高中語法---非謂語動詞

1、4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10114251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 定義定義：在句子中不是謂語動詞叫做非：在句子中不是謂語動詞叫做非謂語動詞謂語動詞,在句中可在句中可起名詞起名詞,形容詞形容詞,副詞副詞的作用的作用,在句中在句中充當(dāng)充當(dāng)主語主語,賓語賓語,表語表語,補(bǔ)補(bǔ)語語,定語或狀語定語或狀語. 【即動詞的非謂語形式即動詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨立作謂語外除了不能獨立作謂語外,可以承擔(dān)句子可以承擔(dān)句子的任何成分。的任何成分?！?三種形式三種形式：不定式：不定式(to do)，分詞（現(xiàn)，分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞在

2、分詞doing、過去分詞、過去分詞done），動），動名詞名詞 (doing)非謂語動詞（非限定動詞）非謂語動詞（非限定動詞）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10113.非謂語動詞特征：非謂語動詞特征：1）無人稱和數(shù)的變化。）無人稱和數(shù)的變化。2）不失去原意，可以加上自己的賓語或狀語，）不失去原意，可以加上自己的賓語或狀語，構(gòu)成非謂語動詞短語。構(gòu)成非謂語動詞短語。3）否定式不用借助于助動詞，而是在謂語動詞否定式不用借助于助動詞，而是在謂語動詞前加前加not 另外還有一些非謂語動詞的特征，相當(dāng)于名另外還有一些非謂語動詞的特征，相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞等，在句子里

3、可以作這些詞類所能用詞、形容詞等，在句子里可以作這些詞類所能用作的句子成分。作的句子成分。 非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語動詞。不非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語動詞。不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg:He likes to sing. They like to sing.The man walking in front was carrying a book.The men walking in front were carrying books.4251 10011 0010 1010 11

4、01 0001 0100 1011非謂語動詞非謂語動詞 功能或承擔(dān)的句子成分功能或承擔(dān)的句子成分主主賓賓表表定定狀狀補(bǔ)補(bǔ)動詞不定式動詞不定式to doto do動名詞動名詞doingdoing分詞（現(xiàn)在分分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞詞doing/doing/過去過去分詞分詞donedone）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011非謂語動詞非謂語動詞主動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)動詞不定時動詞不定時一般式一般式 to doto be doneto be done進(jìn)行時進(jìn)行時to be to be doingdoing完成時完成時To have To have don

5、edoneTo have To have been donebeen done動名詞動名詞/ /現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在分詞分詞一般式一般式doingdoingbeing donebeing done完成時完成時having having donedonehaving been having been donedone過去分詞過去分詞 done done( (只有一種形式，可以表被動也可只有一種形式，可以表被動也可以表完成以表完成) )4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011常用常用it作形式主語，真正的主語作形式主語，真正的主語不定式放在句末，不定式放在句末，以使句子

6、保持平以使句子保持平衡。衡。Eg: To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10111、It + be+名詞名詞+to do.2、It takes sb. +some time + to do.3、It + be +形容詞形容詞+for sb. + to do.4、It+ be +形容詞形容詞+of

7、sb. +to do.常用常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise,等等表示贊揚(yáng)或批評的形容詞表示贊揚(yáng)或批評的形容詞，不定式前的，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語?？勺髌溥壿嬛髡Z。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg：To talk with her is a great pleasure.=It is a great pleasure to talk with her.To learn from others is

8、 very important. =It is very important to learn from others .It is very kind of you to help me.2.作表語：作表語：常用來常用來表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動作，表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動作，也可用來表示未來的可能性和假設(shè)也可用來表示未來的可能性和假設(shè)；但是當(dāng)；但是當(dāng)不定式所作的表語僅用來說明主語的內(nèi)容時不定式所作的表語僅用來說明主語的內(nèi)容時，這時的不定式只作單純的表語，而不具有，這時的不定式只作單純的表語，而不具有未來的含義。未來的含義。Eg: Her wish is to become a famous singer

