賽領(lǐng)考研語法2(名詞性從句)講義

1、紀(jì)小軍紀(jì)小軍鄭州大學(xué)鄭州大學(xué) 副教授副教授高大上的名詞性從句高大上的名詞性從句英語1英語2合計2013484290201252257720113920592010472370表表1：真題頻率：真題頻率表表2：名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞：名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞（在從句中）特點（在從句中）特點連詞that不做成分；無意義；賓從中常省略連詞whether，if不做成分；“是否”；不可省略連接副詞when, where, why, how連接代詞who, whoeverwhom, whomeverwhatwhich, whose作狀語；作主語、賓語；賓語；作主語、賓語、表語；作定語，后接名詞v如何選擇連接

2、詞如何選擇連接詞，關(guān)鍵看：其后連接的句子是否完整。 若完整若完整，根據(jù)句意選that，whether；when，where，why，how； 若不完整若不完整，根據(jù)句意及連接詞充當(dāng)?shù)某煞诌xwhat，who，whom，whoever，whomever，whatever。v注意區(qū)別：注意區(qū)別： that與what If、whether與that If與whether總論：如何選擇引導(dǎo)詞總論：如何選擇引導(dǎo)詞v主語 + 謂語（vi.） I come. I see. I conquer.v主語 + 謂語（vt.）+ 賓語 Time and tide await no man.v主語 + 謂語 + 賓語

3、+ 補語（adj.） I find grammar interesting.v主語 + 謂語 + 間賓（sb.）+ 直賓（sth.） Darkness gives me black eyes.五大簡單句五大簡單句v主語主語 + 系動詞系動詞 + 表語表語 系動詞 Be：is, am, are, was, were 感官：seem, appear, look, sound, feel, taste, smell 靜態(tài)：remain, stay, keep 動態(tài)：turn, become, grow, get, go 表語 形容詞 名詞一、賓語從句一、賓語從句v（1）引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞：that；whe

4、ther / if；what； when、where、why、how；which、whose；疑問詞；疑問詞+ever； I suggested that we should go the next day. I dont know whether/ if hell arrive in time. Well do whatever we can to save him. She can marry whoever/ whomever she chooses. She has got what she wanted. Simba: But I thought a king can do what

5、ever he wants. Mufasa: Oh, theres more to being a king than getting your way all the time. v（2）賓語從句類型賓語從句類型 1. 及物動詞及物動詞Vt. + 賓語從句賓語從句 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. （2015-1-閱讀閱讀1） vThis has created a paradox in that recruiting first-generation s

6、tudents, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science. （2015-2-閱讀閱讀2）v 26. Recruiting m

7、ore first-generation students hasv A reduced their dropout ratesv B narrowed the achievement gapv C missed its original purposev D depressed college students You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.（2013-1-閱讀閱讀3） To accurately tell whether someone is so

8、ciable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. （2013-2-閱讀閱讀3） Whats more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. （2012-2-閱讀閱讀2） Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determini

9、ng which companies will flourish and which will fail.（2003-閱讀閱讀3）vThis may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smellswe simply do not need to be. （2005-完形）vPrior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions w

10、e take.（2012-1-閱讀3）vOne could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living. （2014-1-翻譯） 2. 及物動詞及物動詞Vt. + 間接賓語間接賓語 + 賓語從句賓語從句 Prof. Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts

11、. （93-語法） Being average just wont earn you what it used to. （2013-2-閱讀1） The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle. （2012-2-閱讀3） 3. 不及物動詞不及物動詞Vi. + 介詞介詞 + 賓語從句賓語從句 To filter out what is unique from what is

12、 shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.（12-1-翻譯） McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. （2011-1-閱讀2） Later this year, we will publish a

13、white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this. （2011-2-閱讀5）v4. 形式賓語形式賓語it 句型：句型：主語 + 謂語 + 形式賓語it + 補語+賓語 謂語謂語：think, consider, find, make, feel, believe, guess, suppose, assume 賓語：賓語： 從句：that 動詞不定式：to do sth. 補語補語：necessary, wrong, best, clear, possible, incredible I think it best that yo

14、u should stay here. We consider it necessary that the machine should be adjusted each time it is used. Tom found it incredible to adapt to the climate so soon where he would settle down. 為創(chuàng)新型人才提供有效的工作平臺是必要的。 我認(rèn)為在圖書館、餐館和電影院等公共場所嚴(yán)格禁煙是必要的。 v That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts de

