分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展歷史ppt課件

1、第一章第一章 分子生物學(xué)的分子生物學(xué)的開(kāi)展歷史開(kāi)展歷史鄭偉娟鄭偉娟20192019What is Molecular biology ?1.1. 分分 子子 生生 物物 學(xué)學(xué) 的的 概概 念念The term has more than one definition.Define in broadly： understand biological phenomena in molecular terms (difficult to distinguish from biochemistry)Define in restrictively： the study of gene structure

2、 and their activities in molecular levelWhat is Molecular biology ?遺傳學(xué)遺傳學(xué)genetics生物化學(xué)生物化學(xué)biochemistrybiochemistry分子生物學(xué)分子生物學(xué)molecular biology1.2. 分子生物學(xué)開(kāi)展簡(jiǎn)史分子生物學(xué)開(kāi)展簡(jiǎn)史Transmission Genetics傳送遺傳學(xué)傳送遺傳學(xué)In 1865, Gregor Mendel published Mendelian inheritance (孟德?tīng)栠z傳定律孟德?tīng)栠z傳定律 ).garden peaInheritance occurred th

3、rough blending of each trait of the parents in the offspring. Inheritance is particulate微粒，微粒微粒，微粒的的. Each parent contributes particles, or genetic units, to the /RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.htmlIn 1910, Thomas Hunt Morganprovided the first definitive evidence for t

4、he Chromosome theory of inheritance 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning the role played by the Chromosome in heredity遺遺傳傳 , demonstrated that genes are on the chromosomefruit fly ( Drosophia melanogaster ) 1866-1945/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-b

5、io.htmlMolecular GeneticsWhat genes are made of and how they work?The discovery of DNA1869, Friedrich Miescher discovered nuclein and the major component of nuclein is DNA. 1844-1895fmi.ch/members/marilyn.vaccaro/ewww/index2.htmlThe Composition of Genes1944, Oswald Avery demonstrated that the chromo

6、some is composed of DNA.Not RNA or protein ! Frederick Griffith 肺炎球菌轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)驗(yàn)1877-1955/dnaftb/concept_17/con17bio.htmlHow does genes work?1902, Archibald Garrod, alcaptonuria尿黑酸癥George Beadle and E.L.Tatum, Neurospora脈孢菌屬/鏈孢菌屬one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesisMost genes contain the information for

7、making one polypeptide.The overall structure of DNA1951 James Watson (23y)丹麥 哥本哈根劍橋大學(xué)劍橋大學(xué) Cavendish Lab.Francis Crick (35y)1953, double helixMolecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (Nature, April 25, 1953. volume 171:737-738.) Rosalind FrankinXray photograph of

8、 DNA with high qualityXray photograph of DNA with high quality( (核與磷酸銜接成的扭曲繩子，每一節(jié)上都有配對(duì)核與磷酸銜接成的扭曲繩子，每一節(jié)上都有配對(duì)的堿基的堿基) )1951. Kings Lab. London University UKM. H. F. WilkinsJames Watson (34y)Francis Crick (46y)Maurice Wilkins (46y)1962 Nobel Prize1958，Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahlproved that DNA r

9、eplication in bacteria follows the semiconservative pathway.Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl more recentlyFaculty member at HarvardMechanisms of Molecular EvolutionFaculty Chair for CBW StudiesFaculty member at U. of OregonMeiotic RecombinationFrancois Jacob and Sydney BrennerThe ribosomes are no

10、nspecific translation machines that can make different proteins, according to the instructions in the mRNAs that visit the ribosomes.In the early 1960sMarshall NirenbergGobind Khorana Robert W. Holley for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.1968 Nobel Prize

11、 in Medicine1927-1922-1922-one geneone polypeptidenormal genenormal functionmutant genegenetic disorderTechnique: gene cloning Howard Temin (41y)David Baltimore (37y)David Baltimore (37y)Reverse transcription引發(fā)癌癥的內(nèi)因引發(fā)癌癥的內(nèi)因The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980for their contributions concerning the determ

12、ination of base sequences in nucleic acidsWalter Gilbert Frederick Sanger 1932-1918-for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulinThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958Frederick Sanger 1918 - 1983. Barbara McClintock (86y)DNA transposable elementThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989for

