學術英語寫作English Academic Writing分享資料

1、1English Academic Writing英語學術論文寫作/學術英語寫作2Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 Researching the TopicChapter 3 Data Collection and EvaluationChapter 4 Writing StyleChapter 5 Paper WritingChapter 6 AbstractChapter 7 International ConferenceChapter 8 Letters for Different Academic Purposes3 Chapter 1 Introdu

2、ction1.1 Definition of Academic Writing- to summarize or synthesize information and ideas gathered from research- to explain, compare and contrast, evaluate, or analyze concepts, events, and phenomenon- to argue for or against a position in an ongoing debate41.2 Characteristics of Good Academic Writ

3、ingFor all writings:- Unity: a harmonious whole- Coherence: well connected, logical relations- Emphasis: stress to important ideas- Development: elaboration and expansion- Clarity: precise, concise, lucid5For Academic Writing:- It is based on extensive research of proved facts and authoritative test

4、imony. first-hand experiments field research library research- The authors voice tends to be objective and neutral. unemotional- The style tends to be formal. academic periodicals, accurate information6- Appropriate diction. colloquialisms and slang expressions be avoided, technical terms, abbreviat

5、ion- Syntactical level. long complex sentence, simple-present tense, passive voice, non-finite verbs (participles, infinitives, gerunds)- Neat appearance and format.71.3 Differences between the papers published inside and outside China1.3.1 Papers published in ChinaChinese and English titles,Chinese

6、 and English abstract,Chinese and English keywords,The body,References,Appendix,Information about the author81.3.2 Papers published outside ChinaTitle,Abstract,Introduction,The body,Conclusions and recommendations,Acknowledgement,References,Appendix91.4 Procedures of Academic WritingStep 1: Choice o

7、f Topic Choose a general topic Write a rough proposal Limit the topic to a plausible oneStep 2: Collection and Evaluation of Data Collect books, journals and research articles Evaluate data collected Photocopy data Prepare note and bibliography cards10Step 3: Development of Outline Decide on organiz

8、ation of paper Arrange notes by subheadings Develop paper outlineStep 4: Writing Study and follow outline for first draft Make adjustments as neededStep 5: Revision, Editing and References Revise content and organization Adjust style and tone11 Correct diction, spelling, grammar, punctuation as nece

9、ssary Document all the sources quotedStep 6: Preparation of Abstract Observe abstract word limit Ensure accuracy, brevity and clarityStep 7: Preparation of Final Details Assemble all parts Make final revision Prepare References section Write acknowledgements12Chapter 2 Researching the Topic2.1 Princ

10、iples of Title Selection- Value Principle- Scientific Principle- Innovative Principle- Feasibility Principle2.2 Methods for Choosing a Title- Consult your professor or an expert-Participate in academic conferences and academic lectures13- Select from puzzling problems- Read books and newspapers- Cho

11、ose from your own interests- Literature review2.3 Ways to Narrow Down TitlesExample:LiteratureLiterary CriticismLiterary Criticism at CambridgeThe Tradition and Development of Literary Criticism at Cambridge14Exercise:Humanities2.4 Formats for TitleExamples:1) OSCILLATIONS IN GRANULAR DYNAMICS2) Str

12、uctural Analyses Based on a Point Charge Model3) Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of nebramycin within 15 words4) Coronary Artery Disease: Diet and patient Health152.5 Tables and Figures2.5.1 Tables- A table should be self-contained.- A table is usually placed in a position near its relevant descr

13、iption.- Provide each table with a number (eg: Table1, Table2, etc.) and a title.- The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate.- Sometimes a note is added at the bottom of the table.16Example: Table 2-6 Correlation between variables1234567Gender.Age.Urgency.Sensation.Commissions .PI in

14、dex.*Note: .172.5.2 Figures Graphs - can be used to compare two variables Drawings and Photographs- to illustrate organisms, experimental apparatus, models of structures, etc. Types of figuresLine chartsBar charts3) Pie charts182.6 Cause and Effect2.6.1 Cause-Effect ParagraphDev

