虛擬語氣知識點總結

1、虛 擬 語 氣第一節(jié) 語氣英語的動詞一般可帶有三種不同的語氣：陳述語氣，祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。不同的語氣用動詞的不同形式有的還借助句法形式來表示。第二節(jié) 虛擬語氣的概念虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式，一是用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實，而是一種假設、猜想、疑心等(在條件從句中或讓步狀語從句中)；一是表示說話人的愿望、要求、命令、建議等 (在賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句)。它能實現(xiàn)以下交際功能：a. 用來表達一個假設或純粹的意愿這種假設或意愿在多數(shù)情況下是與事實相反或不太可能實現(xiàn)的。b. 經常用來緩和語氣，使之更加委婉、禮貌、得體，使句子帶有推測性和嘗試性。c. 表示煩惱、不耐煩等情緒。d.

2、表示適度的責備或批評。e. 表示美好的祝愿或祝福。 學習虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法之前我們必須清楚條件句的種類：條件句有真實條件句與非真實條件句(或稱虛擬條件句)兩種。真實條件句所表的假設是可能發(fā)生或實現(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結果主句都用陳述語氣。如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假假設明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起來。虛擬條件句所表的假設那么是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或實現(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結果主句皆須用虛擬語氣。第三節(jié) 虛擬語氣在條

3、件句中虛擬條件句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設If+主語+動詞的過去式動詞be用were)The platform would collapse if all of you stood on it.假設你們都站在上面，這個平臺就會塌下來的。主語+should,would,might,could動詞原形如果魯迅還活著，看到新中國的偉大成就他會多么快樂??！與過去相反的假設If+主語+had +過去分詞If the doctor had been available,the child would have been saved. 如果有醫(yī)生在，這個小孩就會得救了。主語should, would, mig

4、ht, couldhave done如果颶風發(fā)生在白天，死亡的人數(shù)會更多。與將來相反的假設1、If+主語+動詞過去式2、If+主語+were to+ 動詞原形3、If+主語+should +動詞原形I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes if I were to go to the moon some day. 如果有一天我登上了月球，就能親眼目睹月球的外表是什么樣子了。主語should, would might, could動詞原形如果明天是星期天，我就去看望我奶奶。NOTE：使用虛擬條件句要注意的幾點：當條件狀語從句表示的行

5、為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，被稱為：錯綜時間條件句“，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間作出相應的調整If you had followed my advice , you would be better now.如果你聽我的建議，你現(xiàn)在就會痊愈了在條件句中，可省略 if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b句式后面詳細講解If you had come earlier, you would have met him.Had you come earlier, you would have met him.1. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去

6、式 (be的過去式用were), 主句的謂語用should would, might， could+動詞原形。If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果現(xiàn)在不下雨的話，我們就出去野餐了。事實是：天在下雨，我們不能出去野餐。表示愿望。If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他來這，他就能夠幫助你了。事實是：他沒來這，他不可能幫助你。表示對他的良好印象。2. 與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用had+過去分詞，主句的謂語用should would, might， cou

7、ld+ have 過去分詞。She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是當初她被邀請的話，她就會去參加這次聚會了。事實是：當時沒有人邀請她，因此，她沒有來參加聚會。表示懊悔。If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的話，我就會睡過頭了。事實是：她今天早上叫我了，我沒有睡過頭。表示感謝。3. 與將來事實可能相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式(be的過去式用were)； should動詞原形；were to動

8、詞原形，主句用should would, might， could+動詞原形。If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十歲，我就會學法語。事實是：我現(xiàn)在已經老了，明年我學不了法語了。If it should fail, I would try again.要是失敗了，我會再試一次。事實是：有可能失敗，可我會再試。表示未知。虛擬過去式有時并不表示“不大可能實現(xiàn)的假設，而是表示一種希望或不希望發(fā)生的動作。If we caught the early train, wed

9、get there by lunch time.假設我們趕上早班火車，到午飯時間我們就會到達那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假設我們趕不上這班火車，我們就得在車站等一小時。表不希望4. 混合型的條件句當條件從句與主句所表的時間不一致時，虛擬語氣的形式應作相應的調整。主句和從句的謂語動詞并不相互照應，這種條件句叫混合條件句。較多見的混合型條件句是從句用過去完成時指過去行為，而主句用一般時指目前狀態(tài)。 He would pass the test if he had tak