9、.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.My job is to clean the rooms every day. . 4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10113.3.作賓語作賓語: :表示下列含義的動詞一般表示下列含義的動詞一般只接不定式作賓語。只接不定式作賓語。口訣：口訣：決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動答應(yīng)選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。主動答應(yīng)選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。( (decide/determine, learn, want, decide/determine

10、, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, pretend, offer, promise, manage, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, helphelp等詞等詞后一般只接不定式。后一般只接不定式。) )4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg: He wishes to go abroad to have

11、 a further study.We have decided to give them a hand.I want to watch TV.注意：注意：不定式作動詞（短語）不定式作動詞（短語）learn， decide， know，wonder，show，tell，understand，explain，teach，advise，find out等詞的賓語時，前面常帶引導(dǎo)詞等詞的賓語時，前面常帶引導(dǎo)詞how，what，whether， where， when， who等。等。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg：Peter can show y

12、ou how to turn an idea into an act.I dont know what to do.注意注意：此用法中的：此用法中的不定式的邏輯主語須與主不定式的邏輯主語須與主句的主語或賓語保持一致句的主語或賓語保持一致，否則用賓語從否則用賓語從句。句。Eg：I wonder how he solved the problem.I dont know whether the guest will come tonight. 此外，還有一些此外，還有一些動詞（短語）即可以動詞（短語）即可以接動詞不定式作賓語，也可以接動名詞作接動詞不定式作賓語，也可以接動名詞作賓語，但表示含義不同

13、。賓語，但表示含義不同。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011后接不定式后接不定式后接動名詞后接動名詞regret to do sth.遺憾要去遺憾要去做某事做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做后悔做過某事過某事forget to do sth.忘記要去忘記要去做某事做某事forget doing sth.忘記已做忘記已做過某事過某事remember to do sth.記得記得要做某事要做某事remember doing sth.記得記得做過某事做過某事mean to do sth.打算做某打算做某事事mean doing sth.意味著

14、做意味著做某事某事try to do sth.努力努力/企圖做企圖做某事某事try doing sth.試著做某事試著做某事cant help (to) do sth.不能不能幫助做某事幫助做某事cant help doing sth.情不情不自禁做某事自禁做某事4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10114.4.作定語作定語（1 1）不定式作定語表示將來的動作。）不定式作定語表示將來的動作。EgEg：I have a lot of things to do.The question to be discussed at the meeting is ver

15、y important.（2 2）不定式常）不定式常放在某些名詞或代詞后作定語。放在某些名詞或代詞后作定語。若作若作定語的不定式是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的定語的不定式是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或者代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定名詞或者代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后需要加相應(yīng)的介詞。式后需要加相應(yīng)的介詞。EgEg：Im not sure which restaurant to eat at.I have no room to live in.He has no pen to write with.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 010

16、0 1011（3 3）不定式）不定式用來修飾用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、被序數(shù)詞、最高級或最高級或no, all, any等限定的中等限定的中心詞心詞，且與中心詞為邏輯上的主，且與中心詞為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系。動關(guān)系。Eg：I was the first woman to travel alone at the North pole.Shanghai is the first city in the world to have built a high-speed maglev train.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（4）被修飾詞是）被修飾詞是抽象名詞抽

17、象名詞，常用不定式，常用不定式作定語。常見的該類名詞有：作定語。常見的該類名詞有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等等。Eg：I have no chance to go sightseeing.（外出觀光）（外出觀光）The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.（表達(dá)觀點（表達(dá)觀點的能力與觀點本身同等重要。）的能力與觀點本身同等重要。）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0

18、100 1011注意：注意：不定式作定語時，若不定式作定語時，若句子的主語句子的主語是不定式動作的執(zhí)行者，則用主動形是不定式動作的執(zhí)行者，則用主動形式表被動含義；若不是，則用被動形式表被動含義；若不是，則用被動形式表被動含義。式表被動含義。Eg： She has a sister to look after.（she是是look after 的執(zhí)行者）的執(zhí)行者）I want to go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought? （you不是不是buy的執(zhí)行者）的執(zhí)行者）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1

