高考英語一詞多義、熟詞僻義

1、2021/3/91最熟悉的最熟悉的“陌生人陌生人”高考英語一詞多義、熟詞僻義高考英語一詞多義、熟詞僻義 廈門雙十中學(xué)廈門雙十中學(xué) 王慶華王慶華 2017-12-082021/3/92 play avenue2021/3/93 閱讀之本閱讀之本 完形之根完形之根 寫作之魂寫作之魂詞詞 匯匯 Wilkinson (1972) once said: Without grammar, very little can be conveyed; Without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.2021/3/94詞匯應(yīng)掌握的度詞匯應(yīng)掌握的度?音音pronunciatio

2、n形形spelling義義meaning性性part of speech用用usagepolysemy2021/3/95 音、形、義、性、用 如：appreciate音： 英 priet 美 priet形 ：appreciate義: 鑒賞；感激性：動(dòng)詞 appreciation 名詞用：后面接代詞、名詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語,即 appreciate sth., appreciate doing sth. I would appreciate it if 如果，我將不勝感激。 2021/3/96back bk名詞：名詞： 1. 背部；背 2. 后部、后面；末尾 3. 脊柱；脊梁骨 4. （椅

3、子等的）靠背 5. （書等的）最后幾頁、末尾形容詞：形容詞：1. 背后的；后面的 2. 過去的；舊時(shí)的a back number of the magazine 一份過期雜志3. 到期未付的；拖欠的 back pay/tax/rent副詞：副詞：1. 向后；在后；在背面 2. 與（某物）有距離 3. 控制住；忍住 4. 回原處；恢復(fù)原狀 5. 以前動(dòng)詞：動(dòng)詞： 1. （使）后退，倒退 2. 幫助；支持 3. 下賭注于 4. 伴奏；伴唱 5. 位于（某物的）后面2021/3/97Have a try!1. A warm sunshine announces the coming of sprin

4、g.2. Her new hat certainly becomes her.3. He was aching for home.4. Who did it still remains cloudy.5. The dining car was coupled onto the last coach(車廂).6. Dont be cross with himafter all，he meant to help.7. Were of the same build.8. I will leave you to do as you like.9. The wooden bridge is not st

5、rong enough to allow the passage of lorries.10. She pictured herself at school in a foreign country.顯示、預(yù)告顯示、預(yù)告適于、適合適于、適合渴望渴望不明朗的不明朗的 聯(lián)合、連接聯(lián)合、連接生氣的生氣的體格、體型體格、體型聽任聽任通過、通行通過、通行想象想象2021/3/98 所謂熟詞生義的“生”，是相對(duì)而言的。一般分為兩種情況： 1、一種是一詞多義一詞多義中的衍生義，只是這個(gè)衍生義與基本義間的聯(lián)系不容易想到，這需要在日常詞匯在日常詞匯學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，培養(yǎng)結(jié)合具體的語境時(shí)，培養(yǎng)結(jié)合具體的語境由詞匯的基本

6、義推測(cè)其衍生義的能力由詞匯的基本義推測(cè)其衍生義的能力； 2、另一種是“生義”與基本義聯(lián)系不緊密，不需要建立彼此間的聯(lián)系，這需要在詞匯學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)注意一些低義頻的釋義注意一些低義頻的釋義，特別是與基本義聯(lián)系不大的釋義。2021/3/99例：2017年全國I卷閱讀理解D篇 A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸餾器）is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. readily 1.quicky and easily 快速地

7、，便利地e.g. Boats are readily available to visitors. 游客可以很方便地租到船只。 The information is readily accessible on the internet. 這些信息在因特網(wǎng)一查就能找到。 2. quickly, willingly and without complaining 樂意地e.g. Jack readily agreed to help. 杰克爽快地答應(yīng)幫忙。2021/3/910 To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to di

8、g a hole four feet across and three feet deep. across 熟義:v. 橫過、越過 生義:1.到/在對(duì)面（adv./prep.） e.g. He lives across the street. The school is across the street. 生義: 2.寬（adv.） e.g. The river is 50 meters across. 2021/3/911 Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest

9、 of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole. rest (v.)生義：1. (目光等）停留 e.g. As she spoke, her eyes rested on her husbands face. 2. 靠放；擱在 e.g. His head was resting on her shoulder. 3. 取決；在于 e.g. The final decision rested with the president. 4. 使輕松；使舒適 e.g. It rests me to take a walk along the lake.2

10、021/3/912. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock. secure 熟義 adj. 安全的；可靠的；穩(wěn)定的 生義 v. 1. 獲得，得到 e.g. Boyds goal secured his teams place in the final. 2. 使安全，保護(hù) e.g. Troops were sent to secure the border.

