(完整版)胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》分章試題

1、胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程分章測試題一胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程分章測試題Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics1. Choose the best answer. (20%)2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community3. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. tree B. typewriter C. crashD

2、. bang4. The function of the sentence“Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. .” isA. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative5. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎 (歲歲)平安 ” as a means of controlling the forces which th

3、ey believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational6. Which of the following property of language enables language usersto overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a

4、 language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness7. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? A nice day, isn ' t it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive B. Ph

5、atic C. Performative D. Interpersonal8. refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole9. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and

6、 now. It couldn ' t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature ofA. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality10. answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguisticsC.

7、 Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics11. deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics12. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)13. Language is a means

8、of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.14. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.15. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.16. Language is written because writing is the primary medium

9、 for all languages.17. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.18. Only human beings are able to communicate.19. F. de Saussure,who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, w

10、as a French linguist.20. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare 'tinse is an example of the diachronic study of language.21. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.22. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.I

11、II. Fill in the blanks. (10%)23. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of communication.24. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed.25. Language has many functions. We can

12、use language to talk about itself. This function is26. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the theory.27. Linguistics is the study of language.28. Modern linguistics is in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is ra

13、ther than lay down some rules for people to observe.29. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of over writing.30. The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.31. Saussure put forward two important concepts.refers to the abstract linguistic system shared

14、by all members of a speech community.32. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure' s langue and Chomsky ' sIV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)33. Design feature34. Displacement35. Competence36. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)37. Why do peop

15、le take duality as one of the important design features of human language?Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?(南開大學(xué),2004)38. Why is it difficult to define language?(北京第二外國語大學(xué)，2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)39. How can a linguist make his analysis sc

16、ientific?(青島海洋大學(xué)，1999)Key: Chapter 1In the reference keys, I won ' t give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully Tcywarmt

17、ea1. 15 BACCC 610 BACACII. 1115 FFTFF 1620 FFFFFIII. 21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity 23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive 27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic 29. langue 30. competenceIV. 31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human langua

18、ge that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an es

19、sential part of performance. It is the speaker' s knowleher language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generativ

20、e grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is

21、 contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V. 35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements - for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in

22、 the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has

23、 no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many t

24、hings. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations. VI. 37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis - collect data - ch

25、eck against the observable facts- come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1. Choose the best answer. (20%)2. Pitch variation is known as when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciationD. voice3. Conventionally a is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophone B. phone C. p

26、honeme D. morpheme4. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are of the p phoneme.A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones5. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A. glottis B. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula6. The diphthongs that are made with a mov

27、ement of the tongue towards the center are known as diphthongs.A. wide B. closing C. narrowD. centering7. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called.A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones8. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics B.

28、 Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above 8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. n B. mC. b D. p9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. i: B. u C. eD. i 10. What kind of sounds can we

29、 make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)12. Suprasegmentalphonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word

30、and sentence.13. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.14. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a di

31、fferent word, but merely a different pronunciation.15. p is a voiced bilabial stop.16. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.17. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.18. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no

32、vowel glides take place.19. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tensevs. lax or long vs. short.20. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.21. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to p

33、lace a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.111. Fill in the blanks. (20%)22. Consonant sounds can be either or, while all vowel sounds are23. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are broughtclose together so that the air is pushed out between

34、them, causing.24. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the and the lips.25. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the to which that part of the tongue is raised.26. Consonants differ from vowe

35、ls in that the latter are produced without.27. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the twophonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating.28. In English there are a number of, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another thr

36、ough intervening positions.29. refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.30. is the smallest linguistic unit.31. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the coming from the lungs.IV.

37、Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)32. Sound assimilation32.Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34.Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?(中國人民大學(xué)，2003)36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless s

38、ounds in terms of articulation?(南開大學(xué)，2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop d dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2

39、) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid (4) velar nasal (5) voiced interdental fricative答案 Chapter 2 I. 15 ACDAA 610 DBABB II. 1115 TTTFF 1620 TTTFFIII . 21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction 23. tongue 24. height 25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs 27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation 29. Phonemes 30.

40、 air streamIV .31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sou

41、nds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental one

42、s includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.3

43、4. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V. 35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech

44、 sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced i

45、n this way are described as voiceless; consonants p, s, t are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. b, z, d are voi

46、ced consonants.VI. 37.Omit.Chapter 3 Lexico1. Choose the best answer. (20%)1 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as.A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called morpheme.A. inflectional B. free C.

47、 bound D. derivational3. There are morphemes in the word denationalization.A. three B. fourC. five D. six4. In English -ise and +ion are called.A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affix C. infix D. ba

48、ck-formation6. is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of.A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending8.

49、The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by.A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is.A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for.A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph11. Decide whether the following

50、 statements are true or false. (10%)12. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.13. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.14. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectiona

51、l affixes are removed.15. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.16. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.17. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.18. The words wh

52、imper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.19. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.20. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.21. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.111. Fill in the blanks. (20%)2

53、2. An is pronounced letter by letter, while an is pronounced as a word23. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with.24. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways:,and25. All words may be said to contain a root.26. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to class, w

54、hilethe largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to class.27. is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.28. is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated

55、 the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.29. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the level.30. A word formed by derivation is called a, and a word formed by compounding is called a.31. Bound morphemes are classified into two ty

56、pes:and.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)32. Blending 32. Allomorph 33. Closed-class word 34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they ?廈門36. What are the main features of the Engli

57、sh compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II (武漢III(1) acronym a. foe (2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3)derivational morpheme c. UNESCO (4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculationKey: Chapte

58、r 3 I. 15 AACBB 610 BCADB II. 1115 FTFTT 1620 FTFFFIII. 21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary 23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation 27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV. 31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their ful