10、en my advice如果他聽了我的勸告，他現(xiàn)在會通過考試。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假設昨天我對他說了，現(xiàn)在我就知道該怎么辦了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假設你接受了我的意見，你現(xiàn)在就會好得多。如條件從句用if I were.，主句那么可用表任何時間的虛擬形式。If I were not busy, I would have come.假設我不忙，我就會去了。(were表過去)If I were you

11、, I would go.假設我是你，我會去的。(were表現(xiàn)在)第四節(jié) 虛擬語氣在名詞從句中的運用一、虛擬語氣在主語從句中A.在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . 中，表示某事重要、奇怪、自然、必要等；that 后面的從句中的謂語動詞用： should + 動詞原形 should可以省略 Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我們要照顧好病人。 It is necessary that heshouldbe sent ther

12、e at once Its strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak politely. It is a pity that she should fare so badly.Its right that you should think that way. 這類的形容詞還有advisable可取的，appropriate適當?shù)模琧ompulsary必須的，crucial關鍵的，desirable理想的，essential必要的，imperati

13、ve迫切的，important(重要的)，possible可能的，preferable更好的，probable可能的，strange奇怪的，urgent急迫的，vital極為重要的等。B. 在It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/recommended/requested/required/.that-clause句型中從句用(should )+動詞原型，表示愿望，建議，請求等主觀意愿等。 It is demanded that we should work out a plan. It is requested that Professor Li

14、ushouldgive us a lecture It is desired that weshouldget everything ready by tonightIm ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meetingshouldbe put off有人建議推遲會議。It is settled that you leave us, then?C. 在 It is a pity/a shame/ no wonderproposal/recommendation/suggestion

15、/surprise/advice that.句型中從句也常用(should )+動詞原型,表示建議，命令，請求，抱歉，疑心，驚奇等。 Its a pity that you (should) miss a good chance. 注意：這種句型中的主語從句也可用陳述語氣，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上個星期對于這一方面做了明確的說明，這是很重要的。二、用于賓語從句賓語從句在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動詞后，其謂語用should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形的虛擬語氣

16、，作為suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等動詞的賓語。注意：suggest 當表示“暗示、說明“講時，insist 表示堅持認為“之意時，應用陳述語氣。The teacher suggested that we should clean the blackboard after class.老師建議我們課后把黑板擦了。The smile on his face suggested that he wa

17、s satisfied with our work.他臉上的表情說明他對我們的工作很滿意He insisted that all of us be there on time by any means.他堅持要求我們大家想盡方法按時去那里。The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.那個人堅持說他沒有偷錢The doctor suggested that he not go there醫(yī)生建議他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建議我們早點動身。The judge orde

18、red that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告還押。 wish的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that。 從句的謂語動詞可用過去式，表示現(xiàn)在的愿望與現(xiàn)在事實相反，雖實現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有實現(xiàn)的可能。 I wish it were true我但愿這是真的。 I wish I were a bird. were 與wish 發(fā)生在同一時間平面上 從句的謂語動詞還可用“couldwould，might+動詞原形用來表示將來的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一會兒。 I wish tha

19、t the rain could stop soon. 表示無能為力的過去愿望與過去事實相反，可用“had +過去分詞或“couldwould，might+have+過去分詞 I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天來過 。 I wish you had come to our Christmas party. We wish you had come to our New Years party.我們真希望你來參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會。would rather，would sooner, would as soon,would prefer + 從句 也常用虛

20、擬語氣，表示寧愿、但愿之意。這種虛擬語氣表示的不是與事實相反的假設，而是一種尚未實現(xiàn)的愿望 表示與現(xiàn)在和將來含義事實相反的虛擬語氣要用動詞的過去式：I would rather you came tomorrow.我寧愿你明天來。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我寧愿她把重活留給別人。 I would rather you left today.我寧愿你今天走。 I would sooner my daughter attended a public school. 但愿我的女兒能上公立學校。 I wo

21、uld prefer he didnt stay here too long. 我倒希望他不要在這兒待得太久。 用過去完成式(had + 過去分詞)表示過去事實相反的含義： I would rather I hadnt seen that film yesterday. 我寧愿昨天沒有看那場電影。有些動詞，如think, expect, believe,其否認式的賓語從句亦可用should+動詞原形。如：I never thought he should refuse.我萬沒有想到他會拒絕。She did not expect that you should come.她沒有預料你會來。三、用

22、于表語從句和同位語從句在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request /desire/ recommendation/resolution 等名詞后的表語和同位語從句中要用“should動詞原形should可以省略 My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible. 我的建議是你要盡可能經常地練習說英語。The suggestion that the mayor should present the prizes

