最新科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯教案

1、精品文檔課題十七第十七章科技英語(yǔ)的翻譯需4課時(shí)教 學(xué)目的求要要求學(xué)生掌握科技英語(yǔ)的詞匯及句法特點(diǎn)及其翻譯教學(xué)重點(diǎn)科技英語(yǔ)的詞匯及句法特點(diǎn)教學(xué)難點(diǎn)如何掌握科技英語(yǔ)的詞匯及句法特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行漢譯教案編寫日期10月30日教學(xué)內(nèi)容與教學(xué)過(guò)程提示與補(bǔ)充:I. Revision法律文書的用詞特點(diǎn)及漢譯要求：用詞莊重嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、準(zhǔn)確；語(yǔ)百 精練、通1.順；多重復(fù)，少用代詞或同義詞替代。翻譯時(shí)要求：使用法律術(shù) 語(yǔ)，注意文體切適；堅(jiān)持法律用語(yǔ)的“一致性”原則；根據(jù)專業(yè)知識(shí)和上下文確定詞義。.法律文書的句法特點(diǎn)及漢譯：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，多用一般現(xiàn) 在時(shí)，2 shall+動(dòng)詞原形（完成式或被動(dòng)式）；多用完整句和復(fù)合句。仔細(xì)推敲

2、英語(yǔ)句子本身翻譯要求：盡量使譯文在語(yǔ)氣上與原文保持一致；把握語(yǔ)然后 由表及里，理清關(guān)系，的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及各層意思間的邏輯關(guān)系，義，區(qū)分主從，調(diào)整語(yǔ)序，妥帖表達(dá)。II. New Lesson1. A presentation of the main contents:一.詞匯特點(diǎn)及漢譯二.句法特點(diǎn)及漢譯 ii. A study of the translatingtechniques in detail:詞匯特點(diǎn)及漢譯第一節(jié)理論 Part One內(nèi)容完整。語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練、樸實(shí)無(wú)華、條例清楚、用詞準(zhǔn)確、科技作品的特點(diǎn)： 一、專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)翻譯源于希臘語(yǔ)和拉丁語(yǔ)的詞匯，這些英語(yǔ)終的專業(yè)詞匯一般 分為兩類：1.、貧血

3、）anemia理時(shí)譯較好處。如：（漢單念，通國(guó)詞際用概簡(jiǎn)，借 ）periscope （）seismograph （）thermonuclear（熱核、地震儀、潛望鏡等。2.自日常用語(yǔ)的普通詞匯，這類詞匯使用頻繁，同時(shí)用于各個(gè)不同的專業(yè)，其顯著特點(diǎn)是一詞多用、一詞多意。漢譯這樣的詞匯時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)所譯材料的不同專業(yè)領(lǐng)域和不同的上下文， 選擇適合該領(lǐng)域及上下文的正確、規(guī)范的詞義。如：probability 在日常生活終表示 “可能性”，在物理學(xué)終表示 “幾率”，在 數(shù)學(xué)上表示“概率”。再如，carrier的日常普通含義是“搬運(yùn)工”，或“遞送 人”。（美國(guó)）“郵遞員”，但在不同的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域中，它具有以下意

4、思，（計(jì)算機(jī)）媒體，（集成電路）載體，（無(wú)線電）載波，（半導(dǎo)體）載流子，（機(jī)床）刀架，（運(yùn)輸）搬運(yùn)車，（航空）運(yùn)輸機(jī)，（航天）運(yùn)載火箭，（軍事）航空母艦，（醫(yī)學(xué)）帶菌體，等等。試將下列各句譯成中文，注意斜體詞的譯法：1 . The intensity of light is directly proportional to the candle power of itssource.光的強(qiáng)度與光源的燭光成正比。2 .They were one -cylinder or two -cylinder engines, of which some were made-and-break and ot

5、hers jump -spark.這些發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有單缸的，雙缸的，有柴油機(jī)，有的是汽油機(jī)。3 .The several changes which nectar undergoes in becoming honey begin in the honey crop.花蜜在變成蜂蜜的過(guò)程中所經(jīng)歷的幾種變化開始于蜜蜂的蜜囊。4 . （A） The device must be functioning during the test.試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中，那個(gè)裝置必須開動(dòng)著。（B） The function of the instrument is wonderful.該機(jī)器的功能十分出色。5.（A） In th

