Chapter_14 稅收與收入分配ppt課件

1、McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.CHAPTER 14TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION14-2VocabularyoStatutory Incidence oEconomic IncidenceoTax ShiftingoPartial Equilibrium Models 14-3Tax Incidence: General RemarksoOnly people can bear taxesoFunctional dis

2、tribution of incomeoSize distribution of incomeoBoth sources and uses of income should be consideredoIncidence depends on how prices are determinedoIncidence depends on the disposition of tax revenuesoBalanced-budget tax incidenceoDifferential tax incidenceoLump-sum taxoAbsolute tax incidence14-4Tax

3、 Progressiveness Can Be Measured in Several WaysoAverage tax rate versus marginal tax rateoProportional tax systemoProgressive tax systemoRegressive tax systemTax Liabilities under a hypothetical tax systemIncomeTax LiabilityAverage Tax RateMarginal Tax Rate$2,000-$200-0.100.2 3,000000.25,0004000.08

4、0.210,0001,4000.140.230,0005,4000.180.214-5Measuring How Progressive a Tax System isvIITITI1101100vTTTIII210010014-6Measuring How Progressive a Tax System is A Numerical ExamplevIITITI1101100vTTTIII2100100.0002510008003001000200800.0003100080036010002408002 03002002001000800800.2 0360240240100080080

5、0.14-7Before TaxAfter TaxConsumers PaySuppliers Receive$1.40$1.00$1.20$1.20D0S0D1S1Partial Equilibrium ModelsQuantity$14-80.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.6012345678DXSSXDXPerfectlyInelasticSupplyQuantity$14-90.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.6012345678DXSSXDXPerfectlyElasticSupplyQuantity$14-10Ad Valorem Taxe

6、sPounds of food per yearPrice per Pound of foodDfSfQ0QmQrP0PmPrDf14-11Taxes on FactorsoThe Payroll TaxoCapital Taxation in a Global Economy14-12Commodity Taxation without CompetitionoMonopolyoOligopoly14-13Profits TaxesoEconomic profitoPerfect competitionoMonopolyoMeasuring economic profit14-14Tax I

7、ncidence and CapitalizationPR = $R0 + $R1/(1 + r) + $R2/(1 + r)2 + + $RT/(1 + r)TPR = $(R0 u0) + $(R1 u1)/(1 + r) + $(R2 u2)/(1 + r)2 + + $(RT uT)/(1 + r)u0 + u1/(1 + r) + u2/(1 + r)2 + + uT/(1 + r)TCapitalization14-15General Equilibrium ModelsoPartial equilibrium oGeneral equilibrium14-16Tax Equiva

8、lence RelationstKF = a tax on capital used in the production of foodtKM = a tax on capital used in the production of manufacturestLF = a tax on labor used in the production of foodtLM = a tax on labor used in the production of manufacturestF = a tax on the consumption of foodtM = a tax on consumptio

9、n of manufacturestK = a tax on capital in both sectorstL = a tax on labor in both sectorst = a general income tax14-17Tax Equivalence RelationsoPartial factor taxestKFandtLFare equivalent totFandandandtKMandtLMare equivalent totMareareareequivalentequivalentequivalenttotototKandtLare equivalent totS

10、ource: McLure 1971.14-18The Harberger ModeloAssumptionsoTechnologyoElasticity of substitutionoCapital intensiveoLabor intensiveoBehavior of factor suppliersoMarket structureoTotal factor suppliesoConsumer preferencesoTax incidence framework14-19Analysis of Various TaxesoCommodity tax (tF)oIncome tax

11、 (t)oGeneral tax on labor (tL)oPartial factor tax (tKM)oOutput effectoFactor substitution effect14-20Some QualificationsoDifferences in individuals tastesoImmobile factorsoVariable factor supplies14-21An Applied Incidence StudyIncome CategoryAverage Federal Tax RateShare of Federal TaxesLowest Quint

12、ile 5.6%1.1%Second Quintile12.15.2Third Quintile15.710.3Fourth Quintile19.819.0Highest Quintile26.564.2All Quintiles21.6100.0Top 1%31.221.3Source: Congressional Budget Office 2019. These figures are based on projections that rely on assumptions about inflation and income growth.They include all tax law as of 2019.Table 14.3Average federal tax rates and share of federal taxes by income q