19、011（1 1）作目的狀語：）作目的狀語：意為意為“為了為了”，可以單獨放，可以單獨放在句首、句中或句末。在句首、句中或句末。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)目的性，不定如果強(qiáng)調(diào)目的性，不定式前也可加式前也可加in order或或so as,但是但是so as to 不能不能用于句首。用于句首。He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.The bus stopped (so as) to pick up passengers.He got up early (in order) to catch

20、the first bus.注意注意:不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致一致：To save money, every means has been tried.(F)To save money, he has tried every means.(T) 4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（2 2）作結(jié)果狀語：）作結(jié)果狀語：常表示令人意外的常表示令人意外的結(jié)果。常用于下面的句型中：結(jié)果。常用于下面的句型中：only/just to do表示意想不到的結(jié)果（表示意想不到的結(jié)果（only表示強(qiáng)調(diào)）表示強(qiáng)調(diào)）en

21、ough to do 足夠做足夠做tooto do太太而不能而不能so/suchas to如此如此以至于以至于4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg: I hurried to the post office, only to find it was closed.He is old enough to go to school.Mary is too tired to do the job.Youre so stupid as to buy it.你笨到你笨到（如此地步以至于）去買這個東西（如此地步以至于）去買這個東西。Youre such a

22、fool as to buy it .4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（3 3）作原因狀語）作原因狀語1 1）形容詞或過去分詞作表語時形容詞或過去分詞作表語時，后可接不定式，后可接不定式作原因狀語，作原因狀語，用以說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因或用以說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因或所表示的狀況所表示的狀況，該類詞有：該類詞有：sorry, surprise, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等，常用結(jié)構(gòu)等，常用結(jié)構(gòu)“主語主語+系動詞系動詞+形容詞形容詞

23、+to do”。Eg：We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.The old man sat in front of the TV every evening, happy to watch anything that happened to be on.（很快樂的看著電視上播出（很快樂的看著電視上播出的內(nèi)容）的內(nèi)容）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10112）在在“主語主語+ +系動詞系動詞+ +表語表語（adj.)+ to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中。結(jié)構(gòu)中。這類形

24、容詞有：這類形容詞有：easy, hard, difficult, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous等，表示主語等，表示主語的特征或性質(zhì)，不定式和句子主語之的特征或性質(zhì)，不定式和句子主語之間存在被動關(guān)系，但常用主動形式表間存在被動關(guān)系，但常用主動形式表被動意義。被動意義。Eg：English is easy to learn.The book is very hard to understand.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100

25、 1011（6 6）作賓語補(bǔ)足語）作賓語補(bǔ)足語1 1）作賓補(bǔ)時，）作賓補(bǔ)時，賓語和不定式之間在邏輯上是主賓語和不定式之間在邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，不定式表將來、主動。謂關(guān)系，不定式表將來、主動。Eg：I didnt mean you to hear it.He wants me to go with him.2）有些動詞或動詞短語后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，即）有些動詞或動詞短語后接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，即“動詞（短語）動詞（短語）+sb.+ to do”。常見的這類動詞。常見的這類動詞（短語）：（短語）：advise，beg, expect, intend, persuade, teach, want, wait

26、for, allow, cause, forbid, invite, prefer, remind, warn, call on, ask, encourage, force, order, require, tell, wish, depend on等。等。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg：You are not allowed to smoke here.The doctor warn him not to eat too much meat.He depends on you to help him with his English.【

27、特別注意】【特別注意】下列結(jié)構(gòu)中下列結(jié)構(gòu)中用不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語用不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語，即，即: :sb.+ be + said/believed/ known/ reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth.Eg: He is said to have been cheated in the street.Heat is considered to be a form of energy.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100