6、e electrolysis, we must make use of a cell.在電解過(guò)程中，必須使用電解槽。（8） In the human body, there are a large number of cells.人體中有大量的細(xì)胞。6. （A） Laser is one of the wonderful findings by the scientists of our times.激光是當(dāng)代科學(xué)家的奇妙發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。（B） A laser is a device for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiatio

7、n.激光器是一種光受激輻射的放大器。二、非專業(yè)詞匯的翻譯除了專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)外，科技英語(yǔ)中仍有大量非專業(yè)化的常用詞匯，它們有時(shí)比專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)更難確定詞義。漢譯時(shí)，有時(shí)需要對(duì)其字面意思加以調(diào)整，使譯文符 合該學(xué)科專業(yè)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。常采用的譯法有以下幾種：1.弓伸把一些不便直譯的具體化名稱，根據(jù)其字面意思加以引申。如：1 1) Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented.只是在電動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)明之后，電力才開始造福人類。 Alloys (合金)belong to a half -way house between

8、mixture andcompounds.合金是介于混合物和化合物的中間物質(zhì)。2 .具體化將表達(dá)具體事理的字面意思抽象和籠統(tǒng)的詞語(yǔ)譯成意義具體、含義明確的漢 譯詞語(yǔ)。如：(1) The pupil of the eye responds to the change of light intensity.瞳孔可以隨著光線強(qiáng)弱的變化放大或縮小。(2) No reproduction is granted by implication or otherwise of this information.本資料不得私下或公開翻印。(3) If no value in whole number resul

9、ts, it is rounded up or down according to the figures after the decimal( 小數(shù)的)point.如果計(jì)算結(jié)果不是整數(shù)值的話，根據(jù)小數(shù)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行四舍五入。3 .省略本著科技作品簡(jiǎn)練的原則，漢譯時(shí)，有時(shí)將原文中的一些動(dòng)詞、名詞或表示 同一事物的不同的重復(fù)用詞加以省略。如：(1) Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.不銹鋼硬度大，強(qiáng)度高。 In conduction and convection, energy transfer through a mate

10、rial medium is involved.在傳導(dǎo)和對(duì)流時(shí)，能量通過(guò)某種物質(zhì)媒介傳播。(3) The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo.用發(fā)電機(jī)能把機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化成電能。4 .新詞的翻譯隨著大量科技成果的不斷問(wèn)世，大量的科技新詞也隨之涌現(xiàn)。翻譯這些新詞 時(shí)，應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析其各個(gè)組成部分的含義，運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，確定其詞義。如：(1) Bronkolaxisol is an effective drug.支氣管松弛液是一種有效的藥物。(2) A v

11、isicorder is proved to record current and voltage waveforms.可顯示記錄器 用來(lái)記錄電流和電壓波形。(3) Information technology is about to take a back seat to an entire new areaof fast-growth endeavor -that of biology and genetics.面對(duì)生物和基因技術(shù)這一快速發(fā)展的全新領(lǐng)域，信息技術(shù)即將讓出老大的位 置。分析：從例（1）的上下文可以看出 Bronkolaxisol是某種藥物，雖然詞典里 查不到，但通過(guò)分析，可知

12、道：bronko=broncho,表示支氣管，lax表示"松弛"， sol表示"溶液"，故可將其譯為"支氣管松弛液”。同樣，例（2）中的visicorder 是一種儀表，從構(gòu)詞法的角度來(lái)看，該詞是由visible（可見的）和recorder（記錄器）兩詞縮和而成，故將其譯成“可顯示記錄器”。例（3）中出現(xiàn)的“信息技術(shù)”、“生物技術(shù)”和“基因技術(shù)”已成為最時(shí)興的科技術(shù)語(yǔ)。Part Two Practice翻譯實(shí)踐練習(xí)把下列各句譯成漢語(yǔ)，注意斜體詞的譯法：1. Don't put the bottle on the test bed. 不要