11、3. 將【某物】固定；縛牢，系緊 e.g. John secured the horse firmly to the tree. weight 生義 v. 用重物固定；使負(fù)重 E.g. The fishing nets are weighted down with lead. 漁網(wǎng)是靠鉛墜下沉的2021/3/913 The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. center 熟義: n. 中間、中心、中央 生義：n. 中鋒 v. 1

12、. 集中；使聚集于一點(diǎn) e.g. The coal mines are centered in Shanxi Province. v. 2. 把 放在中部；居中 e.g. They centered the mirror on the wall. 他們把鏡子掛在墻的中央。 2021/3/914 When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink. refres

13、hment 熟義 （精力或精神上的）恢復(fù) 生義：1. （u.）飲食、食物和飲料 e.g. We worked all day without refreshment. 我們不吃不喝地工作了一整天。 2. （plural）茶點(diǎn)、點(diǎn)心 e.g. Refreshments will be served after the meeting.2021/3/915歷屆高考單選題舉例歷屆高考單選題舉例Encourage your children to try new things. But try not to _ them too hard. (2009全國I卷) A. draw B. strike C

14、. rush D. pushpush :逼迫，敦促2. If you leave the club, you will not be _back in. (2009全國II卷) A. received B. admitted C. turned D. movedadmit：準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入、加入(俱樂部、組織)等；接收入學(xué)3. Do you have enough to _ all your daily expenses? (2009年山東?。?Oh, yes, enough and to spare. A. cover B. spend C. fill D. offercover: 包括；采訪，報(bào)道

15、；涉及；錢足夠之用；走過2021/3/9164.Though having lived abroad for years , many Chinese still _the traditional customs. (2008湖北） A. perform B. possess C. observe D. supportobserve: 遵守規(guī)則，法律等; 慶祝5. The professor could tell by the _ look in Marias eyes that she didnt understand a single word of his lecture.(2011浙江

16、） A. cold B. blank C. innocent D. freshblank:茫然的6. The fact that she never apologized _ a lot about what kind of person she is. (2008山東） A. says B. talks C. appears D. declaressay: v. 顯示，表明；n. 決定權(quán)；發(fā)言權(quán)e.g. The chairman has the final say (= has the right to make the final decision about something ) .

17、主席有最后決定權(quán)2021/3/917 一詞多義一詞多義：在英語詞匯學(xué)習(xí)中給中國學(xué)生帶來最大困難的是一些出現(xiàn)頻率較高、詞義較多、用法靈活且與其他詞搭配能力強(qiáng)的“高頻多義詞”。在處理高頻多義詞時(shí)我們提倡建立基本義 (或詞源義) 也稱“根義”(通常放在第一層釋義) 和衍生義之間的聯(lián)系，緊緊抓住貫穿始終的基本義，從而理解并記住其他相關(guān)義項(xiàng)。這種方法可以避免死記硬背詞匯的各個(gè)義項(xiàng)，輕松攻克高頻多義詞這一難關(guān)，同時(shí)還培養(yǎng)依據(jù)基本義在語境中推測(cè)詞義的能力和理解語用意義的能力。2021/3/918基本基本詞匯詞匯study, accuse, beauty, crime, memory，Monday, July

18、, forty, ninth, eightieth, biology, handsome, etc.重點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)詞匯詞匯take, get, promote, however, although, convenient, experience, develop, in turn, forgive, accessible, etc.生僻生僻詞匯詞匯algebra, bent(n.), arbitrary, buffet, bungalow, belly, appendix, alley, tentative, explicit, etc.其他詞匯：gap, complain, charitySolu

19、tion以以考試說明考試說明附錄詞匯為核心附錄詞匯為核心2021/3/919 如：mine pron. 我的 mine v.& n. n. 礦，礦藏，礦山，礦井；地雷，水雷 v. 開采，采礦；埋設(shè)地雷 command n.& v.命令，指揮，掌握 command respect 贏得尊重 command temper 控制脾氣heart, club, diamond, spadeCall a spade a spadesuits of poker cards2021/3/920Word Formationpure purely purify purity impureimpurity2021/

20、3/921熟練掌握英語構(gòu)詞法熟練掌握英語構(gòu)詞法 一、【派生法】在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞的方法叫作派生法。 二、【合成法】 英語構(gòu)詞法中把兩個(gè)單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞，前一個(gè)詞修飾或限定后一個(gè)詞，這樣的方法就是合成法。 三、【轉(zhuǎn)化法】 英語構(gòu)詞法中把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法，有的名詞可以作動(dòng)詞，有的形容詞可以作副詞或動(dòng)詞等。2021/3/922Word Formation1. Compoundingcowboy, snowstorm, eggplant, sad-looking, not-for-profit,for

21、get-me-not, fun-loving, short-sighted, English-speaking 2. Conversionhand(n.)hand(v.) clean(v.) clean(adj.)better(adj.) better(v.) present(n.) present(v.)out(adv.) out(v.) nurse(n.) nurse(v.) 3. Derivationprefix: anti-smoking, dishonest, pre-professional, incorrect,multicultural, enable, reconsider,

22、 nonsense, impatient, unfair 2) suffix: abusive, acceptable, participation, popularize, cancerous, countless, official, courageously, wisdom, forgetful,eastwards, foolish, warmth, shorten, thirsty, simplify, musician2021/3/923四、四、【截短法截短法(縮略法縮略法)】將單詞縮寫，詞義和詞性保持不變的英語構(gòu)詞法稱為截短法，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。1.截頭telephone phone airplane plane2.去尾mathematics math examination examkilogram kilo laboratory lab taxicab taxi3.截頭去尾influenza flu refrigerator fridgeprescription script2021/3/924五、五、【混合法混合法(混成法混成法)】 英語構(gòu)詞還可以將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞，前半部