28、1011 7.非謂語動詞作非謂語動詞作感官動詞、使役動詞感官動詞、使役動詞的賓補(bǔ)的賓補(bǔ)(1)感官動詞感官動詞see, watch, observe, hear, notice, smell等詞的賓補(bǔ)等詞的賓補(bǔ)有以下形式（以有以下形式（以see為例）為例）see sb. do sth. 看見某人做了某事看見某人做了某事I saw him leave a few minutes ago.see sb. doing sth. 看見某人正在做某事看見某人正在做某事The suspect was seen entering the building.see sb./sth. done 看見某人看見某人/

29、某物被某物被Id like to see the plan carried out.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（2）常見的使役動詞有四個：）常見的使役動詞有四個：have, make, let, get,表示表示“使，讓使，讓”的含義。的含義。1）have/let/make sb. do sth. get sb. to do sth. 讓讓/使某人做某事。使某人做某事。（賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）（賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）Eg：The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the c

30、lassroom after school.=The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.【注意】【注意】make 用于被動語態(tài)時，其后要用帶用于被動語態(tài)時，其后要用帶to的不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語。的不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語。Eg: He was made to work day and night. 4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10112)have/get+sb./sth.+doing sth.讓某人讓某人/物一物一直做某事直做某事Eg：He had the fire

31、 burning all the night.She got her bike running very fast.【注意】【注意】have sb. doing sth.用于否定句中用于否定句中，常與，常與cant, wont等連用，表示等連用，表示“不能不能容忍某人做某事容忍某人做某事”。Eg：I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10113)have/get/make+賓語賓語+done 讓讓被被/遭遇某事（強(qiáng)調(diào)被遭遇某事（強(qiáng)調(diào)被動性動作）動性動作）Eg: Ill

32、 have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.He had his wallet stolen on his way home.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011 動名詞既有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法動名詞既有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。功能。1動名詞的形式：動名詞的形式： （1）一般式：）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。眼見為實。（2）被動式：）被動式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀請就來到了晚會。他未

33、被邀請就來到了晚會。（3）完成式：）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。我們記得看過這部電影。（4）完成被動式：）完成被動式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（5）否定式：）否定式：not + 動名詞動名詞Eg：I regret not following his advice. 我后

34、悔沒聽他的勸告。我后悔沒聽他的勸告。（6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）有格）+ 動名詞動名詞Eg：He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。他建議我們再試一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。煩。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（1 1）作主語：）作主語：動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象動名詞作主語表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用的、泛指的概念，常用i

35、tit作形式主語，動名詞作形式主語，動名詞作真正的主語放在句末。常用于固定句型：作真正的主語放在句末。常用于固定句型：Its no use/good/fun doing.It is useless/nice/interesting/.doingThere is no等等Eg: Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有朗讀是很有好處的。好處的。Its no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的爭吵是沒用的.There is no joking about such serious matters.C Chosing what to eat is no lo

36、nger as easy as it once was.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（2）動名詞作表語）動名詞作表語多指抽象的、概念性多指抽象的、概念性的動作，句子主語常是表示無生命的名的動作，句子主語常是表示無生命的名詞或詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。Eg:Eg:In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。A good way of saying “I am full ”is moving the hand in

37、circles over the stomach after a meal.My job is teaching you English.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（3）動名詞作賓語：既可作動詞賓語也）動名詞作賓語：既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語。此外，動名詞作賓語時可作介詞賓語。此外，動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，常用若跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，常用it作形式賓語。作形式賓語。Eg: They havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the

38、air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。我們必須阻止空氣被污染。We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。I prefer watching TV and playing computer games.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011表示下列含義的動詞或動詞短語后一般只接動名表示下列含義的動詞或動詞短語后一般只接動名詞作賓語。詞作賓語?？紤]建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想?？紤]建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想。避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞。

39、避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞。禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon, admit（承認(rèn)），（承認(rèn)），delay/put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, enjoy/appreciate, finish, avoid（避免）避免）, imagine, miss, deny（否認(rèn)）（否認(rèn)）, mind,allow/permit, forbid, risk（冒險）（冒險）, escape等等。4