15、elopment Pattern: Effect 1Cause Effect 2 Effect 3 2.6.2 Effect-Cause Paragraph19Development Pattern: Cause 1Effect Cause 2 Cause 320Exercise1: Analyze the structure of this paragraph and try to determine the effect and its causes. Then find the linking words in the paragraph. The role of women in to

16、days society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role mode

17、ls for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.21Exercise 2: Combine the following two sentences expressing the cause-and-effect relationship.He escaped from his orphanage. He was distressed by the brutal c

18、onditions there.2) He had a rough life in Moscow. He had no family to turn to.3) He was not easily to be captured. He had learned not to trust adults.22Chapter 3 Data Collection and Evaluation3.1 Principles of Data Collection and selection3.1.1 Centered around the theme3.1.2 True and verifiable（可證實的

19、)3.1.3 Typical3.1.4 Novel 233.2 Developing an Outline3.2.1 Two Main Components for Effective Outlines ParallelismExample: Choose Desired Colleges Prepare Application Compile Resume Subordination24Example: Describe an influential person in your life A. Favorite high school teacher B. G

20、randparent253.3 Types of Outlines3.3.1 Alphanumeric（由字母數(shù)字組成的） Outlines- Roman Numerals - Capitalized Letters - Arabic Numerals - Small Letters - Arabic Numerals within Brackets - Small Letters within Brackets26Example: The College Application ProcessI. Choose Desired Colleges A. Visit and evaluate c

21、ollege campuses B. Visit and evaluate college websites 1. look for interesting classes 2. Note important statistics a. Student/faculty ratio b. Retention rateII. Prepare Application A. Write Personal Statement 1. Choose interesting topic27 a. Describe an influential person in your life (1) Favorite

22、high school teacher (2) Grandparent 2. Include important personal details a. Volunteer work b. Participation in varsity sports B. Revise personal statementIII. Compile resume A. List relevant coursework B. List work experience C. list volunteer experience 1. tutor at foreign language summer camp 2.

23、counselor for suicide prevention hotline283.3.2 Full Sentence OutlinesExample:I. Man-made pollution is the primary cause of global warming. A. Greenhouse gas emissions are widely identified as harmful by the scientific community. 1. The burning of coal and fossil fuels are the primary releasers of h

24、azardous greenhouse gases.293.3.3 Decimal （十進位的；小數(shù)的）OutlinesExample:Choose Desired College 1.1 Visit and evaluate college campuses 1.2 Visit and evaluate college websites 1.2.1 Look for interesting classes 1.2.2 Note important statistics30Exercise:Suppose you have chosen a topic and found enough dat

25、a to write your paper, now write an outline for your paper.313.4 Comparison and ContrastTwo Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast- Subject-by-subject- Point-by-point32Example:Subjects Points of C&C1. Prof. Simmons a. classroom instruction b. homework c. exam d. grading2. Prof. Wu a. classr

26、oom instruction b. homework c. exam d. grading33Points of C&C Subjectsa. classroom instruction 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wub. homework 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wuc. exam 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wud. grading 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wu 34Exercise:- Pros and cons of globalization- Positive and

27、 negative aspects of living in a large city35 Chapter 4 Writing Style4.1 Citation4.1.1 In-Text Citation One author Enzymes are inhibited by cyanide (Grubb, 1977). Because enzymes are inhibited by cyanide (Grubb 1977), I expect to find(2) Grubb (1977) found that cyanide inhibits enzymes. Becau

28、se Grubb (1977) found that cyanide inhibits enzymes36 (3) As early as 1977, Grubb observed the inhibitory effect of cyanide on enzyme action. More than one study (1) Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action (Grubb, 1977; Smith, 1980; Taylor, 1983) More than three authors (1) Cya

29、nide has been found to inhibit enzyme action ( Grubb et al., 1985). Some journals just cite the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space.37 (1) Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segregate granular composites 3,7,12,16,19. Alongside mixing and se