15、cisions will be accepted as impartial judgments. (2012-英語1-完型填空)【解析】注意形式賓語it的用法。句型：主語 + 謂語（通常為動詞think, consider, find, make,feel, believe, guess, suppose, assume等） + 形式賓語it + 補語（通常為形容詞necessary, wrong, best, clear, possible, incredible等）+ 真正的賓語（既可為賓語從句：that；也可為動詞不定式：to do sth）。例如：【參考譯文】這樣的活動使人們不太可能承

16、認(rèn)法院判決的公正性。v 1. The rapid development China has achieved in the last decade has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting.2. We consider it wrong to cheat in an examination.【仿寫】冬日臨近，霧霾頻發(fā)。我們再次結(jié)合環(huán)保話題，練習(xí)形式賓語用法。Nowadays, Chinas big cities are often blanketed in toxic haze, which makes i

17、t explicit that environment-friendly policies should be put into effect right away.（3）賓語從句連接詞）賓語從句連接詞that的省略問題的省略問題 1. that位于句首時位于句首時，不可省略：，不可省略： That she is a good girl I know. 2. 并列賓語從句并列賓語從句and, but, or之后的之后的that不能省略：不能省略： But in late September 2009, officials reported there was significant flu a

18、ctivity in almost every state and that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu.（2010-2-完型） This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly pro

19、fessed.（2000-閱讀4） 但這并不意味著雄心抱負(fù)已經(jīng)走到了盡頭，也不意味著人們不再感覺到它的鼓舞了，而是指由于人們不再公開地以有雄心抱負(fù)為榮，所以也很少公開承認(rèn)了。3. 謂語動詞與賓語從句之間有介詞短語、插入語等，謂語動詞與賓語從句之間有介詞短語、插入語等，引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞that不省略：不省略： Sociologist Catherine Kohler reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed - but only a few of the men - gave lack of

20、 communication as the reason for their divorces.（2010-2-閱讀2） I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. （2010-2-閱讀2）二、表語從句二、表語從句vThat is what a study, publis

21、hed from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has concluded. （2015-1-完型） 二、表語從句二、表語從句v（1）引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)詞：that、whether；when、where、 why、how；what、who、whom；because等等 The fact is that there exists no life on the moon. The problem is what we shou

22、ld do to help him. Shanghai has experienced such great changes that everyone can recognize that it is no longer what it used to be. The question is who (m) we should trust. Thats where you are wrong. vAs many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are

23、not what they used to be. （2014-1-完型）vCome on Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. （2012-1-閱讀1）vThis, in brief, is what the futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been cond

24、itionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.（2000閱讀3） vPart of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code. （2012-1-完型）vPart of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.（2006-完形）vOne difficulty is that almos

25、t all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. （2002-翻譯）vA further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic trail that contains a large amount of personal data. （2013

26、-2-完型）vBut the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.（2013-2-閱讀1）v注：表語從句中注：表語從句中that通常不省略通常不省略v另許多人擔(dān)憂的是，我們的傳統(tǒng)文化，例如京劇，正在讓位于西方文化。 vWhat makes m

27、any people concerned is that, our traditional culture, Peking Opera being a case in point, is giving way to western culture.vThats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with feder

28、al colleagues. （2013-1-閱讀4）vThis is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. （2012-1-閱讀5）vThe Federal circuit issu

29、ed an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its ruling.（2012-1-閱讀2）v注：注： if通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句vAnd that is why Americas Second Wave infrastr

30、ucture -including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on - were built with foreign investment.（2001閱讀2）寫作實用句型：寫作實用句型：The reason（why.）is that .The reason for . is that . for the reason that The reason why he didnt pass the exam was that he was too careless. One reason for the persistence of this p

31、yramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the worlds media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading. （2012-1-閱讀5） He didnt pass the exam for the reason that he was too careless.三、主語從句三、主語從句v 引導(dǎo)詞?？迹阂龑?dǎo)詞?？迹簍hat、whether、wha

32、t 、疑、疑問代詞問代詞 + ever、whenwherewhyhow 釣魚島屬于中國，這是不爭的事實。釣魚島屬于中國，這是不爭的事實。 The Diaoyu Islands belong to China. It is an undeniable fact. That the Diaoyu Islands belong to China is an undeniable fact.v她是否真的愛我，我無從知曉。 Whether she really loves me or not remains unknown to me.v馬航370去哪兒了，至今仍是個迷。 Where MH370 has