13、把瓶子放在實(shí)驗(yàn)臺(tái)上。2. Thus the number of ions builds up very rapidly and a disruptive discharge, or spark, occurs.這樣，離子數(shù)目便迅速增加，發(fā)生“擊穿放電”，也就是發(fā)生電火花。3. More than 100 chemical elements are known to man; of these, about 80 are metals.人類已知的化學(xué)元素在100種以上，其中約有80種是金屬。4. These elements seem to be working under high volta

14、ge.這些組件在高電壓下似乎性能很好。5. From the moon light takes little more than a second and a quarter in reaching us, so that we obtain sufficiently early information of the condition of our satellite.光從月球到達(dá)地球的時(shí)間略多于1.15秒，因此，我們能很快得到關(guān)于月球狀況得信息。6. Farm tractors are big users of diesel power.農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)是柴油消耗大戶。7. The square

15、 on the longest side of any right -angled triangle is equal to the square on the other sides added together.任一直角三角形斜邊的平方都等于另兩條直角邊的平方和。8. burglar alarm is a device for giving warning that thieves are trying to enter a building.防盜警報(bào)器是一種可對(duì)小偷試圖行竊發(fā)出警報(bào)的裝置。9. For generations coal and oil have been regarded

16、 as the chief energy sources used to transport men from place to place.多年來(lái)，煤和石油一直被認(rèn)為是交通運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕茉础?0. Semiconductor devices have no filament or heaters and therefore requireno heating power or warmed -up time.半導(dǎo)體器件沒(méi)有燈絲或加熱器件，因此，不需要電加熱或加熱時(shí)間。11. You have to change the gear manually in this car; it is not

17、automatic.這輛車必須手動(dòng)換擋，它不是自動(dòng)變速的。12. Many people would rather have gas to knock them out before they have their teeth out.許多人在拔牙之前喜歡用氣體麻醉劑麻醉。13. It was Newton who proved mathematically that the path of a planet must be an ellipse.正是牛頓用數(shù)學(xué)的方法證明了行星的軌道是橢圓的。14. Butterflies have thin antennae (or "feeler

18、s" ) with tips like little knobs, while moths have feathery or threadlike antennae.蝴蝶的觸角(或感覺(jué)器)很細(xì)，觸角的頂端有個(gè)小球，而蛾的觸角呈羽狀， 或長(zhǎng)得像線一樣。15. Modern theories of the development of stars suggest that almost every star has some sort of family of planets.現(xiàn)代有關(guān)恒星演變的理論認(rèn)為，幾乎每一顆恒星都有某種恒星家族。16. Acupuncture is the pla

19、cing of hair -thin needles into the skins at special points of the body to ease pain and treat ailments.所謂針灸療法就是把頭發(fā)般細(xì)的針刺入身體特定部位的皮膚，以達(dá)到鎮(zhèn)痛和 治療疾病的效果。17. The eye is actually about the size of a table -tennis ball. Much of it lies within the skull. The front portion of the eye is made up of three partsth

20、ecornea, the iris and the pupil. It isprotected by the eyelid and eyelashes.實(shí)際上，眼球和一個(gè)乒乓球大小差不多，其大部分位于顱骨內(nèi)。前面的部分 由角膜、虹膜、和瞳孔三個(gè)部分組成，受到眼瞼和睫毛的保護(hù)。18. The global satellite phone service has opened for business, giving people the power to make and receive call anywhere from Mount Qomolangma to the Dead Sea.全球

21、衛(wèi)星電話業(yè)務(wù)已開通，從珠穆朗瑪?shù)剿篮?，人們?cè)谌魏蔚胤蕉伎梢源螂?話和接電話。19. Cloning techniques vary from simple plant cuttings to the replication of adult mammals from their genetic material.從簡(jiǎn)單的植物插條到用遺傳材料復(fù)制成動(dòng)物，克隆技術(shù)各不相同。20. Edison tried a thousand different filaments before he found one that he could use.愛(ài)迪生試驗(yàn)了上千種不同的燈絲，才找到適用的一種。第二節(jié)句

