫(entertainment/game/animation) n計(jì)算機(jī)藝術(shù)(co

14、mputer art)n地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)n科學(xué)技術(shù)與信息可視化(Visualization)n虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)(Virtual Reality)n49虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí) (Virtual Reality)n用計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)來(lái)生成一個(gè)逼真的三維視覺、聽覺、觸覺或嗅覺等感覺世界，讓用戶可以從自己的視點(diǎn)出發(fā)，利用自然的技能和某些設(shè)備對(duì)這一生成的虛擬世界客體進(jìn)行瀏覽和交互操作。5051525354科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化Costa-Hoffmann-Meeks minimal surface 55信息可視化網(wǎng)站間鏈接關(guān)系可視化56醫(yī)學(xué)57第一講：圖形學(xué)概論Conspectusn1. 基本概念 ConceptsConceptsn

15、2. 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域Application AreaApplication Arean3. 當(dāng)前研究動(dòng)態(tài)Hot problems and Hot problems and DevelopmentDevelopment(chapter 1, 2 )58Research Hotspotn真實(shí)感顯示Realistic Displayn變形技術(shù) Morphing Technologyn數(shù)字城市 Digital Cityn識(shí)別技術(shù) Recognize Technologyn基于圖像的建模 Image Based Modelingn自然對(duì)象的建模 Nature Objects Modelingn離散數(shù)據(jù)建模 D

16、iscrete Data Modelingn網(wǎng)絡(luò)漫游 Web 3Dn 59606162研究熱點(diǎn)motion capture63研究熱點(diǎn)image-based tree modeling64研究熱點(diǎn)Non-Photorealistic RenderingComputer Graphics Development66歷史追溯 - 1950sn1946年，第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)的問(wèn)世推動(dòng)了許多學(xué)科的發(fā)展和新學(xué)科的建立，其中就包括現(xiàn)代圖形學(xué)技術(shù)。n1950年，MIT，旋風(fēng)一號(hào)（Whirlwind） 計(jì)算機(jī)的圖形顯示器，類似于示波器的CRT來(lái)顯示簡(jiǎn)單圖形。nCRT的出現(xiàn)為計(jì)算機(jī)生成和顯示圖形提供了可能的出現(xiàn)為

17、計(jì)算機(jī)生成和顯示圖形提供了可能67歷史追溯 - 1950sn1959年，美國(guó)Calcomp公司研制出的世界上第一臺(tái)滾筒式繪圖機(jī)滾筒式繪圖機(jī)，使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助繪圖儀計(jì)算機(jī)輔助繪圖儀開始代替人工繪圖。n20世紀(jì)50年代末期，美國(guó)MIT林肯實(shí)驗(yàn)室，在Whirlwind上開發(fā)SAGE空中防御系統(tǒng)空中防御系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)光筆在屏幕上指點(diǎn)與系統(tǒng)交互。n標(biāo)志著交互式圖形技術(shù)的誕生標(biāo)志著交互式圖形技術(shù)的誕生68歷史追溯 - 1960sn1962年，MIT林肯室驗(yàn)室，Ivan E. Sutherland 在其博士論文Sketchpad：一個(gè)人機(jī)通信的圖形系統(tǒng)中n提出了基本交互技術(shù)、圖元分層表示概念及數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)等。n首次使用

18、了“Computer Graphics”這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。n這些基本理論和技術(shù)至今仍是現(xiàn)代圖形技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)Sketchpad in 1963. Note the use of a CRT monitor, light pen and function-key pane.60年代確立年代確立并得到發(fā)展并得到發(fā)展69歷史追溯 - 1960snSpaceWar: Steve Russell (MIT) designed the first video-game on a DEC PDP-11. (1961)nFirst animation shorts to simulate physical effects

19、 (gravity, movement, etc.) (1963)nFirst algorithm of hidden surfaces. by Catmull et al. at the Utah University. The same team began to have interest in surface shading using color. (At the end of 60s)60年代確立年代確立并得到發(fā)展并得到發(fā)展70歷史追溯 - 1970snIntroduction of computer graphics in televisionnGouraud presented

20、 his famous polygonal surface smoothing method. (1971)nMicroprocessor on the market (1971)nFirst uses of CG (Computer Graphics) in movies. 70年代進(jìn)入年代進(jìn)入技術(shù)實(shí)用化技術(shù)實(shí)用化71歷史追溯 - 1970snNewell at the University of Utah create the famous teapot, a classical benchmark for visualization algorithms.nTexturing and Z

21、-Buffer: Catmulls thesis in 1974.nPhong developed his polygonal surface smoothing method (1974).n1975 Baum and Wozniak founded Apple in a garage.nGates founded Microsoft (1975).72歷史追溯 - 1980snSIGGRAPH is the most important event in this field.nWhitted published an article about ray tracing technique

22、 (1980)nCarpenter, at Lucasfilm, developed the first rendering engine: REYES, the Renderman precursor.(1981)nTRON film by Lisberger and Kushner at Disney (beginning of the 80s)nMassive sales of graphics terminals: IBM, Tektronix.nThe first ISO and ANSI standard for graphics libraries: GKS.nIBM creat

23、ed the Personal Computer PC.73歷史追溯 - 1990s 現(xiàn)在nOperative system based on windows for PC (Windows 3.0 at 1990).n3D-Studio from Autodesk (1990).nMassive use of computers to produce special effects: Terminator 2 (1991), Disney-Pixar (Toy Story, Bugs, Monsters, inc.), Forrest Gump, Jurassic Park, Lord of

24、 the Rings, Starwars ep. I, II and III etc.nInternet success and 2D and 3D applications for the web.n3D graphics cards for PC (Voodoo, Nvidia Gforce etc.).nUnstoppable 3D games evolution.nVirtual Reality. A reality.nNowadays: a must for any application.74圖形軟件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Graphics Software Standard nWHY？n與設(shè)備無(wú)關(guān)的

25、程序可移植性nGKS(Graphics Kernel System)n1st GSS accepted by ISO & ANSInPHIGS(Programmers Herarchical Interactive Graphics System)n2nd GSS accepted by ISO & ANSInOpenGL(Open Graphics Library)nDeveloped by SGI, independent with platformnDirectXnDeveloped by Microsoft, independent with windows75Hard

26、wares developmentnMonitornInput devicenOutput device76CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)nThe beam emits electrons (cathode).nRay intensity is controlled by the grid.nThe focus forces the electrons towards a convergence path.nDeflectors force the ray to point at a specific screen point.nThe ray stuns over the ph

27、osphor. Phosphor emits lights.nPhosphor emission declines very fast (refreshment required)Figure 2-4 Electrostatic deflection of the electron beam in a CRT77Raster-scan display7879Trackball, Joystick, Touch Pad80Touch screen81Computers with pen82Scanners and Cameras83Haptic devices84Virtual Reality85Brief SummarynConcepts and Research ContentsnApplications and Research HotspotsnBitmap and VectorgraphnGraphics and ImageWhat can we do?86Any Question? 88AssignmentsnReading booksnReview C/C+ programming languagenTalk about some graphic applications in your daily life4. 圖形程序開發(fā)90OpenGLnht