33、 gone is still a mystery.v小結(jié)小結(jié)1： 主語從句為：主語從句為： 陳述句：陳述句：連接詞連接詞選that； 一般疑問句：一般疑問句：連接詞連接詞選whether； 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問句：連接詞連接詞選特殊疑問詞when, where, why, how等。v（1）引導(dǎo)詞：）引導(dǎo)詞：that、whether、what；when、 where、why、how；whoever、whatever That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. Whether he passed the examinati

34、on or not was not our concern. What you ought to do is to see a doctor. n Undoubtedly, whoever wins the election is going to have a tough job getting the economy back on its feet. n Give it to whomever /whoever you like.n This book can be of help to whoever learns English.n We agreed to accept whoev

35、er they thought was the best tourist guide.n Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.n Whatever(=Everything that) she did was right. vWhat motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the mos

36、t deserving claimants received their benefits. （2014-1-閱讀1）v What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?v A A desire to secure a better life for all.v B An eagerness to protect the unemployed.v C An urge to be generous to the claimants.v D A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers. v （2）形式主

37、語）形式主語It 形式主語形式主語it（主語從句移至句末）（主語從句移至句末）, 避免頭重腳輕避免頭重腳輕vAt a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. （20

38、15-1-閱讀1）v 23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?A The role of the nobility in modern democracies.B Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges. 阿里巴巴上市，一個時代開始了。阿里巴巴上

39、市，一個時代開始了。 Alibaba has gone public. A new era starts. That Alibaba has gone public ushers in a new era. It ushers in a new era that Alibaba has gone public. 形式主語句型形式主語句型 1. It + 系動詞系動詞 + adj. + 主語從句主語從句It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulso

40、ry Internet “drives license” mentality. （2011-2-完型）But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.（2

41、005-閱讀2） 2. It + 系動詞系動詞 + 過去分詞過去分詞 + 主語從句主語從句It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. （2011-1-完型）It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for

42、 creative expression.（2013-1-翻譯） 3. It + 不及物動詞不及物動詞vi. + 主語從句主語從句It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretation of what happened. （2010-1-完型）It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right menta

43、l workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions. （2014-1-完型） 4. It + is + 名詞短語名詞短語 + 主語從句主語從句In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？（2011-1-閱讀4）Its

44、no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful and provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children. I Hate My Life” is arousing much chatter nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. （2011-1-閱讀4）It

45、 is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. （2014-1-閱讀3） 5. It + 其他其他 + 主語從句主語從句In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. （2010-1-閱讀1）It is bec

46、oming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. （2012-1-翻譯）v四、同位語從句四、同位語從句 形式： + 標(biāo)志性名詞標(biāo)志性名詞 + 連接詞（最?？歼B接詞（最常考that） + 從句從句 作用：補充、解釋、說明 連接詞：連接詞：that、whether；what；whe

47、n、where、why、how 常見標(biāo)志詞：statement, possibility, proof, explanation, idea, news, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, opinion, truth, conclusion, request, evidence, order, opinion, proposal, belief等 v Their thesis-that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact-was based on the view that fi

48、rst-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. （2015-2-閱讀2）v 29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation studentsA are actually indifferent to the achievement gapB can have a pot

49、ential influence on other studentsC may lack opportunities to apply for research projectsD are inexperienced in handling their issues at college v規(guī)律：同主語從句一致規(guī)律：同主語從句一致 The idea (that all people are selfish )is wrong. We heard the news (that our team had won). I have a doubt (whether he will help us).

50、 I have no idea (what you are talking about). The scientists have come to the conclusion, based on the signals and photographs sent back by the satellite, that there is no life on Venus. The news that our football team had won the match excited all of us. The fact that he was a few minutes late is n

51、o reason for discharging him. There can be no doubt that someone had visited the house before they arrived. There is some doubt whether he will come. if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。 Have you any idea what has happened? I have no idea when he will come back. v（2）同位語從句類別）同位語從句類別 1. 名詞 + that/whether/when/what/why + 從句Th

52、eres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. （2012-1-閱讀1）Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. （2012-1-閱讀4）vFor my p

53、art, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. （2011-1-閱讀1）vIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. （2010-1-閱讀3）vThats one reason why we have lau

54、nched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. （2013-1-閱讀3）vThere are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. （2013-2-完型）vGovernments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people

55、depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（2000英譯漢） 各國政府行使其職能都基于這樣一個前提，即人民的福利很大程度上取決于本國的經(jīng)濟實力和社會財富。 v The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (2011-英語1-閱讀3)【解析】本句話對寫作的啟示為：同一句話對某種現(xiàn)象的利弊分別做了陳述，且重點講弊端。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：The same dramatic technological