22、法特點(diǎn)及漢譯Part One 理論科技英語(yǔ)的句法特點(diǎn)是：句子長(zhǎng)，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，且多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。漢譯要求：理清句子層次，判斷各層之間的語(yǔ)法及邏輯關(guān)系，再運(yùn)用各種翻譯表達(dá)技巧和專業(yè)知識(shí)，將各層意思準(zhǔn)確地譯出。一、語(yǔ)法分析翻譯科技英語(yǔ)中結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子，首先應(yīng)對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析，理清各結(jié)構(gòu)層次的隸屬關(guān)系。如：1. Carbon dioxide does not burn or support combustion.（簡(jiǎn)單句）二氧化碳不自燃，也不助燃2. This canal is f川ed with a liquid, similar in comparison to lymph（ 淋巴）.分析：句中

23、的 similar to 是習(xí)語(yǔ)，修飾名詞 liquid,為in comparison所割裂， 進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析時(shí)，應(yīng)善于辨別這樣被割裂的習(xí)語(yǔ)，弄清詞義間的正確搭配關(guān)系。句中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，譯時(shí)應(yīng)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換。譯文：此管充滿了成分與淋巴液相似的液體。3. Knowledge, in any art or science, being always the fruit of observation, study, or practice, gives, in proportion to its extent and usefulness, the possessor （所有者）a just claim

24、 to respect.分析： 本句的主干成分是Knowledge - gives - the possessor a just claim torespect.在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)以及謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間的插入成分分別是主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的 修飾語(yǔ)。通過(guò)緊縮主干，理清層次后，運(yùn)用語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換、補(bǔ)償和語(yǔ)序調(diào)整，可 譯成：在任何藝術(shù)和科學(xué)中，由于知識(shí)總是觀察研究或?qū)嵺`的成果，知識(shí)所有者應(yīng) 受到尊敬，所受尊敬的程度，則同其知識(shí)的廣度和深度以及實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值成 正比。1. There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science, in which my work

25、is the beginning, ways,定語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)by which other minds more acute than mine, will explore its remote corner.定語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)分析：本句采用的是倒裝句式。句中的主語(yǔ)是 ways,后面跟有by which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。To the vast and excellent science 也是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)，氣候又帶有一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。形容詞短語(yǔ)more acute than mine修飾該定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)minds。實(shí)際上，這里的than又引出一個(gè)省略的狀語(yǔ)從句。層次理清后，譯時(shí)可采用切分

26、和語(yǔ)序調(diào)整相結(jié)合的方法，將該句表達(dá)的三層 意思譯成三個(gè)獨(dú)立的單句。譯文：通往科學(xué)這個(gè)無(wú)比美好的廣闊領(lǐng)域的道路已經(jīng)展現(xiàn)在人們面前。我的研究只是個(gè)開端。那些思想比我敏銳的人，將憑借這些已展現(xiàn)的道路去探 索科學(xué)的邊緣地帶。二、運(yùn)用專業(yè)知識(shí)進(jìn)行分析某些從語(yǔ)法角度看有歧義的句子，可利用某一學(xué)科的專業(yè)知識(shí)幫助判明 句子的結(jié)構(gòu)層次關(guān)系，以彌補(bǔ)單純語(yǔ)法分析的不足。如：1. Inorganic chemistry is linked closely to geology, mineralogy and metallurgy; organic chemistry to physiology, biochemist

27、ry, and biology in general.分析：?jiǎn)螐恼Z(yǔ)法關(guān)系看，句中的in general既可看作評(píng)價(jià)狀語(yǔ)，修飾分號(hào)后的整個(gè)并列句，又可以看作biology的定語(yǔ)。兩種用法，兩種意思。僅靠語(yǔ)法分析無(wú)法作出正確判斷。在此情況下，利用專業(yè)知識(shí)有助于分析和理解。由于 physiology和biochemistry 都是biology的分科學(xué)，所以可以斷定句中的ingeneral時(shí)biology的定語(yǔ)。本句可譯為：無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)與地質(zhì)學(xué)、礦物學(xué)和冶金學(xué)有密切的關(guān)系，而有機(jī)化學(xué)則與生理學(xué)、 生物化學(xué)以及整個(gè)生物學(xué)都有密切的關(guān)系。2. Extract is clay treated and reru

