醫(yī)學英語期末考試題型及復習范圍

1、醫(yī)學英語期末考試題型及復習范圍:1.An error of interpretation of this sort makes the experimental scientist cautions about giving biological significance to a sex difference when the observation is made in only one society at one period. 這一類解釋上的錯誤使實驗者在解讀特定社會、特定時期兩性區(qū)別的生物學意義時變得謹慎小心。And these remarks are not made to de

2、ny the existence of biological differences but only to encourage caution in interpreting observations.說這些話的用意,不在否認兩性生物學差異的存在,而只是為了提倡對觀察結果進行解讀時多加小心。2.Drug testing employs various laboratory techniques to detect even minute traces of the metabolic breakdown products of marijuana,cocaine, and many kind

3、s of prescription drugs.藥物檢測使用各種化驗技術來查驗極少量的大麻、可卡因以及多種處方藥的代謝分解產(chǎn)物。If a person takes a drug overdose and loses consciousness and no one is sure which drug was consumed, physicians quickly test the urine to identify the drug and determine the best treatment for saving the patients life.如果一個人過量服藥而失去知覺,又沒

4、有人確知他服用了何種藥物,醫(yī)生能很快地進行尿檢得以確認,并決定拯救病人生命的最佳治療方案Two additional uses testing athletes and employees for drug use in the playing field or on the job are currently quite controversial.兩個額外的用途在運動場上或工作上,測試運動員和員工藥物使用的目前頗有爭議。3.Chymes volume and composition affect how fast the stomach empties. For example, larg

5、e meals activate more stomach receptors, these call for more forceful contraction, and emptying speeds up.食糜的量和組成影響到胃的排空速度。比如說,大量進食觸發(fā)更多的胃壁感覺器官,感覺器官引來更強有力的收縮,排空的速度就加快了。4.Closely associated with the urinary system is the reproductive system,by which human life is carried on to future generations. Sper

6、m cells are produced in the testicles of the male and ejaculated through the penis into the female vagina. The fertilization of the females ovum (egg by the males sperm is called conception. It usually occurs in one of the fallopia n tubes, which the sperm reaches through active movement from the pl

7、ace of deposition. Normally, the fertilized egg then travels to the uterus where it becomes an embryo,is implanted,and develops for about 280 days(until childbirth.與泌尿系統(tǒng)緊密聯(lián)系的是生殖系統(tǒng),通過生殖系統(tǒng)人類生命得以世代延續(xù)。精子細胞在男性的睪丸里產(chǎn)生,并通過陰莖射精進入女性陰道。女性的卵子與男性的精子結合叫受精。受精通常發(fā)生在其中一條輸卵管中,精子從存放處通過主動的運動到達輸卵管。在正常情況下,受精卵接著游移到子宮,在此植入并

8、變成胚胎,然后發(fā)育約280天左右。6.Although all pathogens pose potential threats if they gain entry to the body, the chances of this occurring are actually quite small.雖然所有病原體若進入人體都會造成潛在的威脅,但這種情況發(fā)生的可能性卻相當小They must first overcome a number of effective barriers, many of which were established in the body prior to bi

9、rth.它們必須克服多道有效的屏障,其中許多是在出生之前就已確定的。7. Another packages the manufactured protein for transport wherever needed in the body.另一個將制成的蛋白質(zhì)加以整理,以輸送到身體需要的任何地方。8.Confusion, memory loss, and inability to distinguish reality and fantasy are all symptoms that can be caused by damage to the brain.困惑,失憶,分不清真實和幻想(癡

10、呆,這些癥狀都可因大腦損傷而出現(xiàn)。10.Bounding the cytoplasm is the cell membrane, which keeps the cell contents in and undesirable material out.包裹著細胞質(zhì)的是細胞膜,它將細胞內(nèi)含物包容于細胞之內(nèi),將不需之物排斥于外,而又允許適當?shù)臓I養(yǎng)物和廢物通過。11.Physicians can often detect or predict heart problems by measuring the rate of the heartbeat (called the pulse and by

11、 taking the patients blood pressure.通過測量心跳的速度(脈搏和病人的血壓,醫(yī)生常常能察覺和預測心臟問題。12.Vitamin C is supposed to improve short-term memory, some claim, as well as “cure”schizophrenia and depression. Studies ruled out its effect on the former.維生素 C 被認為能改善短期記憶,一些人聲稱,如"治愈"精神分裂癥和抑郁癥。研究排除了它對前者的影響。13. Such a s