30、gregation of granular materials4.2 References4.2.1 APA (American Psychological Association) style: social sciences Print Sources:- Book by one author: #Sheril, R.D.(1956). The terrifying future: contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.38- Book by two authors or more: #Rubin, J., & Th

31、ompson, I. (1994). How to be a more successful language teacher. 2nd ed. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.- Article in a journal: #Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: Gods long-awaited gift to colorful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34-37.Electronic sources:- Article in an online journal: #Blofeld,

32、E.S. (1994, March1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http:/journals.f+/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html- Book on CD: #Nix, G.(2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr 【CD】. New York: Random House/Lis

33、tening library.39- Movie: #Gilby, A. (Producer), & Schlesinger, J. (Director). (1995). Cold comfort farm 【Motion picture】. Universal city, CA: MCA Universal Home Video.4.2.2 MLA (Modern Language Association) style: liberal arts and humanitiesPrint Sources:- Book by one author:#Bambrough, Renford

34、. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963. 40- Book by two or three authors:#Atwan, Robert, donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frifidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. - Book by four or more authors:#Belenky, Mary Field, et al.

35、 Womens Ways of Knowing: the Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986.- Article in a journal:#Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): 645-52.41Electronic sources:- Article in an online journal:#Rogers, Michael. “The Practical Futurist

36、: The Secret of Online Romance.” Newsweek Newsweek Web Exclusive (October, 2002). 28 Dec., 2002http:/nl. Newsbank. Com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=list&p_topdoc=11-CD-ROM:#”Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.424.2.3 ACS (American Chemical Societ

37、y) style; CBE (Council of Biology Editors) style, etc: natural sciencesACS style:- Book:#Anastas, P.T.; Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and practice; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998.- Online Journal:#Borman, S. Sucrose Synthesis Sets A Record. Chem. Eng. News 【Online】1990, 78,52.43However

38、, not all journals are in strict compliance with the style guides. Eg: Nature, Science#British journal Nature:1.Nagy, L. & Schwabe, J.W. Mechanism of the nuclear receptor molecular switch. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 317324(2004).2.Sonoda, J., Pei, L. & Evans, R.M. Nuclear receptors: decoding m

39、etabolic disease. FEBS lett. 582, 29 (2008).3.Raghuram, S. et al. Identification of heme as the ligand for the orphan nuclear receptors REV-ERBa and REV-ERBb. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 1207 1213(2007).4.Yin, L. et al. Rev-erba, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways. Sci

40、ence 318, 1786 1789(2007).444.2.4 中文參考文獻格式（也可參考中文權威學術期刊格式要中文參考文獻格式（也可參考中文權威學術期刊格式要求）：求）：-專著、編著、譯著等：#杜維明.東亞價值與多元現(xiàn)代性【M】. 北京: 中國社會科學出版社,2001#申丹.文學文體學與小說翻譯【M】. 北京:北京大學出版社,1995-期刊文章:#程愛民.原型批評的整體性文化批評傾向【J】.外國文學,2000(5): 67-74-報紙文章:#馮憲光.借鑒與重構:西方馬克思主義文學批評在中國【N】.文藝報,1999/11/23(3)45Exercise: Document the foll

41、owing sources in the APA style using the information below.1.In 1982 an article called “Hearers and Speech Acts” was written for volume 58 of the journal named language. It was on pages 332-373 and the authors were Herbert H. Clark and Thomas H. Carlson.2.Rachel Carson wrote a book called Silent Spr

42、ing in 1962. it was published in Boston by Houghton Mifflin.464.3 Language Style:Features:-Formal-Objective-Concise-Varied4.3.1 Formality-Avoid slang and too casual language: eg. “Cool”, “pretty awful”.-Use full forms of words rather than abbreviations, eg. “does not, should have, it is” rather than

43、 “doesnt, shouldve, its”.47-Use single verbs rather than phrasal verbs, eg. “investigate” rather than “l(fā)ook into”.-Use powerful reporting words: eg. Support, claim, suggest, recommend, etc.-Use complex rather than simple sentences, and long rather than short paragraphs.48Exercise: Rewrite the follow

