考研英語英語語法講義全國月修訂

1、2014考研基礎(chǔ)講義之語法解絕真題 課程目的：詞匯+語法=句子+句子=文章，故有了語法，解決根本問題。 引言：語法的意義何在（什么是語法）（1997年翻譯）On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. （2006年閱讀4）happiness more often than not ends in sadness.（2012年翻譯）Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independe

2、nt of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.指導(dǎo)：如何解決考研語法：一個核心：三種殘缺：兩種順序：五種從句：五種結(jié)構(gòu)：一.語法核心謂語（一個核心）1.謂語的意義：（2002 年閱讀）Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter g

3、rips thenorthern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.提示記錄區(qū)：動詞分類2.謂語判斷原則： 1） 2）3）英語時態(tài)語態(tài)一覽表：時間狀態(tài)備注3.謂語判斷舉例：（1996年翻譯）This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.提示記錄

4、區(qū)：簡單句的成分2. 非謂語動詞（三種殘缺）1. 非謂語動詞來源：非謂語動詞謂語類型謂語來源殘缺部分謂語含義非謂語翻譯可做成分to dodoingdonedonedoing提示記錄區(qū)：done和doing作定語2. 非謂語動詞舉例：1） 做主語+賓語（2012年翻譯）To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive te

5、rms.2） 定語Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.（2012年閱讀TEXT1）4）狀語Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has app

6、lied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.（2012年閱讀TEXT2）3. to do 的形式用法1） 形式主語（2005年翻譯）It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. 2）形式賓語：（2007年新題型）All these activities can prevent the growth of important

7、 communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.3）that形式主語（2004年閱讀TEXT2）It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone

8、 directories. 4) 強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：（2009Text2）It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. 3. 定語與狀語（兩種順序）1. 定語成分與順序1） 定語成分一覽表定語成分形容詞名詞代詞分詞不定式介詞短語定語從句前置定語后置定語2） 定語翻譯舉例舉例一：（2011年text1）The decision of the New York P

9、hilharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.舉例二：（1997年text5）Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch

10、 on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science.提示記錄區(qū)：定語翻譯順序2. 狀語分類與順序1. 狀語分類狀語分類時間地點原因目的條件讓步結(jié)果比較方式代表句前分隔主謂之間句尾部分2. 狀語成分狀語成分狀語舉例狀語位置3.狀語的翻譯中文狀語語序：英語狀語語序：4. 條件狀語的真?zhèn)危ㄌ摂M語氣）情況條件結(jié)果備注現(xiàn)在真實現(xiàn)在虛擬過去真實過去虛擬將來真實將來虛擬真題舉例一：（2003年text1）Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster wh

11、o built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. 41.The emergence of the Net has _.A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored many common pastimesD revived spying as a profe

12、ssion提示記錄區(qū)：狀語翻譯順序提示記錄區(qū)：介詞短語的作用4. 五種從句1. 從句概念與分類2. 引導(dǎo)詞A. 關(guān)系代詞B. 關(guān)系副詞3. 從句特征一覽表從句類型特征引導(dǎo)詞舉例翻譯方式主語從句賓（表）語從句定語從句同位語從句狀語從句4. 定語從句的特殊性1）限定性定語從句 He likes his father who gives money to him.2） 有介詞的定語從句舉例一（2003年text3）Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in

13、the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.舉例二（2003年翻譯)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.3） 使用關(guān)系副詞的定語從句舉例三（2010年text1）It is difficult to th

14、e point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. 舉例四 (2010年翻譯) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of na

15、tive forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.5. 五種結(jié)構(gòu)1. 代詞指代核心三原則：1. 2. 3.（2012年翻譯）Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies bet

16、ween particular types of word-order relations.2. 平行比較結(jié)構(gòu)1）平行原則：1. 2. （1995年翻譯） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 2） 比較原則：1. 2. （199

17、5年翻譯）Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.3. 省略（1）重復(fù)省略1.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.（2012年TEXT4）2. The teachers unions

18、keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.（2012年TEXT4）3. Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain?

19、 That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? （2005年TEXT2）（2） 簡潔省略A B C DB. European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.（2010年TEXT4）C.The company, a major energy supplier in

20、 New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.（2012年TEXT2）D.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.（2012年TEXT1）4. 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)（1）S

21、trengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher in the short term.（2002 年閱讀TEXT1）（2）Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. （2012 年閱讀TEXT4）（3）And thats the problem with a social cure e