40、251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011be busy (in), be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent/keep/stop/protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like, get down to（開始

41、考慮，著手做）（開始考慮，著手做）, thank you for, apologize for, have difficulty/trouble/problem (in)，lead to, devote to, go back to（回去，返回，追溯到）（回去，返回，追溯到）, stick to（堅持）（堅持） 等等此外，還有一些動詞也可以此外，還有一些動詞也可以to do或動名詞作賓或動名詞作賓語。（參考不定式）語。（參考不定式）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011（4）動名詞作定語，說明被修飾詞的用）動名詞作定語，說明被修飾詞的用途或目的。途或目

42、的。Eg: He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？They want to go to the reading room this afternoon.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10111.1.現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞既具有既具有動詞動詞的一些特征，又具有的一些特征，又具有形形容詞和副詞的句法功能。容詞和副詞的句法功能。In the In the follow

43、ingfollowing years he worked even years he worked even harder. harder. 2.2.過去分詞過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾形加詞尾-ed-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。Our class went on an Our class went on an organized organized trip last trip last Monday. Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的上周

44、一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。旅行。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(1).作表語作表語 (具有形容詞的特征）具有形容詞的特征）:現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞在分詞用來說明主語的特征，意為用來說明主語的特征，意為“令人令人的的”；過去分詞過去分詞用來說明用來說明主語的狀態(tài)，意為主語的狀態(tài)，意為“感到感到的的”Eg：The news is surprising.We are surprised at the news.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(2)(2)分詞作定語分詞作定語1 1）作定語的及物動詞的分詞形式有

45、：）作定語的及物動詞的分詞形式有：現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞：當(dāng)被修飾的：當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞名詞與分詞之之間為間為主動關(guān)系主動關(guān)系being+being+過去分詞：過去分詞：當(dāng)被修飾的當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與名詞與分詞分詞之間為之間為被動關(guān)系且表示正在進(jìn)行被動關(guān)系且表示正在進(jìn)行過去分詞過去分詞：當(dāng)被修飾的：當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞名詞與分詞之之間為間為被動關(guān)系且表示完成被動關(guān)系且表示完成4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg: A young teacher teaching Chinese came to apply for this position.（主動）（主

46、動）We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.（被動、正在進(jìn)行（被動、正在進(jìn)行）The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.（被動、完成）（被動、完成）The houses being built are for the teachers.（被動、完成）（被動、完成）4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10112 2）作定語的不及物動詞的的分詞

47、形式：）作定語的不及物動詞的的分詞形式：現(xiàn)在分詞：表示動作正在進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在分詞：表示動作正在進(jìn)行過在分詞：表示過去一個動作已經(jīng)完成過在分詞：表示過去一個動作已經(jīng)完成，不表被動。，不表被動。 developing country falling leaves developed country fallen leaves boiling water the changing world boiled water the changed world 4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10113.作賓補(bǔ)作賓補(bǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞：表示主動、進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在分詞：表示主動、進(jìn)行Eg: O

48、ther nutrients help keep our body functioning well.We found the students reading outside.過去分詞：表示被動、完成過去分詞：表示被動、完成. We found our hometown completely changed. He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circle.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10114.分詞作狀語分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞：表示的動作與句子主語是主動：表示的動作與句子主語

49、是主動關(guān)系，且含有進(jìn)行的含義。關(guān)系，且含有進(jìn)行的含義。過去分詞過去分詞：表示的動作與句子主語是被動：表示的動作與句子主語是被動關(guān)系，且含有完成的含義。關(guān)系，且含有完成的含義。(1)作時間狀語：相當(dāng)于作時間狀語：相當(dāng)于when, while, before, since, as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。Eg: Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(2)作原因狀語：

50、相當(dāng)于作原因狀語：相當(dāng)于because, since, as引導(dǎo)的引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。原因狀語從句。Eg：Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about it.= Because he didnt understand this, he asked the teacher about it.Defeated by his desk mate, he felt discouraged.= Because he was defeated by his desk mate, he felt discouraged.(3)作條件狀語：相當(dāng)于作條件狀