28、n with pure benzene（ 苯）as an overhead product.分析：句中的介詞短語(yǔ)with pure benzene as an overhead product 從語(yǔ)法角度考慮，可能會(huì)被誤作方式狀語(yǔ)，與rerun 一起，譯成“與塔頂產(chǎn)物純苯一起再蒸鐳”。而從技術(shù)方面考慮，它實(shí)際上是一個(gè)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，而應(yīng)譯 成：提出物用白土處理，再蒸播，得純苯作為塔頂產(chǎn)物。Part Two Practice翻譯實(shí)踐練習(xí)把下列句子譯成漢語(yǔ)：1. Lines of magnetic force never touch or come across each other.磁力線

29、從不相碰或相交。2. Thus, it would be correct to say that the distance to the sun, from where we are on the earth, is about 1 million walking days.因此，這種說(shuō)法是正確的：從地球上你所在的地方到太陽(yáng)這段距離，步行需 100力大。3. Power can be covered from mechanical form to electrical form and back again to mechanical form with almost 100 percent

30、efficiency.動(dòng)力能以幾乎百分之百的效率由機(jī)械形式轉(zhuǎn)為電的形式，并可重新轉(zhuǎn)為機(jī)械 形式。4. Ions, produced by dissociation of molecules, drift through the solution when a potential difference is maintained.由分子電離而產(chǎn)生的離子，當(dāng)有電勢(shì)差存在時(shí)，便在溶液中流動(dòng)。5. Metal can bear beating with a hammer, which a stone can't.金屬能經(jīng)得起錘子的敲打，但石頭卻不行。6. On Clonaid's cl

31、aims to have cloned a baby, Robert Lanza, a US medical scientist, said, “ What they've claimed to have done is both appalling and scientifically irresponsible, and whether or not it's true, they've done a tremendous disservice to all of us in the scientific community. ”在談到克隆援助中心聲稱已經(jīng)克隆出一個(gè)

32、嬰兒時(shí)，美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)家羅伯特 蘭扎說(shuō)：“他們所聲稱做的，是駭人聽聞的，是科學(xué)上的不負(fù)責(zé)任，不管他們所言是否屬實(shí)，對(duì)科學(xué)社會(huì)中的我們大家來(lái)說(shuō)，都是一種極大的危害?！?. The ozone layer which surrounds the earth performs an important function: it shields the planet from strong ultraviolet radiation.地球上空的臭氧層起著使地球免受強(qiáng)烈紫外線輻射的重要作用。8. A computer can be made to do all the problems that its

33、human operator could do if he had unlimited time to make his computations. The machine, however, will let you have the answer much faster.計(jì)算機(jī)能解出的題目，操作人員如不受時(shí)間限制進(jìn)行計(jì)算，也都能解出。但 是計(jì)算機(jī)使你得到答案要快得多。9. Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings this is all the w

34、ork of science.收集資料并加以論證，提出理論并加以檢驗(yàn)，以及歸納整理研究成果一一這 就是科學(xué)工作的全部?jī)?nèi)容。10. Microwaves, which have a higher frequency than ordinary radio waves, are used routinely in sending thousands of telephone calls and television programs across long distances.微波由于比一般無(wú)限電波的頻率高，因此，通常用于發(fā)送成千上萬(wàn)的電話信 號(hào)和長(zhǎng)距離電視節(jié)目。11. Another solar

35、 electric technology is photovoltaics. It uses silicon or other semiconductors to convert the sun's rays directly into electricity.另一種太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電技術(shù)是電光技術(shù)。這種技術(shù)使用硅或其他半導(dǎo)體將太陽(yáng)光 直接轉(zhuǎn)化成電能。12. Scientists have already known that under the extreme temperatures, say - 260 ° C, metal presents zero resistance,

