定語從句(完整版)

1、定語從句（完整版）一） 限定性定語從句1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置2. which作賓語時，根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟3. 代表物時多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括當先行詞是anything, everything, nothing

2、(something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時等，這時的that常被省略4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時，要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語5. where是關(guān)系副詞，用來表示地點的定語從句6. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間注值得一提的是，表示時間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當然也不用that引導(dǎo)By the time you ar

3、rive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.7. whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物, 當它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時, 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達的意思一

4、樣.8. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時，常用there is來引導(dǎo)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這里有人要和你說話。（二）非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分2. 在引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時，that有時相

5、當于in which, at which, for which或at whichAttitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.人們對白日做夢的態(tài)度正在改變，這與人們對夜間做夢的看法的變化有非常相似之處。I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.我出于某種原因喜歡這種音樂，而他恰恰與我相反。We arri

6、ved the day that(on which) they left.剛好我們到的那天他們走了。3. 有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞4. 在非限定性定語從句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.（三）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.who指人，在從句中做主語(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當賓語，?？墒÷?。(1) Mr. Liu is the perso

7、n (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend3.which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.如果

8、在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.4. that指人時，相當于who或者whom；指物時，相當于which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw

9、 this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you lik

10、e the book whose cover is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?（四）注意介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/

11、which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) Th

12、is is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew

13、 to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of wh

14、ich have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.（五）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. when指時間，在定語從句中做時間狀語(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地點，在定語從句中做地點狀語(1) Shanghai is the city where I

15、 was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not cle

16、ar,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.（六）判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞；而及物動詞后接賓語，則要求用關(guān)系代詞。例如：This is the mountain

17、village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visit

18、ed last year.（對） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the ex

19、hibition was held?A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。 而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞whe

20、re，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。（七）介詞+關(guān)系詞1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介詞。3） 某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換。 Thi

21、s is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?This is the reason why he came late.This is the reason for which he came late.（八）先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一1)Whoever spits

22、 in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)（九）as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's

23、 health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例題1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we cou

24、ld expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：(1） as 引導(dǎo)的定語

25、從句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應(yīng)為B。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和一樣。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is know, s

26、moking is harmful to one's health.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。（十）關(guān)系代詞that 的用法(1)不用that的情況(a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時。(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.(b) 介詞后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our

27、 food from.(2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。(b)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。(c)先行詞有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修飾時，只用that。(d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。.(e)先行詞既有人，又有物時。(f) 先行詞指物，在主句中作表語時(g) 為了避免重復(fù)(h)先行詞是the w

28、ay時舉例：Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?這是你在圖書館借的那本書嗎？Who that break the window should be punished誰打碎了窗戶都要受到懲罰All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。（十一）難點分析（一）限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況1當先行詞是an

29、ything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4)

30、 There is little that I can do for you.注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 當形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(1) This is

31、 the very good dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？5. 當先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-

32、shirt that fits me most?6. 當先行詞既有人，也有動物或者物體時(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?（二）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：1As和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制

33、性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.注意：當

34、主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，常用which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 當先行次受such, the same修飾時，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：當先行詞由the same修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句

35、意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。(三）以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but有時也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句(1) Th

36、ere are very few but understand his idea.( but= who dont )(五) 區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句1定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補充說明的關(guān)系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定語從句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位語從句2定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在句中充當成分，有時可以省略；同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo)，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等詞引導(dǎo)，充當成分(1) The news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定語(4) The problem how we can colle