13、 their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA RibozymeSidney Altman Thomas R. CechYale University New Haven, CT, USA University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA1939 -1947- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993Kary B. Mullis 1944 -for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodEdward B. Lew

14、isChristiane Nsslein-VolhardEric F. Wieschaus The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2019discovered Genetic control of early development in Drosophila果蠅果蠅In 2019, lan Wilmut and colleagues cloned a sheep (Dolly) from an adult sheep udder cell.2019，The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for hi

15、s discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infectionStanley B. Prusiner Univ. of California,School of Medicine USA 1942 -discovered key regulators of the cell cycleLeland H. Hartwell R. Timothy(Tim) Hunt Sir Paul M. NurseThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 20192019 Nobel Prize John Su

16、lston Sydney Brenner H. Robert HorvitzProgrammed Cell Death (PCD) and development1.3. 分子生物學(xué)的研討概略分子生物學(xué)的研討概略復(fù)原論復(fù)原論20世紀(jì)世紀(jì)人類(lèi)對(duì)生命景象的認(rèn)識(shí)人類(lèi)對(duì)生命景象的認(rèn)識(shí)個(gè)體個(gè)體 染色體染色體 基因基因 DNA dNt基因的概念基因的概念基因的本質(zhì)基因的本質(zhì)基因的功能基因的功能逐漸深化認(rèn)識(shí)逐漸深化認(rèn)識(shí)人類(lèi)對(duì)生命景象的認(rèn)識(shí)人類(lèi)對(duì)生命景象的認(rèn)識(shí)復(fù)原論復(fù)原論20世紀(jì)世紀(jì)生命科學(xué)的飛躍生命科學(xué)的飛躍了解整個(gè)生命景象的本質(zhì)了解整個(gè)生命景象的本質(zhì)依然是零敲碎打研討戰(zhàn)略依然是零敲碎打研討戰(zhàn)略 piece

17、 meal 人類(lèi)對(duì)生命景象的認(rèn)識(shí)人類(lèi)對(duì)生命景象的認(rèn)識(shí) 整體論整體論 提示生命的奧妙提示生命的奧妙21世紀(jì)世紀(jì)Genomics Structural Genomics Functional genomics 數(shù)、理、化相關(guān)學(xué)科數(shù)、理、化相關(guān)學(xué)科生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)浸透浸透 交叉交叉近代生物學(xué)近代生物學(xué)生物學(xué)生物學(xué)個(gè)性個(gè)性共性共性宏觀生物學(xué)宏觀生物學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)為中心生態(tài)學(xué)為中心微觀生物學(xué)微觀生物學(xué)分子生物學(xué)為中心分子生物學(xué)為中心細(xì)胞程度細(xì)胞程度分子程度分子程度構(gòu)造生物學(xué)，發(fā)育生物學(xué)，構(gòu)造生物學(xué)，發(fā)育生物學(xué)，神經(jīng)生物學(xué)等新興學(xué)科開(kāi)展神經(jīng)生物學(xué)等新興學(xué)科開(kāi)展生物多樣性生物多樣性研討研討資源維護(hù)與資源維護(hù)與利用利用人類(lèi)生態(tài)環(huán)境的維護(hù)人類(lèi)生態(tài)環(huán)境的維護(hù)工農(nóng)業(yè)消費(fèi)繼續(xù)開(kāi)展工農(nóng)業(yè)消費(fèi)繼續(xù)開(kāi)展分子生物學(xué)在現(xiàn)代生物學(xué)中的位置分子生物學(xué)在現(xiàn)代生物學(xué)中的位置分子生物學(xué)分子生物學(xué)分子構(gòu)造生物學(xué)分子構(gòu)造生物學(xué)分子發(fā)育生物學(xué)分子發(fā)育生物學(xué)分子神經(jīng)生物學(xué)分子神經(jīng)生物學(xué)分子育種學(xué)分子育種學(xué)分子腫瘤學(xué)分子腫瘤學(xué)分子細(xì)胞生物學(xué)分子細(xì)胞生物學(xué)分子免疫學(xué)分子免疫學(xué)分子病毒學(xué)分子病毒學(xué)分子生理學(xué)分子生理