文本講義參考

1、üü 三空題專場PARTI I26. a preference for & suppress & didacticism 題源： The Death of Ivan Ilych Study GuideTolstoy wrote many works of non-­1iction, and professed a preference for these explorations of ethics and religion over his novels and short stories. The 1iction writer in him,

2、however, was hard to suppress. Tolstoy's late novel, Hadji Murad, was never published during his life; this fact suggests some of the author's ambivalence about the work, but Tolstoy could not resist writing it. Far from the near-­ didactic nature of his non-­1iction, Hadji Murad i

3、s a short novel with the breadth and power of an epic, with vivid characterization and intense storytelling that sweep the reader away. While the reader senses the moral concernsof the's creator, the short novel is a far cry from thedidacticism of Tolstoy's non-­1iction.a preference for

4、 & suppress & didacticism 題源：27. tempered by & largely debunked by & proximity to 題源： Political Science Quarterly A minor shortcoming of the book, tempered by the recognition of the dif1iculty of doing direct research in, is Sos reliance on secondary sources totell the story ofs poli

5、tical development.Previous histories of the period play a large role inhis research. Given Sos proximity to many of the players, it is surprising that he did not use interviewsand other forms of direct research t intothemotivations,strategies,and participants.ve further tacticsoftempered by & la

6、rgely debunked by & proximity to 題源： Political Science Quarterly28.an anomaly & pessimistic & obliterated 題源： The New York Review of BookMovement from bottom to top, from poor to rich, was rare; even movement from poor to middle class was an anomaly. Statistical analysis of trends in occ

7、upation, income, and property ownership, Thernstrom wrote, “yielded ratherpessimistics about social mobility in nineteenth-­century America.” So we might expect a now-­older and still-­wiser Stephan Thernstrom to be suspicious of claims that differences in class, which is closely rela

8、ted to race in America, could be obliterated if only the public schools did a better job.fail/陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道an anomaly & pessimistic & obliterated 題源： The New York Review of Book陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道29. presided over & undisputed & insufCicient 題源 DistinctionandDenial:Race,Nation,andtheCr

9、iticalConstruction of the African American artists, 1920-­40 During the Harlem Renaissance, Alain Locke presided over the 1irst 1lourishing of a self-­consciously racial art movement in America and was widely credited with providing the philosophical basis for its emergence. His importance

10、 as a critic of African America art and as an art theorist is undisputed if controversial, yet he has received insufCicient attention for his unique insight into the broad forces that shaped American modernism and cultural nationalism in the visual arts.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道presided over & undisputed

11、& insufCicient 題源 DistinctionandDenial:Race,Nation,andtheCriticalConstruction of the African American artists, 1920-­40陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道30. reduce & misguide & captivate題源：For many years, Americans have had a love affair with ferryboats. Ferries not only relieve our frayed nerves afte

12、r we've stewed in bumper-­to-­bumper traf1ic, but conventional wisdom says ferries also reduce congestion and air pollution by getting us out of our gas-­guzzling cars. Unfortunately, this romantic but unfounded notion recently has captivated several high-­powered West Coast

13、mayors. Joined by members of the San Francisco Bay Area Water Transit Task Force, theymanagedtopushaproposalfortheworld'slargestferryservice through the California Legislature with wake-­jumpingalacrity.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道reduce & misguide & captivate陳琦GRE團隊80313頻道31. limited & exte

14、nsive contacts & similarities 題源：TheEternalFrontier:AnEcologicalHistoryofNorthAmerica and Its PeoplesNot all paleontologists agree that, for the few million years after ground zero, contacts between the continents were severely limited. Some hold the view that North America, Asia, and South Amer

15、ica had extensive contacts following the disaster, pointing to similarities between ancient kinds of mammals that existed on all three continents at this time in support of their argument.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道limited & extensive contacts & similarities 題源陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道Theusual(i) spendingpublicmo

16、niesonscienti1icprojects is that such projects have the potential to make ourlives healthier, safer, and more productive. However, the fact that science-­-­-­even “pure” science-­-­-­can strengthen democracy and promote public participation in the political process isha

17、rdly ever (ii). It should be Scienti1ieracy (iii) democracy, and this is an important ancillary bene1it of the promotion of science.Blank (i)A. argument againstB. rationale forC. precedent forBlank (ii)D. deniedE. mentionedF. gainsaidBlank (iii)G. sti1lesH. energizesI. disregards陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道32. r

18、ationale for & mentioned & energizes 題源：American Scientist Theusualrationaleforspendingpublicmoniesonscienti1ic projects large and small isthat they have thepotential to make our lives longer, healthier, safer, happier,more productive, more pleasant. That science, even "pure" scien

19、ce, can strengthen democracy and promote public participation in the political process, both in the United States and throughout the world, is hardly ever mentioned.Itshouldbe.Scienti1ieracyenergizesdemocracy,Isuggest, and this is an important ancillary bene1it of thepromotion of science. Can this p

20、roposition be defended? Id like to try.democratizer陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道rationale for & mentioned & energizes 題源：陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道33. vanishing & paucity & virtually came to a standstill 題源：Christia: The First Three Thousand YearsFor a time in the early Middle Ages, Latin culture within a ha

