名詞和主謂一致

1、名詞和主謂一致（一）不可數(shù)名詞1以下幾個(gè)以f 結(jié)尾的名詞只加s：roof-roofs（屋頂），belief-beliefs（信念），proof-proofs（證明）。注：還有不少名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則變化的：如：foot-feet    tooth-teeth      child-children   mouse-mice2）單、復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。如：a sheep- two sheep      a deer- three deer此外，還有mea

2、ns, fish, works(工廠), species(種類) 以及由漢語音譯表示度量衡、幣制等單位的名詞，如yuan，jiao，fen，jin，mu等。3）只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：goods（貨物）    glasses（眼鏡）      compasses（圓規(guī)）  thanks（感謝）clothes（衣服）  remains（遺物，遺體）ashes（灰）        con

3、tents（目錄）trousers（褲子） gloves（手套）      scissors（剪刀）    jeans（牛仔褲）people          dumplings（餃子）    noodles             doings（行為） po

4、lice    congratulations（祝賀）   savings（儲(chǔ)蓄）      belongings（所有物）4）表示“某國人”的名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式因習(xí)慣不同而各異。a、單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, Vetnamese(越南人), Swiss(瑞士人), Portuguese(葡萄牙人)b、加s構(gòu)成：Americans, Germans, Africans, Asians, Australians, Canadians, Indians, Belg

5、ians(比利時(shí)人), Europeans(歐洲人), Greeks, Swedes(瑞典人), Arabs(阿拉伯人), Hungarians(匈牙利人).c、改man為men：an Englishman- four Englishmen      a Frenchman- three Frenchmenan Irishman- six Irishmen                 Dutc

6、hman- five Dutchmen  5）復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式因詞而異，有下列四種變化，必須分別熟記。a、以可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞，直接加-s。如：tooth-brushes，   boy-friends，  store-keepers，  film-goersc、以man和woman等為前綴的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，則前后兩部分都要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式。如： a woman doctor- three women doctors注：a. 有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。如：papers（報(bào)紙，文件）, manners（禮貌）, goods（貨物

7、）, works（工廠）, looks（外表）, glasses（眼鏡）, greens（青菜）, hairs（幾根）頭發(fā)）, times（時(shí)代）, sands（沙灘，沙地）,irons（腳鐐手銬）, drinks（飲料）, forces（軍隊(duì)）, spirits（酒精；情緒）, customs（海關(guān)）, letters（文學(xué)），teas（各種茶）, silks（各種絲綢）, fruits（各種水果）,fishes（各種魚）b. word一詞作“消息”或“通知”解時(shí)，前面不加“a”或“the”，也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Word came that the meeting would be held

8、 next Friday.Please send me word of your safe arrival in New York.d. 請注意下列詞組中的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式的含義：keep one's word(守信), break one's word(失信), leave word(留言), a man of his word(守信用的人), in a word(簡言之),word for/by word(逐字地), eat one's words(收回前言，認(rèn)錯(cuò)), the last words(臨終的話), waste one's words(白費(fèi)口舌),

9、have words with somebody (與某人爭吵), have a few words (a word) with somebody (與某人說幾句話)（2）、不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。如：health，glass，wood，English，American，Canada下列名詞常用作不可數(shù)名詞，因此沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)形式：air(空氣) behaviour(舉止) bread(面包) butter(黃油)  clothing(衣服) coffee(咖啡)fruit(水果)  furni

10、ture(家具)   housework(家務(wù))  grass(草)    homework(家庭作業(yè))fun(樂趣)    ice(冰)  information(消息) luck(運(yùn)氣)   knowledge(知識(shí)) news(新聞)paper(紙)   progress(進(jìn)步)   sugar(糖)    snow(雪)    rain(雨)   r

11、ice(米)traffic(交通)   trouble(煩惱)   water(水)   weather(天氣)    work(工作)注：不可數(shù)名詞表示個(gè)體時(shí)，須用單位名詞（相當(dāng)于量詞）。請記住下列常用的單位名詞：a piece of advice/bread/cake/chalk/cloth/furniture/glass/information/kindness/land/meat/news/paper/wood/worka bar of chocolate/soapa cake of s

12、oapa loaf of breada bottle of coke/drink/ink/milk/orange/water/winea pair of chopsticks/glasses/gloves/scissors/shoes/socks/trousersa bag of rice/flour/milka bowl of rice/soup/noodlesa glass of water/milk/orangea cup of tea/water（二）名詞的所有格5）表示在“某人家”、“某人店鋪”等的名詞所有格后面的名詞，通常省略。如：at Mr. Green's(在格林先生家