23、was accepted by everyone.每個人都接受由市長頒發(fā)獎金這一建議。名詞suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主語，其后的表語從句中的謂語動詞一般使用虛擬語氣，用should +動詞原形或省略should。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them. 我的建議是我們應派幾個戰(zhàn)士去增援他們。My advice is that you (should) treat her well. 我的忠告是你應該善待她。He makes the demand

24、that she (should) leave the place at once. 他提出一個要求，要求她立刻離開這個地方。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議是我們應該告訴他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我們唯一的請求就是盡快解決這個問題。注意：虛擬語氣也可以用于同位語從句。如：There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一項建議是布朗應該離

25、隊。四. 虛擬語氣在定語從句中的應用常用在It is time (that)句型中，定語從句常用虛擬過去式 It is (high / about ) time that從句中的謂語動詞用過去式或should動詞原形，should不能省略 Its high time we went to the laboratory. 該是我們去實驗室的時候了。It is time the children went to bed. 孩子們早該上床睡覺了。表示催促Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money. 他早該開始考慮如何與錢打交

26、道。It is time we left.我們該走了。It is time we went to bed.我們該去睡覺了。五. 虛擬式動詞原形亦常用在獨立句中，表愿望Long live the Communist Party of China！中國共產黨萬歲！God bless you! 上帝保佑你。God damn it! 該死的！The devil take you! 見鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那樣吧。第五節(jié) 虛擬語氣在其他從句中If only 引導的感慨句要是該有多好啊；但愿)；1 表示與現(xiàn)在或未來事實相反的愿望。用過去時或would/could+動詞原形表示；If on

27、ly you listened to us!要是你聽我們的話該多好??！2 與過去事實相反的愿望，用過去完成時。例如：If only I had listened to the doctors advice! 我要是聽了醫(yī)生的話就好了。 as if ( as though) 看起來even if ( even though)即使 常用虛擬形式，其構成形式與wish后賓語從句里的虛擬語氣的構成形式相同，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句意上判斷，用過去式；與過去事實相反用過去完成式 (had done)，would/could +動詞原形。例如：The football fans of act as if t

28、hey were crazy. 那些足球迷們經常就像瘋了似的。act與were發(fā)生在同一時間平面上He often talks about London as though he had been there. (had been there發(fā)生在talkes之前) 他常常談起倫敦，就好似他去過那里似的。She often talks and talks as if she would never stop. (would never stop后于talks and talks 發(fā)生)她常常講起來沒完沒了。 虛擬語氣在in order that,so that,in case，lest，for

29、 fear that引導的目的狀語從句中的應用，從句中的謂語動詞用may(might)動詞原形或should動詞原形。在以lest引導的從句中，謂語動詞用should動詞原形。例如：He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.他拿上了雨衣以防下雨。He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again. 他被處以懲罰以免他再犯。He put his coat over the child for fear that he (should) catch cold.他把外套給

30、孩子穿上以防孩子感冒。虛擬時態(tài)與謂語動詞時態(tài)的關系：從句中的虛擬時態(tài)往往不受全句謂語時態(tài)的影響。1) 用于主語從句。試比擬：It is important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。It was important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。2) 用于賓語從句。試比擬：I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建議我們明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建議我們第二天走。She said, “If

31、I were a boy I would join the army.她說，“我如是男孩，就參軍。She said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她說她如是男孩就參軍。但強調現(xiàn)在時刻的虛擬式在間接引語中需要遵守時態(tài)一致的原那么。試比擬：“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do, he said.“假設我知道它是如何運行的話，我就會告訴你該怎么辦，他說道。He said that if he had known how it worked he could have

32、 told me what to do.他說假設他知道它是如何運行的話，他就會告訴我該怎么辦?！癐f I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius, he said.“我如知道你所有問題的答案，我就是天才了。他說道。He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a genius.他說他如知道我所有問題的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句謂語是虛擬語氣，其后從句的時態(tài)那么多受其影響，現(xiàn)在時態(tài)應隨之而變?yōu)檫^去時態(tài)。如：I would think he was

33、wrong.我看他是錯了。(須用was,試比擬：I think he is wrong)It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是對的。(須用was,試比擬：It seems that she is right)第六節(jié) . 連詞if的省略如果虛擬條件句的謂語局部有were，had和should時，可省略if，把were，had和should放到從句主語前面去，多見于書面語。Had you not helped me， I should have failed.要是沒有你的幫助，我就失敗了。Were you in my position, you would d

