大學(xué)英語語法專項講座

1、Introduction 關(guān)于語法學(xué)習(xí)的幾個誤區(qū) (Misunderstandings about what grammar is) 學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的目的 大學(xué)英語語法學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該達到什么程度? (How well should grammar be learned?) 學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的范圍 如何學(xué)習(xí)大學(xué)英語語法? (How is grammar learned?) 學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的方法大學(xué)生英語語法學(xué)習(xí)中的常見誤區(qū)(1) 第一，把某一技能的學(xué)習(xí)變成單一的看待。 語法學(xué)習(xí)不是孤立的，不應(yīng)該跟聽說讀寫譯(receptively and productively)等其他技能分離開來。語法與聽說Now let

2、s learn grammar happily!語法與讀寫 作文題 You have to write a story for your English teacher. Your story must have this title: Winning the Prize語法與讀寫這幾篇都是華僑大學(xué)大一學(xué)生的原版作文，雖然很有想象力,卻也有很多語法錯誤: One day, when I wander in the street without any goals, suddenly, I was taken roughly to a car, and then the strangers ca

3、ught me, and let my eyes hidden under a black mask so that I couldnt see anything. Some minutes later, I was aware that we go into a dark and cool room! And I heard some words of them: “Boss, we succeed, son of Bill Gates has been catched by us, ”. “Well done, we can have a large sum of money.” In t

4、he moment, I felt I was full of energy just like superman, then I beat them and took them to the police station. As a result, the government gave me New York as a prize! 語法與讀寫One day, a lion named Jack was sleeping beside a tall tree. Just then, Jim, a cat, walk towards the lion, woke him up with a

5、light pat and said: “Why dont we have a game?” “Uh, thats a great idea. But what can I benefit from it?” “A delicious meal.” “OK.” Nodded the lion. Jack stand up and walk towards the forest. They then saw a crowd of pigs playing together. The cat whispered: “Go and see who will be the first one to c

6、atch them.” Jack rushed out at once and catch a small unlucky pig. “Ha Ha, I win the game!” “Dont be so eager. Now lets see who can climb the tree with that meat.” With those words, the cat grabbed the meat and climbed to the top. The lion struggled to climb the tree but he failed. “We have a tie, J

7、im. And whats the next?” “Ha ha, the next stage is who can enjoy the meat as quickly as possible!” laughed Jim. 語法與讀寫One day, a teacher call us to have a exam in order to look our English level. The exam is difficult, especailly the last one. The problem is let us write a story for your English teac

8、her, but I dont know how to write. When I see the classmates have finished. I was nervous. At that moment, I think a ideal (idea), too. I write a good compitition (composition) to my English teacher. 語法與翻譯 Im going to be working all day tomorrow. 看樣子明天我要工作一整天了 I will/shall work all day tomorrow. 我打算

9、明天工作一整天 Im about to work all day. 我就要開始這整整一天的工作了 (能看到,聽到或感覺到立刻發(fā)生的事) the boiling water the boiled water the boiled sweet語法與翻譯 He was killed by a heavy stone. 他被一塊大石頭砸死了. He was killed with a heavy stone. 他被人用一塊大石頭砸死了.大學(xué)生英語語法學(xué)習(xí)中的常見誤區(qū)(2) 第二，把知識等同于技能。 語法學(xué)習(xí)不僅是簡單的知識學(xué)習(xí)，也是一項技能。要學(xué)會一項技能，核心問題是練。即“做中得學(xué)”，把知識變成技能

10、。 第三，把語言學(xué)習(xí)看作是針對各類考試的訓(xùn)練。 第四，速成心理。學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的目的 To gain a balanced view of grammar study, recognize the importance of accuracy in language use. 正確對待語法學(xué)習(xí),認識到準確使用語言的重要性. To acquire both knowledge of grammatical forms and skill in using the forms. 掌握不同的語法形式以及使用這些形式的技巧. To gain both receptive control and prod

11、uctive command of structures. 能夠接受和理解一定的語言規(guī)則,并運用這些語言規(guī)則去遣詞造句. 彌補氛圍難以在短期內(nèi)培養(yǎng)一定語感的缺憾，比較經(jīng)濟地獲得英語整體的語感。學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的范圍 學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的范圍，指的是學(xué)習(xí)英語語法需掌握的內(nèi)容程度。 求得對英語的整體感覺非常重要 。面不宜太寬，點不宜太深 ，但是要明確各類實用語法的基本脈絡(luò)。學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的方法 沒有包治百病的醫(yī)生，要選擇好學(xué)習(xí)材料和學(xué)習(xí)方法。 語言是規(guī)律和例外的組合。 對語言的分析能力，實際上是以對語言的整體語感為基礎(chǔ)的，更是以對語言完整的整體語感為目的的。 要借助對母語的了解，琢磨漢語和英語的異同之處，轉(zhuǎn)而