44、ing sentences in more formal academic English:1.You can understand something better if it is repeated.2.Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned.3.Did you know that spoken and written language are very different?494.3.2 Objectivity-Use impersonal expressions and the passiv

45、e voice, eg: It can be concluded that, It has been claimed that-Use third person pronouns, avoid the first person “I, we” or second person “you”.-Avoid words that have emotional or attitudinal connotations. 50Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences in more objective, academic English.1.I think tha

46、t all guns should be banned.2.I observed 43 students of a third-grade class at Barksdale School for two weeks.3.The doctor prepared his necessary surgical equipment.514.3.3 Conciseness-Be precise and specific.-Reduce unnecessary words.Wordy (Redundant)Concisein recent yearsrecentlywith a high degree

47、 of certaintycertainat this moment in timeCurrently, nowfew in numberfew524.3.4 Variety-Use a variety of words and sentence structures.Exercise: Correct the following sentences to make them more academic.1.The university is asking for more money.2.Is it really true that the Great Wall of China is vi

48、sible from space?3.Some commentators say that students lack creativity. They also lack imagination.4.According to Wong(2003, p.41), he says that the information is inaccurate.53Exercise: Change the following spoken text into a written text. Spoken text Nowadays companies are finding that they have t

49、o change the way they do things and theyre finding that human resources planning is really helpful when they have to do this. One reason why its helpful is because it can help the companies work out what the issues are and then, when youve done that, it can help you make up your mind what youre goin

50、g to do about it. Basically, human resource planning is what you do when youre going through54Written text As companies experience the need for change, they often apply human resource planning to define the relevant issues and develop responses to them. Broadly defined, human resource planning is th

51、e process of analyzing an organizations human resources needs under changing conditions and developing the activities necessary to satisfy those needs.55Chapter 5 Paper Writing-Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion-Conclusions and Recommendations-Acknowledgement565.1 Introduction- a descriptio

52、n of the nature of the problem and current state of knowledge or understanding at the beginning of the investigation (background);- a statement of the purpose and scope;- hypothesis and prediction.- the past or present tense, never the future tenseEg:#This study investigates the relationship between

53、 tree density and fruit size.#The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of 575.2 Research Methods5.2.1- qualitative: in liberal arts and social sciences observation, sound recordings, questionnaires, interviews, etc.- quantitative: in science pre-experimental research, experimental resear

54、ch.- descriptive: in liberal arts and social sciences between the qualitative and quantitative research methods. case study, group study, survey, development research, etc.585.2.2contains:-research methods and their reasons-subjects and sample selection-instruments -data collection methods and analy

55、sis methodsfunction: to describe all experimental procedures, including controls.59Notice:-Experimental procedures and results are narrated in the past tense; conclusions from results are given in the present tense.-Experimental papers should address the materials, laboratory equipments, experimenta

56、l processes.605.3 Results and Discussion5.3.1 Results-The function is to summarize general trends in the data without comment, bias, or interpretation;-Data may be presented in figures and tables, but this may not substitute for a verbal summary of the findings.5.3.2 DiscussionContain:-the relations

57、hip between the results and the original hypothesis, i.e., whether they support the hypothesis;61-an integration of your results with those of the previous studies in order to arrive at explanations for the observed phenomena;-possible explanations for unexpected results and observations;-end the di

58、scussion with a summary of the principle points you want the reader to remember.625.4 Conclusions and Recommendations-The conclusion is a highly condensed summary of the paper, not a simple list of the research results, but rather reasonable inferences. It tests the authors comprehensive ability, th

59、eoretical skills and logical thinking ability.-Recommendations often discuss the subject of further study, research programs, future prospects and directions.-Conclusions are useful insights drawn from the study; recommendations are further research projects based on the study.63Eg:In conclusion, th

60、e result shows thatTo sum up, we have revealed thatFinally, a summary is given ofIn this paper, we have described/discussed/found that645.5 Acknowledgement-an optional item in the paper-If the author has received help from someone else in the course of the study, he/she should acknowledge this.-should be short and sincere. Usually only a