21、irs breadth of extinction: the witness to that is the survival of manuscript copies of texts datable to the period. The process of copying manuscripts, the only way in which the fragile products of centuries of accumulating knowledgecould be p, virtually came to an end, a situationthat did not chang

22、e for two and a half centuries, until thetime of Charlemagne. In the intervening period, much of Classical literature was lost to use forever.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道vanishing & paucity & virtually came to a standstill 題源： Christia: The First Three Thousand Years陳琦GRE團隊80313頻道34. altruistic & ill

23、usory & contradicts 題源：Common sense tells us that some people are more altruistic than others. Egoisms claim that these differences are illusory that deep down, everybody acts only to further their own interests contradicts our observations and deep-­ seated human practices of moral evaluat

24、ion.At the same time, we may notice that generous people dont necessarily suffer more or 1lourish less than those who are more self-­interested. Altruists may be more content or ful1illed than sel1ish people. Nice guys dont always 1inish last.altruism-­possible/?_r=0陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道altruist

25、ic & illusory & contradicts 題源：陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道35. stable & permanent & eternal 題源：We live today in a world that is quite atypical of Earth over most of its 4.6 billion years long historyand probably atypical as well of much of Earths future history. Yet it is human nature to regard t

26、he world that we are used towhat might be called “the world as we know it”as a permanent thing. The oceans, prairies, and mountain chainseven the air we breatheseem the norm and therefore permanent things. This sense of permanence is especially true for our atmosphere, since it has a multitude of fu

27、nctions that are necessary to allow the continued existence of life: it distributes water, drives the critical chemicalcycles,feedplants,proxygenforanimals,shieldsthesurfacefro temperature.dlyultravioletlightandmoderatesglobal陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道stable & permanent & eternal 題源：陳琦GRE團隊80313頻道36. d

28、etectable & violent & minuscule 題源：Of course it would be much better to observe the gravitationalwaves directly. The challenge is that they are extremely weak. To make waves large enough to be detectable with any instrument we can imagine building on Earth, the most violent events in the uni

29、verse are required: supernova explosions, the formation of black holes or the collisions of stars. Even so, the effects are tiny: The geometry changes so little that a distance of several kilometers changes by less than the diameter of a proton.gravity陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道detectable & violent & mi

30、nusculematters-­of-­gravity陳琦GRE團隊80313頻道1 、關注琦叔GRE 公眾平臺2 、回復“ 811 ” 填寫問卷3 、課后等待3000 菌進行抽獎陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道37. restrain & incursions of & corrupt 題源： EmotionsintheField:ThePsychologyandAnthropology of Fieldwork Experience The physicist, chemist, and biologist all followed a similar p

31、rocedure, each observing the facts of his respective domain with varying degrees of control over the context of investigation. Methods were developed to remove distortions caused by either the research environment or the researcher. Such methods, especially with respect to the researcher, were consi

32、dered to restrain those incursions of subjectivity whose unbridled expression was thought to corrupt research.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道restrain & incursions of & corrupt題源：Emotions in the Field: The Psychology and Anthropology of Fieldwork Experience陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道38. difCicult & relatively simple

33、 & exceptional 題源：Otters : ecology, behavior and conservationThe research on otters environmental requirements is surprisingly difCicult. One reason for this has to do with the estimation of how much they use different areas. Doing so may be relatively simple in some kinds of terrain, such as Sh

34、etland where the Eurasian otters are active in daytime and have clear individual markings. There it is possible to identify the individuals over stretches of coast of a few kilometers and to see what kinds of coast they use. However, the 1ield conditions are exceptional.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道difCicult &

35、; relatively simple & exceptional陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道39. surfeit & virtue & forgo題源:The New YorkerAsforchoice,behavorialeconomistswilltellyouthatitispossible to have too much of a good thing. A plethora of choicescan be paralyzing, as Barry Schwartz pointed out in his recent book “The Paradox

36、 of Choice.” Ask shoppers in a supermarket to taste six different jams, and odds are that theyll buy the jam they like best. Offer them twenty-­four different jams, and odds are theyll walk away without buying any. Studies of 401(k)s show that the more investment choices a plan offers, the less

37、likelypeoplearetoparticipateinit.Inthisregard,SocialSecuritys lack of 1lexibility may actually be a virtue. PeoplesacriCice some upside, in exchange for peace of mind.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道surfeit & virtue & forgo 題源:The New Yorker2004/11/15/041115ta_talk_surowiecki陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道40. empower &

38、surrender & glean題源：The very nature of the computer presents a different problem. Ifphysicaldiscomfortdiscouragesthereadingoftextssequentially,fromstartto1inish,Computersmakeitspectacularly easy to search for particular pieces of informationindownloadedtexts.Anddoingresearchinthisstrategic,targe

39、tedmannercanfeelempowering.Insteadofsurrenderingtotheorganizinglogicofthebookyouarereading, you can approach the book with your own questionsandglean precisely what you want from it.You,nottheauthor, are the master.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道empower & surrender& glean陳琦GRE團隊80313頻道41. cause &feedbac