34、o the same. 假設你處在我的地位，你也會這樣干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假設他們進攻我們，我們就把他們徹底消滅干凈。第七節(jié) . 含蓄條件句虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況。1) 條件暗含在短語中。But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實驗是不會成功的。(暗含在分詞短詞but for your help)What woul

35、d I have done without you? 如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？(條件暗含在介詞短語without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 這樣做會比擬容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語 to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disaster. 同樣的事，如發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時，就會釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or

36、he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河馬，否那么他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。(暗含條件是連詞or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是單獨一人，他是會感到害怕的。(暗含條件是alone)2) 條件暗含在上下文中。You might stay here forever. 你可以永遠待在這兒。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我們本來是會成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputat

37、ion would be ruined. 你的名譽會敗壞的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。You wouldnt know. 你不會知道。I would like to come. 我愿意來。第八節(jié). 不用if引導的條件從句虛擬條件句中的條件從句除用if引外，還可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等詞語來引導。The peasants prepared to feed the city when i

38、t should be freed. 農民已準備在這座城市解放后供應糧食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你沒有聽全，所以我再從頭開始講一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否那么我不會上學。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假設給你一個到美國學習的時機，你會接受嗎？suppose 或 supposing =wh

39、at ifSupposing it were so？=Supposing it were so，what would happen？要是這樣的話，會怎么樣呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能還回來，他就可以借用這輛自行車。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐业闹Z言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 蘇珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。與if

40、一樣，上述詞語所引導的條件從句亦可用直陳語氣，表可能實現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的事。虛擬語氣專項練習1. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university.A. studiedB. had been studyingC. studyD. had studied2. The millions of calculation involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished.A. ha

41、d lostB. would loseC. would have lostD. should have lost3. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible.A. must be sentB. are senC. will be sentD. be sent4. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly.A. has made sureB. must make sur

42、eC. made sureD. make sure5. It was essential that the application forms _ back before the deadline.A. must be sentB. be sentC. would高考資源網 be sentD. were sent6. Its necessary _ the dictionary immediately.A. that he will returnB. that he returnC. that he returnedD. that he has to return7. It is import

43、ant that enough money _ to fund the project.A. be collected B. was collected C. must be collected D. can be collected8. I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A. is assignedB. be assignedC. will be assigned D. has been assigned9. The ks5u suggestion that the mayor

44、 _ the prizes was accepted by everyone.A. would presentB. presentC. ought to presentD. presents10. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.A. be put offB. should put offC. was put offD. is to put off11. You _ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.A. shouldnt have been followi

45、ngB. mustnt followC. couldnt have been followingD. shouldnt follow12. The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office.A. does not workB. had not workedC. not to workD. did not work 13. Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early?A. goB. would goC. wentD. goes14. Id rather you _ make any

46、comment on the issue for the time being.A. dontB. didntC. wouldntD. shouldnt15. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel.A. staying notB. that he would not stayC. not to stayD. that he not stay 16. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.A. had been

47、takenB. be takenC. would be takenD. to be taken17. The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _ after 11:00 p.m.A. not to play loud musicB. dont play loud musicC. shouldnt play loud musicD. couldnt paly load music18. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans.A.

48、informB. informsC. informedD. has informed19. He suggested _ to tomorrows exhibition together.A. us to goB. we shall goC. we wentD. we go20. Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place.A. be livingB. would liveC. were livingD. would have lived21. I wish I _ longer this morning, bu

49、t I had to get up and come to class.A. could have sleptB. might have sleptC. sleptD. have slept22. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.A. has to getB. had gotC. were to getD. could have got23. If the wh

50、ole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A. was not plannedB. had not been plannedC. has not been plannedD. were not planned24. Had he worked harder, he _ the exams.A. must have got throughB. would get throughC. would have got throughD. could get through25. _ b

51、efore we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.A. Had they arrivedB. Were they arrivingC. Would they arriveD. Were they to arrive26. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday.A. Would she leaveB. Were she to leaveC. If she leavesD. If she had left27. _ for my illnes

52、s I would have lent him a helping hand.A. Not beingB. Without beingC. Had it not beenD. Not having been28. _ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.A. Had it not beenB. Werent itC. It were notD. Had not it been29. If it _ too much trouble, Id love a cup of tea.A. isntB. wer

53、entC. wasntD. hadnt been30. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now.A. wouldnt be smilingB. wont smileC. couldnt have smiledD. didnt smile31. We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we _ him.A. would have telephonedB. would telephoneC. must have telephonedD. had telephoned32. He must have had an accident, or he _ then.A. would have been hereB. should be hereC. had to be hereD. would be here33. Some women _ a good salary in a job instead of staying home,