12、進行兩種語言之間的由此及彼。 克服惰性心理和依賴心理。注意自學(xué)過程中的積累。 科學(xué)選擇和使用工具書。 加強自主學(xué)習(xí)：學(xué)生不是消極被動接受知識的容器，變“要我學(xué)”為“我要學(xué)”。 學(xué)習(xí)英語語法的方法注意的幾個問題注意的幾個問題 看懂不代表學(xué)會 學(xué)會不代表用對 避免粗心大意 避免眼高手低 避免不求甚解看類似的情況: Im thank you all the same.(畫蛇添足) Please sent it to me. I must to learn the book.不要眼高手低 I was at the point of telephoning him when his letter arr

13、ived. A: We are requiring extra help. Can you give us a hand? B: Sorry, I only do what is required for me. 不要眼高手低The most substances expand in volume when they are heated. To the finalists, Bob and I, the last high jump was the most difficult. 對決賽選手我和鮑伯來說，最后的跳高項目是最為艱難的。不要眼高手低1.on the point of doing

14、是固定詞組，意思是“正要、打算” 2. Require不用于進行時態(tài); 要求某人做某事是 “require sth. of sb.”3.most只有在表示形容詞最高級作定語時需加定冠詞，表示“大多數(shù)”沒必要加the. 4.應(yīng)把Bob and I改為Bob and me, 因為它們是the finalists的同位語，都作介詞to的賓語。不要眼高手低The clerk told his friend that in spite of his inefficiency his boss was always referring to his lack of qualifications. He w

15、ondered why he had been appointed. The clerk told his friend that his boss was always referring to his lack of qualifications, though the boss himself was inefficient. He wondered why the boss bad been appointed. His father hit him in his face. (the)When I walk in the street, I always take my mother

16、 by her arm. (the)1. Her mother helped her solve the problem.2. After she entered the room, Mary flung herself to the bed. 3. He bought pens, notebooks and such. 他買了鋼筆、筆記本等等。4. His parents believed that he was a clever boy, but he wasnt such in fact. 他的父母相信他是個聰明的孩子，但事實上他并非如此。5. I have that which you

17、 gave me. 我有你給我的那個。6. Virtue and vice are before you, this (= the latter) leads to misery, and that (= the former) to peace. 善與惡在你前面，后者導(dǎo)致不幸，前者帶來平安。 1句中helped之后若用herself則指的是her mother, 語義不同 2句中she指代的是主句中的Mary在主從句中，或有分詞狀語的句子中，代詞所代替的對象有可能在其后出現(xiàn), 要準確識別 3.4句中指示代詞such具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。5 句中that

18、指物的單數(shù)形式6句為省略避免不求甚解例:1. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.2.One and a half apples is left on the plate. One and a half tons of rice are sold. One and a half hours are allowed for exam.3. The dog runs at me. The dog runs to me.4.介詞 with, by, inThe workers are paving a road with stone. 工人們正用石子鋪

19、路。(有形) Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy is a good opera. 是-出好戲。(無形) The length is measured in meter. This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 這個牌匾是銅鑄的，不是金鑄的有形with無形by，語言 、單位、材料ina prisoner in/with irons 戴/帶/拿著鐐銬的囚犯in rags衣衫襤褸in/with fear 恐懼恐懼(程度程度,狀態(tài)不同狀態(tài)不同)又如又如on the field 與與in the field When the

20、y leave home, they dont know what to do_themselves. 在沒有上下文的單句中，介詞for, with, by都是可以填的。意思分別是：離開家之后，他們不知道能為自己做些什么。離開家之后，他們不知道自己能做些什么 例：1995年6月四級第53題 The survival of civilization as we know is threat.A) within B) under C) towards D) upon 全句意思是：“當(dāng)今人類文明的生存正在受到威脅”。在4個選項中，只有B) under表示“在情況下”或“遭到”。is under th

