跨文化交際41037

1、Definitions (contd)Nonverbal communication is the interaction that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voice, in other words, everything except the actual words. Level of Meaning Cognitive content- stated messages, what is said openly Affective content- feelings, attitudes, and beha

2、viors7% through words, 38% through voice, and 55% through looks and behaviorsKinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body, or of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc.Kinesics is “body language” . Facial Express

3、ions (contd)Examples of feelings that can be expressed are: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, sadness, concentration, confusion, desire, excitement, frustration, glare, and snarl.Facial Expressions (contd)Regardless of culture, these expressions are the same: fear, anger, surprise

4、, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness. The “OK” Sign America: agree or everything is ok Latin America: offensive, similar to showing your middle finger France: youre worthless Turkey: one is homosexual Australia: zero Most American and European countries- great, approve Australia and Nigeria-

5、up yours Some Asian and Islamic countries- rude and offensiveThe Thumb Down Sign Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of. Sth or someone has failed. Not used as often as the thumbs up sign. It is a rude and arrogant way to indicate failure. The “V” sign Palm outward:- two, victory, general approval,

6、 peace or friend Palm facing yourself- two, insulting (up yours)Others The Stop Sign Raise the hand up with the palm facing towards the opposite person. The hand is tilted forward. Fingers pushing down: sit down or settle. Singapore or Malaysia: to hail someones attention or asking for permission to

7、 speak. Others The Dog Call Sign Curl the index finger and tell someone to come to you. Acceptable in the UK and US, but rude in many Asian countries* Philippines: used only for dogs* Singapore: death2.3 Postures With two arms up in the air: arrogance Standing firmly face-to-face: start to fight Han

8、ds on the waist- direct intrusion into others affairs Shrugging shoulders- indifferent, powerless, having no secret to concealPostures (contd) Follow ones natural habits so often go unnoticed (subconscious in nature) May damage your image if you neglect your postures2.4 Eye ContactDirect eye contact

9、 Chinese: avoid North Americans: appreciate The British: avoidEye Contact (contd) Looking at the person Looking sidewaysEye Contact (contd)Duration of eye contact (in US): 2.95 seconds and 1.18 seconds Shorter: shy, uninterested, absent-minded Longer: with unusually high interestCategories of Distan

10、ce Intimate Distance (0-45cm)- for the closest relation, e.g. a couple Personal Distance (45-120cm)- friends, old classmates, acquaintance and relativesCategories of Distance (contd) Social Distance (1.3-3m)- colleagues, business partners, people at social gatherings Public Distance (beyond 3m)- spe

11、aking in publicPersonal TerritoryPrivate space and personal spaceRefers to the space people have for their own activitiesProxemics The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture. Personal territory can be large or small, depending on place, sex, age, and character. Hold your grou

12、nd and not back away.3.2 Attitudes Toward Crowding Attitude toward crowdingChinese: high toleranceAmericans: low tolerance Way of queuingChinese: stand closely to the front value togethernessAmericans: keep a distance from the frontvalue apartnessHW2Features of KinesicsFive types of movements Emblem

13、s Illustrators Affect Display Regulator adaptorEmblemsEmblems are nonlinguistic substitutes for specific words or phrases in a language.Change over time and differ culture to cultureIllustratorsIllustrators are nonlinguistic behaviors that accompany and literally illustrate a linguistic message. Les

14、s subject to changeAffect DisplayAffect displays are movements of the facial area that convey emotional meaning. (e.g. facial expressions)Under less conscious controlRegulatorsRegulators are nonlinguistic behaviors that monitor, maintain, or control the behaviors of another individual.(eye contact)To inform another person what the othe