40、k & perpetuate題源：There are two opposing theories about mountain formation andclimate over the past 40 million years: either the surge of mountain building caused the global cooling, or vice versa. The 1irst of these two theories asserts that widespread mountain building cooled the earth as a res

41、ult of the feedback between mountains and climate. For example, mountain glaciers tend to be self-­perpetuating: onceestablished,theyincreasethere1lectivityofthesurface,thuslowering temperatures and allowing more ice to form. Widespreaduplift of large mountain masses in the past 40 million year

42、s could have increased the area of the earth covered by mountain glaciers, which would have increased the albedo of the planet.%20erosion%20builds%20mountains.pdf陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道cause &題源：feedback & perpetuate陳琦GRE團隊80313頻道42.eluded & moreover & exhaustive題源：Nevertheless,Thompsonhasan

43、oddfondnessforchartsandstatistics of all kinds; one can learn here, for example, not only how many copies of Nikki Giovannis Black Judgement were sold in 1972but also-­ in a footnote-­how many black students attended the University of Detroit in 1947, and elsewhere in the main text-­

44、how many black men and black women were employed at the Detroit Post of1ice in 1928. Fifty pages of footnotes, some of them presenting quite lengthy bibliographies, suggest that very few pertinent sources have eluded Thompson's search. Moreover, the text makes it clear that his examination of th

45、ese sources has been exhaustive. This astonishing level of attention to detail will not be useful to all readers but will be welcomed by those-­including undergraduates-­ conducting serious scholarly research concerning the 1970s and 80s+the+Black+Arts+Movement+in.-­a067413424eluded &

46、amp; moreover & exhaustive+Press,+and+the+Black+Arts+Movement+in.-­a06741342443. atypical & weakened & counterforces 題源： The Economist Certainly, the slow pace of job-­creation today is without precedent, but so were the conditions that conspired to slow a booming economy at th

47、e beginning of the decade. A stock market bubble burst, and rampant business investment slumped. Then, when the economy was down, terrorist attacks were followed by a spate of scandals that undermined public trust in the way companies were run. These acted as powerful headwinds and, in the face of t

48、hem, the last recession was remarkably mild.atypical & weakened & counterforces 題源： The Economist44.utopia & promoting & the ideal location for one to better oneself 題源： Most space advocates would not openly associate space1light with utopia, yet that belief, Launius and McMurdy writ

49、e, is among the roots of the arguments in favor of human space1light. Through out American history there has been the belief that one can better himself seek utopiaon the frontier, and many space advocates have used that notion to make their case for exploring and settling space.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道utopi

50、a & promoting & the ideal location for one to better oneself 題源：陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道45. well-­worked & Cind & new題源：Although Thaler employs an innovative mode of analysis,his study offers yet another examination of quite wellworkedgroundnamely,theculturalideologyofNorwegian-­Ame

51、rican preservationist writers in the early twentieth century. The history, literature, and changinginternal AmericadynamicsoftheNorwegiansubcultureinconstituteaparticularlywell-­studiedarea.Anyone familiar with the authoritative work of scholars in the 1ield will Cind little in Thalers study th

52、at is new.陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道well-­worked & Cind & newh%p:/?uid=3739216&uid=2134&uid=2482376377&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3&uid=2482376367 &uid=60&purchase-­ type=arGcle&accessType=none&sid=21104267667077&showMyJstorPss=false&seq=3&showAccess=

53、false陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道46. scientiCic & admitted & necessary characteristics 題源：Planetary Motions: A Historical PerspectiveSome historians of science celebrate the high level of modern science. The historian of ancient science Otto Neugebauer concluded that Babylonian astronomical texts are sci

54、entiCic because everything has been eliminated from the astronomy except observations and the mathematical consequences of an initial hypothesis about the fundamental character of the astronomical movements. This judgment cohered with the high level of mathematical theory, which admitted mathematica

55、l computation together with empirical observation as necessary characteristics of science and denied any role to speculative hypotheses of a strongly theoretical nature.scientiCic & admitted & necessary characteristics47. origin & produce & eaten題源：Somefrogspecies,suchasthosebelongin

56、gtotheSouthAmerican genus Phyllobates, are notoriously toxic. Their skins produce poisons called batrachotoxins. But the origin of thetoxins has remained an enigma, as neither the frogs nor the birds make them. Now an analysis by Dumbacher and hiscollaborator Avit Wako from the PaNew Guinean village

57、 ofHerowana specimenssuggestsmelyridbeetlesarethesource.Beetlecollectedandpinethanolallcontainedbatrachotoxins, suggesting that these beetles are eaten by the frogs.to-­become-­a-­poison-­frog.html陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道a-­toxic-­beetle-­to-­become-­a-­poiso

58、n-­frog.html陳琦GRE團隊 80313頻道With the emergence of scienti1ic history-­writing in the late nineteenth century, several authors sought to ignore the glowing myths surrounding George Washington and uncover the human being within, but their biographies were still(i)enough that Washington remained a marbled a