13、)，at the tailor's(在裁縫店)，at the barber's(在理發(fā)店)，at the doctor's(在診所)；6）表示無生命的東西的名詞，通常用of+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系。如：the window of the classroom, a map of China；但是有些表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等無生命的東西的名詞，可以加“'s”來構(gòu)成所有格。如：today's newspaper，ten minutes' walk， China's problem，the hospital's wait

14、ing-room；（三）主謂一致、1、語法形式上的一致。主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：The number of the students in his class is very large. 但是：A number of students are planting trees on the hill.(a number of = many )Tom and Peter are good friends.She has seen the film three times.The teacher and writer is going to gi

15、ve us a talk next week.(the teacher and writer指同一個(gè)人)The teacher and the writer are talking over there.(the teacher and the writer指兩個(gè)人)The knife and fork is  lying on the table.(the knife and fork指同一個(gè)概念)A horse is a useful animal.The woman with a baby in her arms is Anne's aunt.(劃線部分為定語)He ，

16、as well as his friends ，is very interested in English.(劃線部分為狀語)The teacher, together with his students, is singing an English song in the classroom.(劃線部分為狀語)2、意義上的一致。1）主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：The Smith family are having breakfast.單數(shù)形式表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的名詞有family，army，people，police，class，group，crowd，team等。2

17、）主語形式為復(fù)數(shù)而意義上卻是單數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：The news is very exciting.形式上為復(fù)數(shù)而意義上卻是單數(shù)的名詞有news，works（工廠）和一些以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如physics，politics，maths等。3、就近原則。即謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。如用連詞or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.等連接的并列主語，如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)或第三人稱單數(shù)、一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)或非第三人稱單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞要與靠近它的主語一致。如：Either you or he knows about Mr White.

18、Neither she nor I am a doctor.Are either you or he a doctor?注：請注意如下幾個(gè)問題。1、名詞作主語1）某些集體名詞（如family，class，team等）作主語時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體來看，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果就其中一個(gè)個(gè)成員而言，謂語動(dòng)詞則要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His family is a happy one.His whole family were watching TV when I got to their home.The population of China is very large, and 80% of the

19、population in China are peasants.象這樣的名詞有family，army，people，police，class，group，crowd，team等?！癮 group（crowd） of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”等短語之后的謂語動(dòng)詞也同樣用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式，前者強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)部分。如：A group of students is going to help them.A group of students are playing football in the field. 2）某些集體名詞（如people，police等）只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)形式看待，所以謂語動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

20、如：The police are seaching for the thief in the building.The Chinese people are living a happy life today.3）單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義來決定用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：There are some sheep over there. A sheep is eating grass. The other sheep are sleeping.4）名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略的情況一般只指商店、工場、住宅等，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如：My aunt's is n

21、ot far from here.The barber's is on the other side of the street.常見的省略名詞有the doctor's, the baker's, the barber's, the Chen's, Mr Green's等。但是表示店鋪的名詞一般作集體名詞看待，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：McDonald's haven't much nice food to eat.5）當(dāng)名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金額、時(shí)間、書名等 復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，往往可以根據(jù)意義一致的原則，把這

22、些復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Ten years has passed since I came to shenzhen.Five minutes is enough for us to do the maths problem.The Selected Poems of Du Fu was published again in the 1980s. 6）不定代詞each，every，no所修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號(hào)連接成多個(gè)并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。如：Each boy and each girl wants to learn English well.7）

23、如果主語由more than one或many a 構(gòu)成的，盡管從意義上看復(fù)數(shù)的內(nèi)容，但它的謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。如：More than one teacher has bought a computer.Many a student has been studying very hard.但是在“more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one”的結(jié)構(gòu)后面，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：More persons than one agree with you.8）一些由兩部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如glasses，clothes，trousers，shoes，comp

24、asses，chopsticks，scissors，gloves等。但是如果主語由“a kind of，a pair of，a series of等加名詞”構(gòu)成時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如：Chopsticks are used by Chinese and Japanese.There is a pair of new scissors on the table.A pair of gloves was lost yesterday. 9）this kind of book= a book of this kind（這種書）作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；詞組this kind of me

25、n=men of this kind=these kind of men（這一類人）（口語），如果this kind of men作主語，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，而men of this kind或these kind of men作主語時(shí)它的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果all kinds of 后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：This kind of men is very cruel.Men of this kind are very cruel.10）在主謂倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后面的主語保持一致。如：There is a pair of new scissors on t

