分子生物學的發(fā)展歷史ppt課件

1、第一章第一章 分子生物學的分子生物學的開展歷史開展歷史鄭偉娟鄭偉娟20192019What is Molecular biology ?1.1. 分分 子子 生生 物物 學學 的的 概概 念念The term has more than one definition.Define in broadly： understand biological phenomena in molecular terms (difficult to distinguish from biochemistry)Define in restrictively： the study of gene structure

2、 and their activities in molecular levelWhat is Molecular biology ?遺傳學遺傳學genetics生物化學生物化學biochemistrybiochemistry分子生物學分子生物學molecular biology1.2. 分子生物學開展簡史分子生物學開展簡史Transmission Genetics傳送遺傳學傳送遺傳學In 1865, Gregor Mendel published Mendelian inheritance (孟德爾遺傳定律孟德爾遺傳定律 ).garden peaInheritance occurred th

3、rough blending of each trait of the parents in the offspring. Inheritance is particulate微粒，微粒微粒，微粒的的. Each parent contributes particles, or genetic units, to the /RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.htmlIn 1910, Thomas Hunt Morganprovided the first definitive evidence for t

4、he Chromosome theory of inheritance 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning the role played by the Chromosome in heredity遺遺傳傳 , demonstrated that genes are on the chromosomefruit fly ( Drosophia melanogaster ) 1866-1945/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-b

5、io.htmlMolecular GeneticsWhat genes are made of and how they work?The discovery of DNA1869, Friedrich Miescher discovered nuclein and the major component of nuclein is DNA. 1844-1895fmi.ch/members/marilyn.vaccaro/ewww/index2.htmlThe Composition of Genes1944, Oswald Avery demonstrated that the chromo

6、some is composed of DNA.Not RNA or protein ! Frederick Griffith 肺炎球菌轉化實驗1877-1955/dnaftb/concept_17/con17bio.htmlHow does genes work?1902, Archibald Garrod, alcaptonuria尿黑酸癥George Beadle and E.L.Tatum, Neurospora脈孢菌屬/鏈孢菌屬one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesisMost genes contain the information for

7、making one polypeptide.The overall structure of DNA1951 James Watson (23y)丹麥 哥本哈根劍橋大學劍橋大學 Cavendish Lab.Francis Crick (35y)1953, double helixMolecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (Nature, April 25, 1953. volume 171:737-738.) Rosalind FrankinXray photograph of

8、 DNA with high qualityXray photograph of DNA with high quality( (核與磷酸銜接成的扭曲繩子，每一節(jié)上都有配對核與磷酸銜接成的扭曲繩子，每一節(jié)上都有配對的堿基的堿基) )1951. Kings Lab. London University UKM. H. F. WilkinsJames Watson (34y)Francis Crick (46y)Maurice Wilkins (46y)1962 Nobel Prize1958，Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahlproved that DNA r

9、eplication in bacteria follows the semiconservative pathway.Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl more recentlyFaculty member at HarvardMechanisms of Molecular EvolutionFaculty Chair for CBW StudiesFaculty member at U. of OregonMeiotic RecombinationFrancois Jacob and Sydney BrennerThe ribosomes are no

10、nspecific translation machines that can make different proteins, according to the instructions in the mRNAs that visit the ribosomes.In the early 1960sMarshall NirenbergGobind Khorana Robert W. Holley for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.1968 Nobel Prize

11、 in Medicine1927-1922-1922-one geneone polypeptidenormal genenormal functionmutant genegenetic disorderTechnique: gene cloning Howard Temin (41y)David Baltimore (37y)David Baltimore (37y)Reverse transcription引發(fā)癌癥的內因引發(fā)癌癥的內因The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980for their contributions concerning the determ

12、ination of base sequences in nucleic acidsWalter Gilbert Frederick Sanger 1932-1918-for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulinThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958Frederick Sanger 1918 - 1983. Barbara McClintock (86y)DNA transposable elementThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989for

13、 their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA RibozymeSidney Altman Thomas R. CechYale University New Haven, CT, USA University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA1939 -1947- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993Kary B. Mullis 1944 -for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodEdward B. Lew

14、isChristiane Nsslein-VolhardEric F. Wieschaus The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2019discovered Genetic control of early development in Drosophila果蠅果蠅In 2019, lan Wilmut and colleagues cloned a sheep (Dolly) from an adult sheep udder cell.2019，The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for hi

15、s discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infectionStanley B. Prusiner Univ. of California,School of Medicine USA 1942 -discovered key regulators of the cell cycleLeland H. Hartwell R. Timothy(Tim) Hunt Sir Paul M. NurseThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 20192019 Nobel Prize John Su

16、lston Sydney Brenner H. Robert HorvitzProgrammed Cell Death (PCD) and development1.3. 分子生物學的研討概略分子生物學的研討概略復原論復原論20世紀世紀人類對生命景象的認識人類對生命景象的認識個體個體 染色體染色體 基因基因 DNA dNt基因的概念基因的概念基因的本質基因的本質基因的功能基因的功能逐漸深化認識逐漸深化認識人類對生命景象的認識人類對生命景象的認識復原論復原論20世紀世紀生命科學的飛躍生命科學的飛躍了解整個生命景象的本質了解整個生命景象的本質依然是零敲碎打研討戰(zhàn)略依然是零敲碎打研討戰(zhàn)略 piece

17、 meal 人類對生命景象的認識人類對生命景象的認識 整體論整體論 提示生命的奧妙提示生命的奧妙21世紀世紀Genomics Structural Genomics Functional genomics 數、理、化相關學科數、理、化相關學科生物學實驗技術生物學實驗技術浸透浸透 交叉交叉近代生物學近代生物學生物學生物學個性個性共性共性宏觀生物學宏觀生物學生態(tài)學為中心生態(tài)學為中心微觀生物學微觀生物學分子生物學為中心分子生物學為中心細胞程度細胞程度分子程度分子程度構造生物學，發(fā)育生物學，構造生物學，發(fā)育生物學，神經生物學等新興學科開展神經生物學等新興學科開展生物多樣性生物多樣性研討研討資源維護與資源維護與利用利用人類生態(tài)環(huán)境的維護人類生態(tài)環(huán)境的維護工農業(yè)消費繼續(xù)開展工農業(yè)消費繼續(xù)開展分子生物學在現代生物學中的位置分子生物學在現代生物學中的位置分子生物學分子生物學分子構造生物學分子構造生物學分子發(fā)育生物學分子發(fā)育生物學分子神經生物學分子神經生物學分子育種學分子育種學分子腫瘤學分子腫瘤學分子細胞生物學分子細胞生物學分子免疫學分子免疫學分子病毒學分子病毒學分子生理學分子生理