12、tressful state may also make a person more vulnerable to other factors present, influencing the integrity of the immune system, food behaviors, and nutritional status.這樣緊張的狀態(tài)也可能使人更容易受到其他因素存在,影響免疫系統(tǒng)的完整性,食物的行為,和營養(yǎng)狀況14.In countries where modern medical facilities are available, infectious diseases that

13、 wereonce widespread killers can now be prevented or diagnosed early and cured.在現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療設施可用的國家,曾經(jīng)廣泛的傳染病殺手現(xiàn)在可以預防或早期診斷和治愈Thanks to vaccines, antibiotics, and improved sanitation, most of the dreaded epidemics of the past are not likely to recur.由于有了疫苗、抗生素,以及公共衛(wèi)生條件的改善,過去那些令人談虎色變的流行病,多數(shù)不大可能卷土重來。15.All the

14、specialized scientific views of the body are valid. All, however, must start from the same premise: an awareness of the bodys basic structure and functionsits anatomy andphysiology. And the bedrock principle of our present understanding of the body is that all living matter is composed of cells basi

15、cally similar in structure and function.所有有關人體的專業(yè)科學的觀點都是有意義的,然而,所有的這些都必須從同一個前提開始:那就是對研究人體的基本結構和功能的解剖學和生理學的認識。我們對身體的了解的基本原則是,所有生物都是由結構和功能基本相似的細胞構成的。17.Studies of the cellwhat it is , what it does and how it reproduces itself have revealed it to be a fantastically complex world in itself. One of the m

16、ajor wonders of the cell is the disparity between its minuteness and the prodigiousness of its activity. Each cell is so tiny that millions of them may be found in a half-inch cube of human body tissue. Yet each comprises an almost unimaginably busy chemical laboratory with a highly ordered division

17、 of labor.(關于細胞的研究細胞是什么,它是干什么的和如何復制的已經(jīng)顯露出細胞本身那令人難以置信的復雜世界。細胞的一個主要的神奇之處在于其體積的微細與其活性之間的巨大差距。每個細胞是如此渺小,以至于數(shù)以萬計的細胞有可能被發(fā)現(xiàn)在一個半英寸立方體大小的人體組織中。然而,每個細胞都堪比一個繁忙到難以想象的并有著高度的分工的化學實驗室。18.The human body is a remarkably complex and efficient machine. It takes in and absorbs oxygen through the respiratory system. The

18、n the oxygen-enriched blood is distributed through the cardiovascular system to all tissues. The digestive system converts digestible food to energy and disposes of the rest. The skeletal-muscular system gives form to the body. And covering almost the entire mass is the skin, the largest organ of th

19、e body. The science of the structure of this complicated” machine” is called anatomy.(人體是一個非常復雜并且有效的機器。它通過呼吸系統(tǒng)吸入并且吸收氧氣。然后這富含氧的血液通過心血管系統(tǒng)被分布到所有的組織。消化系統(tǒng)將易消化的食物轉(zhuǎn)變成能量并且將剩下的不易消化的食物處理掉。骨骼肌系統(tǒng)組成了人體的形態(tài)。覆蓋這整個軀體的是皮膚,它是身體最大的器官。研究這架復雜機器結構的科學被稱為“解剖學”。19. One of the major systems is the skeletal-muscular system. Th

20、e body is supported and given shape by this structure, consisting of more than 200 bones and the muscles and tendons which are connected to them. They are strong but can bend at their joins. They also serve as a shield, protecting the vital internal organs from injury.(主要的系統(tǒng)之一是這個骨骼肌系統(tǒng)。人體由這個結構作支撐并構成輪

21、廓,這一結構由200多塊骨頭和與之相連的肌肉和腱組成。它們非常的堅韌但是能夠在關節(jié)內(nèi)彎曲。它們也能提供像防護物的作用,保護內(nèi)部器官免受傷害。20. An individual with this condition will probably have a tendency to be nervous, jittery and overactive, with a pounding heart and labored respiration, able to gorge and yet still lose weight, as though all the body fires were b

22、urning out of control.這種病癥的患者常顯得緊張、惶恐不安、過分激動;心跳加速、呼吸用力、暴飲暴食卻體重下降,仿佛體內(nèi)之火的燃燒失去了控制。21.If you are exposed to an organism, either during your day-to-day life or through vaccination, you will eventually develop an active acquired immunity to that organism. Your body will produce its own antibodies, and, in most cases, you will not have to worry