51、語：相當(dāng)于if，unless等引導(dǎo)的條件等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。狀語從句。Eg：Given another hour, I can also work out the problem.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(4)作結(jié)果狀語：常用現(xiàn)在分詞表示自然而然的作結(jié)果狀語：常用現(xiàn)在分詞表示自然而然的結(jié)果，分詞前可接結(jié)果，分詞前可接thus.Eg：More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to ano

52、ther.(5)作方式或伴隨狀語：表示一個同時發(fā)生的次作方式或伴隨狀語：表示一個同時發(fā)生的次要的（或伴隨的）動作，常用逗號與句子主體要的（或伴隨的）動作，常用逗號與句子主體部分隔開。部分隔開。Eg：Gathering around the fire，the tourists danced with the local people.Do you wake up every morning feeling energetic and ready to start a new day?4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(6)作讓步狀語從句：相當(dāng)于作讓步

53、狀語從句：相當(dāng)于though， although，even if/though 等引導(dǎo)的讓步等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。狀語從句。Eg：Warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.=Though he was warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.= Though he had been told many times

54、, he still repeated the same mistake.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 10111 1、獨立成分作狀語：、獨立成分作狀語：有些分詞或不定時短語作狀語，其有些分詞或不定時短語作狀語，其形式的選擇不收上下文影響，稱為獨立成分。形式的選擇不收上下文影響，稱為獨立成分。獨立成分獨立成分含義含義Generally speaking一般來說一般來說Frankly/honestly speaking坦白說坦白說/老實說老實說Judging from/by根據(jù)根據(jù)來判斷來判斷considering/takinginto consider

55、ation/account考慮到考慮到To tell you the truth說實話說實話Seeing考慮到考慮到Given考慮到考慮到Compared to/with與與相比相比4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Eg：Judging by his accent, he is from the South.Considering your health, youd better have a rest.To tell you the truth, Im a little tired.2.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：n./pron.+n./adj.

56、/adv./prep.ph./非謂語動詞（動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞），非謂語動詞（動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞），用于用于修飾整個句子修飾整個句子。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的n./pron.與其后的成分構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂或動與其后的成分構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系。可置于主句前、主句中或主句末，暢賓關(guān)系?？芍糜谥骶淝啊⒅骶渲谢蛑骶淠?，暢游逗號將其與主句分開，在句中作狀語，相當(dāng)游逗號將其與主句分開，在句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。于一個狀語從句。4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(1)邏輯主語邏輯主語+ n./pron.+n./adj./adv./

57、prep.ph./(非謂語動非謂語動詞：動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞）詞：動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞）Eg：The situation getting worse，they had to ask for help.Thousands of eyes fixed on him, Tom felt nervous.No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class.The guard stood by the door, gun in hand.The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the m

58、eeting room.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011(2)There+being+n./pron.和和it+being+n./pron/adj.Eg: There being no bus, we had to walk home.It being Sunday, I didnt need to get up early this morning.(3)with/without +復(fù)合賓語：復(fù)合賓語：“介詞介詞with/without+賓語賓語+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)可構(gòu)成獨立結(jié)構(gòu)可構(gòu)成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中常作伴隨狀語和原因狀主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中常作伴隨

59、狀語和原因狀語。語。with+n./pron.+doing表正在進(jìn)行，主動表正在進(jìn)行，主動Eg：I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011with+n./pron.+done 表被動，完成表被動，完成It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished. with+n./pron.+動詞不定式動詞不定式 表將來表將來The girl feels existed with

60、so many places of interest to visit.with+n./pron.+ n./adj./adv./prep.ph. 表賓表賓語的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)語的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)With production up by 60%，the company has had another excellent year.4251 10011 0010 1010 1101 0001 0100 1011Pressing ones palms together and resting ones head on the back of ones hand while closing the eyes a