21、reat相當(dāng)于is experiencing threat所以答案是B) within的意思是“在里面、在以內(nèi)”。towards的意思是“向、對”。upon可以表示“在后立即”，但是不能與threat搭配表示“遭到”之意。 1997年1月四級第48題 _ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world. A) On B) By C) At D) Of 答案是C) At。介詞短語at one time的意思是“曾經(jīng)、一度”。其它的選項都不能與one time構(gòu)成短語。 介詞 +

22、反身代詞 1. above oneself 妄自尊大（多與get連用） 2. among oneselves 相互間，共同3. below oneself 情緒沮喪 4. beside oneself 非常激動，控制不住自己5. between ourselves 只限于我們知道而不外傳，私下說（主語一般為第一人稱單數(shù)） 6. for oneself 為自己；親自；獨自（此義有時可與by oneself換用） 介詞 + 反身代詞7) in oneself 本身，內(nèi)心中，本質(zhì)上Australia is a continent in itself. 澳大利亞本身就是一個大陸。 8)of onese

23、lf 自行，自動地（不受外界干擾） He had not even thought of saying this, but it was suddenly said of itself. 突然脫口說了出來。9）on/upon oneself 負責(zé)，代行其職（多與take連用） You should not have taken it upon yourself to accept the invitation for the whole family. 你不該代表全家接受邀請。10）to oneself 暗中；單獨，獨自享用 Bill laughed to himself when John

24、fell down. 暗暗發(fā)笑。When one dines in a restaurant one likes a table to oneself. 獨占一張桌子。The teacher left Mary to herself to solve the problem. 避免不求甚解-例5代詞 人稱代詞并列時，出于禮貌，通常第二人稱居前，第三人稱居中，第一人稱在后。 You, Mary and I have already known about it. 但在下列情況下，說話人一般把自己放在他人之前講。1.1.表示承認錯誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任，檢討工作時。 It was I and John th

25、at broke the window. I and he are to blame. 2. 代表國家或家庭時，突出元首或家長地位。 I and all the ministers warmly welcome Your Highness. 我和全體大臣熱烈歡迎殿下。避免不求甚解-例5代詞3. 回憶往事，由自己聯(lián)想到別人時。 Remember the time I and you drove into my hometown. 你當(dāng)然還記得我跟你一同驅(qū)車進入我的故鄉(xiāng)的情景吧。4. 別人與自己關(guān)系親密時。 Play snooker together every Wednesday, I and

26、George. 我和喬治每周三都在一塊玩彩色臺球。避免不求甚解-例5代詞each 和every 的用法each用來強調(diào)兩個或兩個以上的人或事物中的每一個都各有自己的特用來強調(diào)兩個或兩個以上的人或事物中的每一個都各有自己的特點，意為點，意為“各自，每人各自，每人”，即可作定語，也可作主語、賓語、同，即可作定語，也可作主語、賓語、同位語。位語。every只用于三個或三個以上的人或物，意為只用于三個或三個以上的人或物，意為“任何一個任何一個”，只能作定語。都作只能作定語。都作“每一個每一個”解時，解時，each強調(diào)個體，強調(diào)個體，every強調(diào)整強調(diào)整體；體；each可跟可跟of短語，短語，ever

27、y只能作定語。只能作定語。I have read every book he lent me. 我讀完了他借給我的所有的書。我讀完了他借給我的所有的書。 Each of us has strong and weak points. 我們每個人都有優(yōu)缺點。我們每個人都有優(yōu)缺點。 Each has his own task. 每個人都有自己的工作。每個人都有自己的工作。 They each have different opinions about it. 他們對那事各有不同的看法。他們對那事各有不同的看法。避免不求甚解-例5代詞everyone 和every one的用法every one即可指

28、人也可指物，可跟即可指人也可指物，可跟of短語。短語。everyone與與everybody同義，只能指人，不可跟同義，只能指人，不可跟of短語。短語。Every one of us has to attend the meeting. 我們所有人都得參加那個會。Everyone over eighteen has a vote. 每個18歲以上的人都有選舉權(quán)。 避免不求甚解例6none指代可數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 None of these electronic devices have/has ever been used.none other than 不外乎是，正是，

29、就是The man was none other than my husband. 那人（不是別人）正是我的丈夫。none + the + 形容詞比較級 仍然，依然For all his years, he is none the less vigorous and active. 他雖然年老，但仍然生氣勃勃，精力旺盛。none but 只有None but the aged and the sick stayed at home. 只有年老和生病的人留在家里。 內(nèi)容: 動詞的時態(tài)(Tense) 動詞的語態(tài)(Voice) 虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood) 非謂語動詞(動名詞Geru