36、that is, superconductivity of metal.科學(xué)家已經(jīng)了解到，在極端溫度下，比如 260 °C,金屬呈零電阻，也就是說(shuō)，金屬具有超導(dǎo)性。13. Office automation applications include word processing, date entry, electronic mail, image processing, voice processing, and office information system.辦公自動(dòng)化應(yīng)包括文字處理、數(shù)據(jù)輸入、電子郵件、圖像處理、語(yǔ)音處理、以及各種辦公信息系統(tǒng)。14. Superior t

37、o the existing telephones, the videophone, or laser phone, can transmit voice and image simultaneously along its telephone line which is made of optic fiber.電視電話和激光電話優(yōu)于現(xiàn)有的電話，可以沿著光纖組成的電話線同時(shí)傳播 聲音和圖像。15. AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is usually a fatal disease which leaves the body unable

38、to ward off infection.艾滋病即獲得性免疫缺乏綜合癥，是一種導(dǎo)致肌體免疫力低下而無(wú)法抗御感 染的致命疾病。16. It is quite possible that failure to eat enough to maintain optimum vitamin levels can cause behavioral and personality changes. These may include insomnia, loss of appetite, and irritability.倘若攝入的食量不足以維持適度的維生素水平，就可能導(dǎo)致行為&性格的改 變，這

39、些變化包括失眠、食欲不振、煩躁不安等。17. Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. During digestion proteins are broken down to their simplest form, that is, amino acids, and it is as amino acids that they are absorbed.蛋白質(zhì)是由碳、氫、氧、氮和磷組成的。在消化的過(guò)程中，蛋白質(zhì)被分解成 最簡(jiǎn)單的形式，即氨基酸。而且蛋白質(zhì)是由氨基酸的形式被吸

40、收的。18. Within 30 to 40 years, two -hour commercial flights will link New Yorkand Tokyo, with planes that"see' through fog, snow and dust.在3040年內(nèi)，能夠“看”透霧、雪、和塵埃的飛機(jī)從紐約到東京的商業(yè)飛 機(jī)只需兩個(gè)小時(shí)。19. NASA figures the earliest anyone could go to Mars 2012 if sufficient government funding is given, which is

41、unlikely at present.美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局估計(jì)，如果政府給予足夠的資金，人類最早登上火星的 時(shí)間是2012年，但這筆資金現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有著落。20. A relatively powerful notebook computer, with a 166 -Mhz Pentium -class processor, 16 Megabytes of RAM, a 2 -gigabyte hard drive, a CD -ROM drive, and a 12-inch screen, is now about US $1,600.一個(gè)功能相對(duì)強(qiáng)大的筆記本電腦目前售價(jià)為1600美元，它有

42、16兆內(nèi)存，166兆赫的奔騰中央處理器，2G （千兆比特）的硬盤，一個(gè)光驅(qū)，和一個(gè) 12英寸的顯示屏。第三節(jié)文體特點(diǎn)及漢譯處理科技一個(gè)與文體大致可分為論述文體和應(yīng)用文體兩大系列。論述文體包括科技論文、著述等；科技應(yīng)用文包括科技情報(bào)應(yīng)用文、事務(wù)應(yīng) 用文及科普應(yīng)用文等。一、論述文體特點(diǎn)：科技英語(yǔ)論文體屬于嚴(yán)肅的書面語(yǔ),文字結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，樸實(shí)無(wú)華，多用 被動(dòng)句和復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句。止匕外，科技英語(yǔ)論著和論文一般遵循形式邏輯的基本規(guī) 律行文，敘事、論證、推斷邏輯性和連貫性較強(qiáng)，通常按邏輯順序來(lái)表達(dá)科 學(xué)概念的復(fù)雜體系，且表意清晰，具有較強(qiáng)的層次感。翻譯要求：把握原文的詞義、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)原文進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法、專業(yè)和邏輯分析，

43、 弄清各概念間的邏輯關(guān)系，達(dá)到對(duì)原文的透徹理解。然后結(jié)合專業(yè)知識(shí)，靈 活運(yùn)用翻譯技巧，根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，使用規(guī)范的漢語(yǔ)組織譯文，力求再 現(xiàn)原文的內(nèi)容、形式及風(fēng)格。試按照上述要求將卜面的短文譯成漢語(yǔ)：ADA (ADA 語(yǔ)言)Ada is a new computer language that is still being designed. It is sponsored by the US Department of Defense (DOD). Ada is called after a" friend " ofCharles Babage, who pioneere