26、he table.Between the two maps is a large blackboard.11）復(fù)數(shù)形式的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí)，按意義一致的原則，作單數(shù)意義時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)形式；反之，謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這類名詞有means（方法），works（工廠），species（種類），Chinese，Japanese等。如：The (This) paper works was built in the 1990s.That Japanese is very strange.The Chinese people are brave and hard-working.當(dāng)它們前面有

27、a，such a，this，that修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；有all，such，these，those或the修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但是“means”，“no means”，“the means”等詞前沒有以上修飾詞且作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可以用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。另外，work作“工作”解時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞，作“著作”解時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞，有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。12）如果名詞詞組中心詞是all，most，half，rest，part等詞語，表示的是復(fù)數(shù)的意義，謂語動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式；反之，就用單數(shù)形式。如：All of my students are very diligent.All of the mone

28、y was missing.2、由連接詞連接的名詞作主語1）用and或both.and.連接并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如Running and swimming are very good sports.Both rubber and plastics never rot.但是，并列主語如果指的是同一個(gè)人或概念，謂語動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)形式，這時(shí)and后面沒有冠詞。如：The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk next week.(the teacher and writer指同一個(gè)人)Going to bed early and ge

29、tting up early is a good habit.(指同一個(gè)概念)The knife and fork is lying on the table.(the knife and fork指同一個(gè)概念)）以or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.等連接的名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)就近一致的原則來確定。如：Either you or he knows about Mr White.Neither she nor I am a doctor.Neither I nor you nor anybody else kno

30、ws about that.3、代詞作主語）名詞性物主代詞后面的動(dòng)詞，既可以用單數(shù)形式，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式，這時(shí)要取決于它所代替的是單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Ours(Our country) is a developing country.Your home is near Vanguard Supermarket, and mine (=my home) is near Carrefour Shopping Center.）such，the same當(dāng)指示代詞時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指的內(nèi)容來決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Such was Albert Einstain.He gave her th

31、ree pears. The same (amount of pears) were given to me by him, too.3）關(guān)系代詞who，that，which等在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。如：Those (people/persons/students) who want to see the film please put up your hands.(劃線部分為定語從句)Some of the water that is used by them comes from the underground.(劃線部分為定語從句)4）疑問代詞wh

32、o，what，which作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)說話人所要表達(dá)的意思來決定使用單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：- Who teaches you English? - Mr He does.- Who teach you English? - Mr He and Miss Barnes do.- What is in the box? - There is a cake in it.- Which is his pen? - The one on the book is.- Which are your books? - The ones on the desk are mine.5）不定代詞any，ei

33、ther，neither，none，all，some，more等作主語時(shí)，有兩種情況：a、單獨(dú)作主語時(shí)，視其在文中的意義，動(dòng)詞可以用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Now all is changing.All are here. Let's begin our class.either，neither作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。b、后面接of 短語時(shí)，若of后面的賓語為不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞當(dāng)然用單數(shù)形式；若of 后面的賓語為復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞或代詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞可以用單數(shù)形式或復(fù)數(shù)形式。在書面語中，動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。如：Do(es) any of you know her telephone numb

34、er?None of us has(have) been to the USA.4、分?jǐn)?shù)、量詞作主語1）某個(gè)數(shù)詞單純表示數(shù)字作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，但是當(dāng)基數(shù)詞表示的不是數(shù)值而是數(shù)量時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：The million is a large number.There are fifty students in Class 8. Twenty are boys, the others are girls.英語中算術(shù)式作主語時(shí)，若是減法和除法算術(shù)式，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式；若是加法和乘法，謂語動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Five from ten is/leaves

35、five.Twenty divided by five is four.Three and/plus ten is/are thirteen.Four times six is/are twenty-four.在提問加、減、乘、除得數(shù)時(shí)，如用疑問詞how much，謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式；如用疑問詞how many，則謂語動(dòng)詞多用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：How much is nine divided by three?How many are four times seven?2）“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語，以及由“some，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the re

36、st of”構(gòu)成的短語，其名詞可以是可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。作主語時(shí)，采取就近一致的原則，其謂語動(dòng)詞要與短語中of后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致，這是因?yàn)槎陶Z中of后面的名詞是中心詞，而名詞前面的量詞是修飾語。如：About three-fourths of the earth's surface is covered with water.Three-fifths of the teachers in their school are women teachers.The population of China is very large, and 80% of the population in China are peasants.A lot of money was left when he died.3）The number of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式、the amount of +不可數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：The number of the students in his class is very large. 但是：A number of students are planting trees on the hill.(a