30、nd,不定式infinitive,分詞Participles) 主謂一致Tense The simple present; the present progressive; The simple past; the past progressive The present perfect; the present perfect progressive The past perfect; the past perfect progressive The simple future; the future progressive The future perfect; the future pe

31、rfect progressive The past future簡單/一般現(xiàn)在時 一般用法一般用法: :表經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣做的事表經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣做的事; ;長期或固定的狀態(tài)長期或固定的狀態(tài); ; 按按常理應(yīng)存在或現(xiàn)在仍然存在的情況常理應(yīng)存在或現(xiàn)在仍然存在的情況; ;討論書本電影的內(nèi)討論書本電影的內(nèi)容容; ;講故事講故事, ,做說明做說明, ,或現(xiàn)場報道或現(xiàn)場報道. . 特殊: 1. 在here comes, there goes結(jié)構(gòu)中現(xiàn)在時表 將來:Look, here comes your sister! There goes the last bus. 2.客觀真理I learned in my

32、primary school that the Earth goes around the Sun.現(xiàn)在進行時 一般用法:說話時正進行的動作,近期發(fā)展趨勢或正進行的變化,剛發(fā)生的暫時的非永久性的習(xí)慣動作 特殊特殊: : 1. 1.表將來表將來, ,計劃安排好要做的事計劃安排好要做的事( (靜態(tài)動詞不用進行靜態(tài)動詞不用進行時時) )Im leaving at noon tomorrow.2.與頻度副詞always, constantly, continually, forever等連用,表令人不滿或煩惱的事.在這個意義上,靜態(tài)動詞也可有現(xiàn)在進行時.Its always raining. You

33、are always seeing something strange.Im continually forgetting peoples names.現(xiàn)在進行時3. 有些動詞既有靜態(tài)意義又有非靜態(tài)意義,用作后者時可用現(xiàn)在進行時.l You appear to have made a mistake.l She is appearing in a new play.l I have a new car.1) Im having some problems.現(xiàn)在進行時4. be及個別靜態(tài)動詞有時也用現(xiàn)在進行時表一時的情況.Dont talk rot. Im being serious.別胡扯了,

34、我是說正經(jīng)的.Hes being silly.他這是一時犯傻.Are you forgetting your manners?你是不是沒有禮貌了?一般過去時和過去進行時1.used to表過去經(jīng)常,但would也有這樣的用法,也可以表過去經(jīng)常或重復(fù)發(fā)生的情況. We used to/ would take the train to work every morning. 2. 過去進行時只表示短暫的動作或情況,如果是談?wù)撻L久的情況,用簡單過去時. It happened while I was living in Paris. 這事發(fā)生時,我正住在巴黎. He lived in Paris d

35、uring his last years. 他晚年住在巴黎.現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時 為強調(diào)不久前剛發(fā)生的事情持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可用現(xiàn)在完成進行時.現(xiàn)在完成進行時通常用來表示短暫的動作或情況.談到長久的情況時,一般用現(xiàn)在完成時就可以了. They have been waiting outside for two hours. National productivity has been declining. I have been working hard all day.過去完成時和過去完成進行時1.如果兩件事情或兩個動作緊連著, 前一個動作可以不必用過去完成時. She stopped ta

36、lking when she saw me. 她看見我就不說話了.2.過去完成時只有在敘述過去的事情中,需要追述到更早的一件事的時候才使用.如果按時間順序敘述一串事實,不必用過去完成時.He said something rude , and I was very upset about it.3.過去完成進行時用于強調(diào)過去特定時間之前發(fā)生的事情存在了一段時間或一直持續(xù)著.也可表示較先發(fā)生的一個持續(xù)動作. I had been expecting some change. Her eyes were red because she had been crying.簡單將來時和將來進行時1.1.簡單將來時表預(yù)測或打算.2.將來進行時表已決定的,肯定會發(fā)生的事,常與表將來時間的狀語連用.強調(diào)某事將來正在進行或表未來某種暫時性的安排.其疑問句是在提出請求時探問對方是否方便. Dont call me after 7, because I will be studying at the library. Will you be using the car tomorrow?3.如果是指不確定的時間,將來進行時與簡單將來時沒有多大差別.Dont get impatient. She will