44、d computers. It will probably become the DOD's standard for programming the computers built into its weapon system. Some people believe that Ada could also replace every other computer language but one (Cobol) in civilian use. When all the US's military computers “speak" Ada, other NATO

45、 countries will have to follow suit. But the language will be just as suitable for controlling all sorts of equipment -from production lines and robots to communication networks.ADA是一種尚在設(shè)計(jì)中的新的計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言，由美國(guó)國(guó)防部提供研究經(jīng)費(fèi)。ADA在是根據(jù)計(jì)算機(jī)先驅(qū)查爾斯？巴貝奇的一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的名字命名的。它痕可能會(huì)稱為美國(guó)國(guó)防部武器系統(tǒng)中的計(jì)算機(jī)編制程序的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言。有些人相 信，除了一種語(yǔ)言(即 Cobol語(yǔ)言)之外

46、，ADA也可以代替任何一種民用計(jì) 算機(jī)語(yǔ)言。美國(guó)的所有軍用計(jì)算機(jī)使用ADA語(yǔ)言時(shí)，北約的其他國(guó)家必將仿效之。這種語(yǔ)言亦適用于控制從生產(chǎn)線和機(jī)器人到通信網(wǎng)等各種設(shè)備。Ada's strong point is that it takes in many of the last techniques of designing computer language that engineers have perfected over the last ten years. In particular, Ada programs will be “ portable“ from one comp

47、uter to another, and engineers will be able to combine them as bolting Meccano together.ADA的長(zhǎng)處在于它吸收了過(guò)去十多年來(lái)工程師們業(yè)已完善了的計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言 涉及的許多方法。特別是，ADA程序能從一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)移植到另一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)上， 工程師們可輕而易舉地把它們組合起來(lái)，就像拼裝結(jié)構(gòu)玩具一樣。Programs on general-purpose computers have to be run with “job control ” commands that perform housekeeping dutie

48、s like making sure that the correct files of data are available. The commands usually amount to a language intheir own right and differ from computer to computer. Scientists will be investigating whether Ada can be used as a job control, as well as a programming language.通用計(jì)算機(jī)上的程序必須用“作業(yè)控制”命令使之運(yùn)行；這種“

49、作業(yè)控制” 命令起“管理內(nèi)務(wù)”的作用，如確保提供正確的數(shù)據(jù)資料等。通常，這些命 令本身就等于一種語(yǔ)言，并且因計(jì)算機(jī)的不同各有不同。ADA能用作程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言；至于能否用作作業(yè)控制，尚待科學(xué)家們進(jìn)一步研究。一、應(yīng)用文體英語(yǔ)科技應(yīng)用文體繁多，大多具有一定的程式和用語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)。較常見的有指示 說(shuō)明類和科普類應(yīng)用文。1 .指示說(shuō)明類應(yīng)用文特點(diǎn)：用詞精練，句式簡(jiǎn)短，多用祈使句；一般采用按先后順序、平鋪直敘 的行文方式。翻譯時(shí)，應(yīng)采用布袋感情色彩、樸實(shí)無(wú)華的行文風(fēng)格，肝一 對(duì)應(yīng)原文層次的方式組織譯文，尤其應(yīng)注意弄清各操作步驟的先后順序，以 免造成翻譯上的謬誤或事故。同時(shí)，對(duì)于原文的圖、表、格、式等，譯時(shí)不 得任

50、意刪減。請(qǐng)將下面的短文譯成漢語(yǔ)，然后將譯文與原文進(jìn)行對(duì)照，體會(huì)其文體特點(diǎn)：Seat BeltsFront seat belts, properly used, reduce fatalities by 45 percent, according to researches. Most of us assume our belts are in good condition and functioning properly, yet that is not always the case. How can you tell if yours offer maximum protection?Th

51、e Fit Test The belts should smoothly when you pull them, and then retract snugly around you. If they do not fit well, check the retractorthespool-like device that tightens the belt near the floor.The Visual Test See if your belts are frayed or torn. If the retractors are sound, and you're accide

52、nt -free, the belts should last the life of the car. 譯文：安全帶據(jù)調(diào)查，妥當(dāng)使用汽車前座安全帶會(huì)減少45%的車禍死亡率。大多數(shù)人一位自由的安全帶性能良好，工作正常；但是情況并非始終如此。那么怎樣 判斷你的安全帶能否提供最佳保護(hù)呢？感覺(jué)檢測(cè)安全帶應(yīng)在拉出時(shí)平滑展開，然后回縮、自如地貼在身上。如有不適，應(yīng)檢查靠近座底的伸縮裝置。該轉(zhuǎn)軸式裝置能拉緊安全帶。視覺(jué)檢測(cè)看看安全帶是否磨損或撕裂。如伸縮裝置完好，又無(wú)交通事故，安全帶則可一直伴隨你的汽車使用。2 .科普應(yīng)用文科普文章或讀物的文體特征不叫接近一般文學(xué)作品。翻譯此類作品，用詞更 靈活，詞句要適

53、當(dāng)潤(rùn)色，使其帶有一定的感情色彩，以體現(xiàn)出科普文章或讀 物融知識(shí)性和趣味卜酎一體的文體特點(diǎn)。試將卜面一段短文譯成漢語(yǔ)：Fire MakingBut men still did not know how to make fire. When they had a fire, they did not let it stop burning. If it went out, they could not start it again. They hade to wait for lighting to start another fire. Sometimes they had to wait fo

54、r years. Later, they discovered how to make fire. If you rub two pieces of wood together, they become hot and burn. You have to rub very fast! One way of doing it is to make a little hole in a piece of wood. Pieces of wood or dry leaves are put into the hole. Then you put the end of a stick into the

55、 hole. You rob the stick between the hands. This makes it turn very quickly. The end in the hole becomes very hot. The small pieces of wood and dry leaves begin to burn.譯文：生火但人們?nèi)圆欢迷鯓由?，有了火時(shí)，它們就不讓它熄滅。如果火滅了， 它們就無(wú)法再生起來(lái)。它們只好等待閃電引起另一場(chǎng)大火。有時(shí)候，他們要 等數(shù)年之久。后來(lái)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了取火的辦法。如果你拿兩塊木頭相互摩擦，木頭變熱， 就會(huì)燃燒起來(lái)。你得摩擦得非?？?。辦法之一

56、是在一塊木頭上挖一個(gè)小洞， 在里面放些木片或干樹葉。然后，把一根棒的一端放入洞內(nèi)，雙手搓動(dòng)棒子， 使它迅速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。棒子置于洞內(nèi)的一端變得很熱，小木片和干樹葉就開始燃燒 起來(lái)。Part Two Practice翻譯實(shí)踐練習(xí) 把卜面的短語(yǔ)譯成漢語(yǔ)：3. AirOur Earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere. The atmosphere surround the Earth completely and is about 900 kilometers thick. Without the atmosphere, we w

57、ould not be able to live on the Earth. There would be no air for us to breathe. The Earth would be very, very hot in the day and very, very cold at night.我們的地球被一層氣體包圍著，這層氣體稱為大氣層。大氣層籠罩著整個(gè)地 球，約900公里厚。沒(méi)有大氣，我們就無(wú)法在地球上生存，就沒(méi)有空氣供我 們呼吸；白天地球就會(huì)變得非常之熱，夜間，又會(huì)變得非常非常之冷。Air is all around us. It is all around us as w

58、e walk and play. From themoment we are born, we are surrounded by air. When we sit down, it is around us. When we go to bed, air is also around us. Wherever we are on the Earth, we are surrounded by air. We live in the air.我們的周圍都是空氣。我們走路和玩耍時(shí)，它左右不離。從我們出生之時(shí)， 空氣就包圍著我們。不管我們?cè)诘厍虻氖裁吹胤?，都不?huì)擺脫空氣的包圍。 我們生活在空氣之中。2. How to Use Your Digital Watch如何使用數(shù)字顯示電子表If your watch is i